AP psych Unit 5: States of Consciousness

sleep stages

As we pass through the stages of sleep, we become less and less aware of our outside environment. During deeper stages of sleep, we are less likely to be awakened by noise in our environment, indicating a change in consciousness according to this definition.

deep sleep occurs in which stage?

Delta

psychologists who study the brains activity during sleep are most likely to use which of these technologies?

EEG

dissociation

Hilgard's studies in support of the divided-consciousness theory indicate that dissociation may occur during hypnosis. If there is a "split" between different levels of consciousness, and one level may be aware of information that another level is ignorant of, Phil's claim that hypnosis is similar to dreaming needs to be modified.

Recurring problems in falling asleep or staying asleep are characteristic of which sleep disorder?

Insomnia

Recent research most consistently supports the effectiveness of hypnosis in which of the following areas?

Pain relief

jarrod's muscles are relaxed, his body is basically paralyzed, and he is hard to awaken. Which sleep state is jarod probably experiencing?

Paradoxical

Increasing amounts of paradoxical sleep following a period of sleep deprivation is known as what?

REM rebound

REM Sleep

Rapid eye movement, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams occur commonly

What are bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep?

Sleep spindles

REM sleep

The REM stage of the sleep cycle is associated with dramatic biological changes. Brain waves and breathing become irregular, heart rate increases, and eyes dart back and forth beneath the eyelids.

What is the pineal gland's role in sleep?

The production of melatonin

slowed reactions, slurred speech, and decreased skill performance are associated with abuse of which drug?

alcohol

psychoactive drugs

by definition alter our perceptions of the world. These altered perceptions influence our awareness of the external and internal worlds. Changes in perception may influence us, causing us to ignore some environmental stimuli, react powerfully to others, or even react to stimuli that we hallucinate because of the influence of the drugs.

delta waves

large slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

opium and its derivatives, depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

opiates

Ernest Hilgard

performed hypnosis experiment trying to show dissociation

alpha waves

relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Circadian rhythm

the biological clock, rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle

social influence

theory explains the impact of hypnosis through the powerful social pres- sures experienced by people being hypnotized. Some studies show that people pretending to be hypnotized and people who are "really" hypnotized behave in similar ways, indicating that hypnosis may not lead to a "different state of consciousness," as claimed by Phil.

what term describes the brains adaptation to a drugs chemistry, requiring larger and larger doses to experience the same effect?

tolerance

Latent content

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of the dream

tolerance

After repeated use of some drugs, humans develop tolerance for those substances, meaning that increasing dos- ages of those drugs are needed to produce the same effect. Tolerance occurs because of biological changes in the brain. The brain's chemistry changes when some psychoactive drugs are repeatedly ingested, interfering with the brain's ability to produce or use some neurotransmitters.

opiates

Drugs categorized as opiates cause a range of bio- logical changes in the body. Some of the changes mentioned in the text are: pupil constriction, slower breathing, lethargy, and eventually, painful withdrawal symptoms as the brain loses its ability to produce "natural" endorphins.

dreams

Environmental stimuli are often incorporated into dreams, indicating that we are partially aware of our outside environment even during this sleep stage.

You begin in NREM-1 stage, then you go to NREM-2, then NREM-3. Which stage comes next?

NREM-2 stage then REM (which then goes back to NREM-2, NREM-3, NREM-2, REM and so on..

Sudden sleep attacks at inopportune times are symptomatic of which sleep disorder?

Narcolepsy

NREM sleep

Non-rapid eye movement sleep

posthypnotic suggestion

Posthypnotic suggestions have been used by therapists to help people overcome health issues. Patients typically don't remember these suggestions that are made during a hypnotic state, but such suggestions may influence a patient's behavior after the hypnosis session. These deliberate posthypnotic sug- gestions are unique to hypnosis and contradict Phil's claim that dreams and hypnosis are equivalent states of consciousness.

divided consciousness theory

Some physiological studies indicate that hypnotic states are associated with unique patterns of activation in the brain. If brain scans indicate specific patterns unique to hypnotic states that are different from those associated with dreaming or others states of consciousness, Phil's claim may not be accurate.

depressants

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

suprachiasmatic nucleus

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that control your circadian rhythm

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep

posthypnotic suggestions

a suggestion, made during hypnosis, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized. (helps get rid of headaches, asthma, stress-related skin disorders)

manifest content

according to freud, the remembered story line of a dream

sleep deprivation

causes a wide range of biological changes in the body, all associated with decreased perfor- mance while awake. These biological changes include lack of energy, falling asleep during the day, changes in appetite, suppression of the immune system, decreased focus and at- tention, and depressed mood

a split between different levels of consciousness

dissociation

what term did ernest hilgard use to describe a split between different levels of consciousness?

dissociation

hallucinogens

drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Psychoactive drugs

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body function

which acts as both a stimulant and a hallucinogen, can also cause dangerous dehydration?

ecstasy

the effects of opiates are similar to the effects of which neurotransmitter?

endorphins

consciousness

our awareness and our environment

hypnosis

relates to this definition because hypnotic states can influence awareness of both environments. Hypnotized individuals can be given suggestions that lead them to forget events that occurred while hypnotized, indicating a loss of awareness of the environment during hypnosis.

what are the three major categories in drugs?

stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens