AP Psych Unit 7

A genetically programmed action pattern is the ethologist's definition of

an instinct

Theories of motivation that assert the existence of biological motives to maintain the body in a steady state are called

homeostatic

The notion of self-actualization is most closely associated with which of the following approaches to explaining personality?

humanistic

All of the following are projective assessment techniques EXCEPT

the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Which scenario below is most descriptive of the psychoanalytic theory of personality?

Charlie is overly precise and methodical in everything he does, to the point that he is constantly annoying his family and missing deadlines at work. Dr. Katz believes that this is because Charlie never moved past the anal stage of development.

Which of the following statements best depicts the concept of incentive theory?

Jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade that she brings home.

According to Freudian theory, the component of the personality that is "blind, impulsive, and irrational" is the

id

According to Sigmund Freud, our sexual and aggressive instincts are located primarily in the

id

Carla tutors other students because she likes to be helpful, whereas Jane tutors classmates strictly for pay. Their behaviors demonstrate the difference between

intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

In Freudian theory, which of the following components of personality most resembles a conscience or censor?

superego

Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions. Judy's belief best illustrates

an internal locus of control

A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the

area of the hypothalamus

An example of a primary drive is

sleeping

One of the consistent research findings in the area of facial expressions and emotion is the

universality of facial expressions across cultures

Which of the following findings about emotions is well supported by research?

There are several universal emotions.

Most tests of personality are in the form of

self-report inventories

John is completing a lengthy test in which he must indicate whether various written statements are true or false about himself. He is most likely taking which of the following?

A personality inventory

Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate?

Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures.

Which of the following situations poses an approach-approach conflict for a person who listens only to classical music?

Choosing to study with one of two friends, both of whom listen to classical music while studying

Carl Jung believed in a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from a person's ancestral past. Which of the following psychological terms refers to that storehouse?

Collective unconscious

Which of the following theories suggests that a physiological need creates a state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Drive-reduction

Larry wants to be more open to new experiences. According to a behaviorist, how could he teach himself to be more open?

Give himself a reward every time he convinces himself to participate in a new experience.

Leo and Caitlin are both experiencing feelings about their date tonight. Leo has had bad dates lately, and so he feels fear and dejection. Caitlin, meanwhile, has had very good dates, and so she feels excited and happy. According to Richard Lazarus' appraisal theory,

Leo and Caitlin have an immediate unconscious interpretation of the scenario, which leads them to simultaneously both label their feelings as either positive or negative and have the appropriate physiological response

According to the five-factor model of personality, which of the following is true?

Most personality traits can be derived from the five major traits of the theory.

Which of the following correctly lists Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Which of the following would be detrimental to an individual's maintenance of high self-esteem?

Setting unrealistic personal goals

Which of the following is true of a child with high self-efficacy regarding her ability to play soccer?

She feels confident that she can play well enough to score a goal.

Dr. Santiago administers a test to a patient in which she asks him to provide an interpretation of a meaningless inkblot on a piece of paper. Several weeks later, she administers the test again and is surprised to find that the results are quite different from the first administration. What type of personality test is Dr. Santiago using, and based on her experience, what level of reliability does it have?

The Rorschach test; low reliability

Drive reduction as a motivational concept is best exemplified by which of the following?

The injection of heroin by an addict to avoid withdrawal symptoms

In general, trait theories emphasize which of the following?

The lasting nature of personal characteristics

Rufus wanted to go to college after high school, but he did not go because he was afraid it would be too much work. For years he has considered going to college but he still fears that it will be too hard. Eventually he feels so unhappy that he goes to see a therapist, who follows Carl Rogers's theory of humanistic personality. The therapist is most likely to explain Rufus's unhappiness as being a result of

a mismatch between his ideal self and his real self

Individuals exhibiting a hostile type A personality pattern are at an increased risk for

cardiovascular disease

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is used primarily to provide information about which of the following?

clinical disorders

The neurotransmitter that is primarily associated with the feeling of wanting something is

dopamine

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior

drive reduction

Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of

external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior

Although he finds it to be difficult and not much fun, Tomas puts in long hours practicing field hockey in the hope of getting an athletic scholarship to college. This best illustrates the idea of

extrinsic motivation

A hostile person with a type A personality is most at risk for developing which of the following?

heart disease

John is generally pleasant, but during final exams he experiences more intense stress than other students experience. He is irritable and easily frustrated. According to the Big Five model of personality, John would be

high in neuroticism

Sandy's father's behavior gives her the impression that he will love her only if she gets very good grades. Carl Rogers would probably say that Sandy

is getting conditional positive regard

an animal will gain weight when

its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged

In Sigmund Freud's view, the role of the ego is to

mediate among the id, the superego, and reality

Shanni loves to travel internationally, owns many unusual pieces of art from local artists, and enjoys attending concerts featuring an eclectic collection of musicians. According to theorists Paul Costa and Robert McRae, Shanni's personality is likely high on

openness to experience

Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by

suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes

In an experiment, a researcher showed children a video of a person interacting with a doll. Half of the children watched a video of a person behaving violently toward a doll, and the other half saw a video of a person playing nicely with a doll. The researcher also looked at whether the gender and age of the child made a difference in how they interacted with the doll. In this study, the dependent variable was

the way children interact with a doll

Research studies indicate that people who are intrinsically motivated as compared to people who are extrinsically motivated tend to

work harder and enjoy their work more

Which of the following is an example of an individual who demonstrates an internal locus of control?

A student decides to run for student government because he feels he can make some positive changes in the school.

Which of the following are the stages in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Which of the following situations describes an approach-avoidance conflict?

Anna must decide whether to buy a used car that is in her price range but has several mechanical problems.

Mark, a flight attendant, began his workday in a bad mood. However, by the end of the day, he felt much happier. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what may have influenced Mark's mood?

Because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mark smiled at passengers frequently.

Priscilla has recently found diaries from her family dating back multiple generations. She has noticed that there are similarities in their life events and in the way they thought about things that happened to them. She believes that it has to do with the fact that they all have the same inherited instincts that drive their behavior and that these instincts exist in all humans. Priscilla's way of thinking is most in line with

Carl Jung's collective unconscious

A psychologist who classifies an individual's personality according to the person's manifestations of traits such as neuroticism, openness, and extraversion probably believes in which model of personality?

Five-factor

Figures such as the one above are used in which of the following kinds of test?

Projective personality

Dr. Emerson is seeing a patient named Nandini who is currently going through a divorce. She has moved out of her house and is staying on a friend's couch. While she is going through this, Nandini is struggling to find meaning in her life. Humanist theorist Abraham Maslow's explanation for Nandini's dissatisfaction with life would most likely be that

Nandini has not fulfilled basic needs (shelter, relationships, love), and thus cannot fulfill higher levels of needs

The graph above supports which of the following statements?

Optimal performance is a function of task difficulty and level of arousal.

According to cognitive dissonance theory, human beings are motivated to

Reduced tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts

The psychoanalytic concept of repression suggests a difficulty in the functioning of which aspect of memory?

Retrieval

Jess's psychologist asks him to take the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®). Later, his psychiatrist asks him to take the test again. If the test has high test-retest reliability, what will be found?

The results are likely to be similar.

Gustav was out for his daily walk when he was approached by a thief who demanded his wallet. He immediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. Which of the following accurately describes Gustav's physiological response?

alarm reaction

A complex pattern of organized, unlearned behavior that is species-specific is called

an instinct

Angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, Martin returns home and takes out his anger on his best friend. Martin's behavior illustrates

displacement

Which of the following argues that physiological needs create aroused psychological states that cause us to try to satisfy those needs?

drive theory

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to have respect for ourselves and to be valued by others is classified within the category of

esteem needs

Montgomery prepares his resume carelessly and arrives late for his job interview. He is rejected by the prospective employer. Montgomery concludes that "It's all a matter of dumb luck, anyway." Montgomery's judgement of his situation most clearly reflects

external locus of control

Which of the following concepts explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain its biological equilibrium?

homeostasis

Which of the following concepts provides the best explanation for why people seek to put on warmer clothing when they start to feel cold?

homeostasis

ologists believe that the drive toward self-actualization is

innate

When a projective technique is used, a person could be asked to

look at some pictures and tell a story about each of them

Individuals who exhibit a strong moral sense, accept themselves as they are, are deeply democratic in nature, and are willing to act independently of social and cultural pressures would be described by Abraham Maslow as

self-actualized

According to Albert Bandura, people who believe that their efforts will be successful and that they are in control of events have a high level of

self-efficacy

Paris tends to view personality as fairly stable and therefore her personality is more stable, whereas Lane tends to view personality as fairly changeable and therefore her personality is more changeable. These differences in attitudes and personality are most consistent with the

social cognitive view of personality

According to psychoanalytic theory, Tom's constant shoplifting suggests that he has an underdeveloped

superego

Bella takes a test to develop an inventory of different aspects of her personality. She hopes to better understand herself and the kind of person she is. The test is most in line with a

trait theory of personality

The defense mechanism of reaction formation is best exemplified in which of the following situations?

A woman who is unaware of her anger toward her friend expresses affection for that friend.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to affect the immune system's ability to ward off illness?

Being around someone who has a serious case of the flu

A tumor that destroys the ventromedial hypothalamus is likely to produce which of the following?

Frequent eating and obesity

Dr. Maisel is creating a new personality test. The test is a self-report measure in which participants answer questions on a scale from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree" about how they would respond to particular situations. He then uses the responses to place participants along a spectrum in a number of different traits. He compares the results of the test to reports from the participants' managers at work on their working styles and ability to work within their team and finds that the test results are highly positively correlated with managers' reports. What type of test is he developing, and what type of validity or reliability can be determined from his work on the test?

Objective; construct validity

A researcher wants to test whether increasing the size of a monetary incentive will motivate a person to perform better on a skill-based task. Which of the following methods is the best way to test this question, and what result will the researcher most likely find?

Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) based on their performance on a single task. The researcher will likely find that participants perform best on the task that pays the most.

Which of the following assessment tools explores individuals' personalities by asking them to examine a series of inkblots and describe what they see in the inkblot?

Rorschach Test

Every time Antonio fails a test he attributes his failure to a lack of sufficient intelligence, even though he rarely studies. According to the sociocultural theory of personality, Antonio is experiencing

an external locus of control

Psychologists from which of the following perspectives of personality are most interested in assessing a person's locus of control?

cognitive

One feature that distinguishes Carl Rogers' person-centered approach to personality development from behaviorist approaches to personality development is that the person-centered approach suggests that

personality is shaped by unconditional love and support for children's behavior, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments

The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are two popular forms of which of the following types of tests?

projective

The rationale underlying the use of projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test, is that they

reveal the subjects' personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli

n response to a set of ambiguous pictures, Rita writes several stories in which the main characters desire to compete with some standard of excellence and surpass their own previous performances. Psychologists in the tradition of Henry Murray, David McClelland, and Christiana Morgan would be likely to characterize Rita as rating high in

the need for achievement

Projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, have been justifiably criticized as tools for assessing personality because

they have not been found to be reliable and valid

While Luke is interviewing for a job, he takes a personality test measuring the five-factor personality model. This test is designed to be consistent with a

trait theory of personality

Nick admitted to his parents that he was not working to his potential in his academics and sports. Even though his parents were disappointed, instead of yelling at Nick, they accepted him and wanted to help him work through his feelings. His parents' behavior exemplified

unconditional positive regard

Psychologist who emphasize the importance of personality traits are most often criticized for

underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation

The defense mechanism of projection is best illustrated by which of the following examples?

A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes' performances.

Which of the following is the best example of a homeostatic process?

Cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race.

In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion?

Experience of physiological changes

Which of the following summations most accurately depicts the psychoanalytic theory of personality?

Rory has a deep-seated sense of inferiority and compensates by constantly trying to prove she is better than everyone else. Some would say that Rory is compensating for her inferiority complex by striving for superiority.

Lee is about to skydive for the first time. He interprets his racing heart to be the result of his eager anticipation and excitement. This best represents which theory of emotion?

Schachter's two factor

When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory of emotion best explains these results?

Schachter-Singer

Alicia has started a new and very different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the tasks required of her. Albert Bandura would refer to Alicia's sense of confidence as which of the following?

Self-efficacy

Georgi believes she is capable of playing extremely well in the volleyball game scheduled for tonight. Albert Bandura would most likely say that Georgi's expectations for this task reveal that she is exhibiting high

Self-efficacy

Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support the validity of the Big Five personality traits in describing human personality?

The Big Five have been shown to apply to individuals in many countries, including, but not limited to, Hungary, Turkey, China, Japan, and Italy.

Students who enjoyed solving a puzzle were rewarded for doing so. Later, they played less with the puzzle than did their counterparts who were not rewarded for the same task. This illustrates which of the following principles?

The overjustification effect

According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's theory of emotion, which of the following is true?

The same physiological response can produce different emotions, depending on the context within which the response occurs and a person's interpretation of that context.

Which of the following best depicts the relation between performance and arousal?

^^

A researcher wants to understand the personality characteristics and motivations that might help explain a famous political figure's rise to power. She studies his early childhood experiences and other formative events in his life. The method this researcher is using to study personality is known as

a case study

Stanley Schachter's explanation of emotions places emphasis on

a cognitive appraisal of physiological arousal

Amanda experienced discomfort in class. She put on a sweater when she realized her discomfort was caused by the cold. Her behavior was motivated by

a drive

Research on the development of personality traits across the life span has revealed that

an individual's personality traits tend to be relatively stable during middle adulthood

According to Kurt Lewin, an approach-approach conflict occurs when a person has to

choose between two outcomes that are both desirable

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer view emotion as resulting from

cognitive labels of physiological changes

Hans grew up in Germany and later moved to Japan for a job opportunity. Back at home, he never had issues making friends or had interpersonal issues with colleagues at work, but in his new home, Hans is having difficulty interacting with his colleagues. According to psychologists who study how culture influences behavior, his difficulties most likely stem from

cultural differences in emotional expression and body language between Japan and Germany

A statistical technique that would allow a researcher to cluster such traits as being talkative, social, and adventurous with extroversion is called

factor analysis

Exposure to stressors decreases the effectiveness of lymphocytes in the blood stream, which perform the function of

defending the body from viruses

A parent who keeps a son's room intact even though he's been happily married and in his own home for five years is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms?

denial

When parents refuse to accept several psychologists' diagnosis of a child's mental illness, they are using which of the following defense mechanisms?

denial

Paul Ekman found that when Japanese students watched films of surgery, they masked their expressions of disgust with a smile when an authority figure entered the room but not when alone. American students maintained their expressions of disgust both alone and in the presence of an authority figure. Ekman's findings illustrate what he calls

display rules

An individual experiencing a low blood-glucose level would be best advised to do which of the following?

eat a snack

According to Sigmund Freud, a child's early experience in coping with external demands leads to the development of the

ego

Neo-Freudian theories of psychoanalysis such as those of Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from Freud's conceptualization in that they are less likely to

emphasize the libido

The final stage of general adaptation theory is known as

exhaustion

Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives. Pam's parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on

extrinsic motivation

the overjustification effect has led some psychologists to question the value of

extrinsic motivation

The view that human emotions are universal has been supported by studies of

facial expressions

Which of the following is considered the most basic of needs?

obtaining food and water

Alfred Kinsey used a method that allowed for extensive information to be collected from discussions with individual participants. The research method that he used, and his research contributions, were

personal interviews; sexual behavior in women

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following statements is true?

physiological needs must be met before an individual achieves self-actualization.

A stubborn individual who accuses peers of being uncooperative is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms?

projection

It is widely known in Jerry's social circle that he is the most stubborn and inflexible member of the group. Yet Jerry complains that all his friends are opinionated and rigid. Jerry's complaints are most clearly a sign of

projection

Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome is an attempt to explain

reactions to stress

Research has shown that the optimal arousal level of an individual performing a given task is

related to task difficulty

Which of the following Freudian constructs is believed to protect the organism from anxiety by making memories inaccessible?

repression

Melvin, a server at a restaurant, is in the middle of a lunch rush. He is completing orders, serving customers, and seating new guests. He has adapted to this level of stress and is coping. Which of the following terms identifies a stage in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome that Melvin is currently experiencing?

resistance

Transforming frustrated urges, especially sexual urges, into more socially acceptable forms of behavior is the defense mechanism known as

sublimation

According to Sigmund Freud, the personality structure that reflects moral values is called the

superego

Researchers conduct a study in which university students are asked to solve puzzles, a task that all students in the experiment report enjoying before the study. They split the students into two groups: a group that is paid money for doing the puzzles, and a group that is not. The researchers then observe how often students in each group complete puzzles during their break time when they are allowed to do whatever they want. Assuming that their results are consistent with previous findings, the researchers are most likely to find that

the independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has a significant effect, such that students in the paid group spend less time doing puzzles during their break time

Tahani is hiking in the woods and sees some movement in the trees. She immediately tenses up. A few moments later, after she realizes that the trees were just rustling in the wind, she calms down. According to Joseph LeDoux, Tahani's reaction is due to the fact that

there is a fast processing path that sends sensory information directly to the amygdala, causing Tahani's initial fear response, and a slower processing path that processes the content of sensory information first, which overrode Tahani's fear response