AP Psych Unit XI Review
Charles Spearman's g refers to a. General Intelligence. b. Grouped Intelligence Factors. c. Genetic Intelligence. d. Generated Creativity. e. Generalized Reliability.
A
Students who do well on college entrance exams generally do well in their first year of college. This helps establish that these exams have a. Predictive Validity b. Split-Half Reliability c. Content Validity d. Test-Retest Reliability e. Standard Validity
A
The purpose of Alfred Binet's early intelligence test was to a. Predict how children would do in school. b. Identify differences among ethnic and racial groups. c. Help French graduates find the occupation in which they were most likely to succeed. d. Establish the scientific definition of intelligence. e. Facilitate "genetic breeding" experiments.
A
Savant Syndrome
A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
Intellectual Disability
A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty to adapting to the demands of life. (Formerly referred to as mental retardation).
Down Syndrome
A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
General Intelligence (g)
A general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
Cohort
A group of people from a given time period.
Mental Age
A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.
Intelligence Test
A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.
Stereotype Threat
A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
Factor Analysis
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
Achievement Test
A test designed to assess what a person has learned.
Aptitude Test
A test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.
Children are said to have an intellectual disability if they have difficulty adapting to the demands of independent living and have IQ scores below a. 60. b. 70. c. 80. d. 90. e. 100.
B
Howard Gardner found evidence of multiple intelligences in individuals who scored low on intelligence but had an area of exceptional ability-for example, to make complex calculations. These people have a. The Flynn Effect. b. Savant Syndrome c. Advanced Mental Age d. Wechsler Syndrome. e. Intelligence Heritability.
B
Recent research about brain size and function suggests that a. The occipital lobe is more active when people are thinking about questions on intelligence tests. b. People who are smarter use less energy when solving problems. c. There is no correlation between processing speed and IQ scores. d. People with larger brains are always smarter than those with smaller brains. e. Subjects with larger parietal lobes tended to process information more slowly.
B
The original formula for a child's intelligence quotient compared a child's a. Aptitude to his or her school performance b. Mental age to his or her chronological age c. Intelligence to his or her sibling's intelligence d. Intelligence to his or her parents' intelligence e. Math intelligence to his or her verbal intelligence
B
Charles Spearman
Believed we have one general intelligence, often shortened to g.
Achievement tests are to aptitude tests as a. Verbal performance is to spatial performance. b. Elementary school skills are to secondary school skills. c. Measurement is to prediction. d. Reliability to validity. e. General intelligence is to multiple intelligences.
C
Heritability of intelligence refers to a. The extent to which a person's intelligence is caused by genetics. b. The effect of adoption on the intelligence of adopted children. c. The amount of group variation in intelligence that can be attributed to genetics. d. The extent to which the quality of schools and other environmental factors determine intelligence. e. The correlation between intelligence test scores of identical twins.
C
Which of the following is one of Robert Sternberg's types of intelligences? a. Naturalistic Intelligence b. General Intelligence c. Practical Intelligence d. Savant Intelligence e. Kinesthetic Intelligence
C
In general, males score higher than females on tests of a. Spelling. b. Verbal Fluency. c. Emotion Detection. d. Spatial Ability. e. Sensitivity to touch, taste, and odor.
D
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions is called a. Interpersonal Intelligence b. General Intelligence c. Practical Intelligence d. Emotional Intelligence e. Adaptive Intelligence
D
The most widely used modern intelligence test was developed by a. Alfred Binet. b. Louis Terman. c. Robert Sternberg. d. David Wechsler. e. Howard Gardner.
D
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ=ma/ca x 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100, with scores assigned to relative performance above or below average.
Standardization
Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
The Flynn Effect refers to the a. Superiority of certain racial and ethnic groups on intelligence tests. b. Extreme scores (very high and very low scores) that are more common for males than females on math tests. c. Stereotype threat that might cause some Black students to underperform on standardized tests. d. Predictive ability of intelligence tests. e. Gradual improvement in intelligence test scores over the last several decades.
E
What would be true of a thermometer that always reads three degrees off? a. It is valid but not reliable. b. It is both reliable and valid. c. It is neither reliable nor valid. d. It is not valid, but you cannot determine if it is reliable from the information given. e. It is reliable but not valid.
E
Louis Terman
He adapted some of Binet's original ideas, added others, and established new age norms. He extended the upper end of the test's range from teenagers to "superior adults". He believed intelligence tests revealed the intelligence with which a person was born.
Robert Sternberg
He agrees that there is more to success than traditional intelligence and also agrees with Gardner's ideas of multiple intelligences. He proposed a triarchic theory of three, not eight intelligences.
David Wechsler
He created what is now the most widely used individual intelligence test, the WAIS, with a version for school aged children and another for preschool children.
L.L. Thurstone
He gave 56 different tests to people and mathematically identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities (word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory).
Francis Galton
He had a fascination with measuring human traits.
Carol Dweck
He reports that believing intelligence is biologically set and unchanging can lead to a fixed mindset.
Alfred Binet
He started by assuming that all children follow the same course of of intellectual development but that some develop more rapidly. Their goal became to measuring each child's mental age.
Howard Gardner
He views intelligence as multiple abilities that come in different packages.
Grit
In psychology, grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.
Intelligence
Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
Fluid Intelligence
Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.
Crystallized Intelligence
Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
The WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.
Validity
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.
Content Validity
The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.
Reliability
The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting.
Heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
Predictive Validity
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; is is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related validity).
Normal Curve
The symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.
Stanford-Binet
The widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.