AP PSYCHOLOGY
If an 8-year-old child does as well as the average 10-year-old on an intelligence test, the 8-year-old child would have an IQ of
110
A newborn sleeps approximately 17 hours a day. What percentage is spent in REM?
50
An intelligence test has normally distributed scores. It has a mean of 100 and an SD of 15. Approximately what percentage of the population scored 70 or above?
98
Which of the examples below is the most useful analogy for the lens' role in the process of vision?
A curtain, opening or closing to let in the right amount of light
You are hanging out with your nephew, Emilio, at the park. Suddenly, Emilio looks at you excitedly and says, "Did you hear that? Someone is playing that song you like over in the neighborhood," and points over to some houses. You don't hear anything, but you smile and nod to be polite. Which perceptual principle explains why Emilio heard the song but you did not?
Absolute threshold
A researcher has been working on developing a new assessment to measure intelligence. When compared with an already established assessment, participants scored the same scores on the new test as they did on the established one. As a result, the new assessment can be considered
Accurate
Which of the following researchers would have been most interested in cognitive interpretations of external events?
Albert Bandura
Who is known for introducing the concept of mental age?
Alfred Binet
Jake is relaxed, has his eyes closed, and is lying in bed ready to sleep. If Jake's brain waves were being monitored on an electroencephalograph, what type of brain waves would you most likely see?
Alpha
Which of the options below is the best definition for a person with savant syndrome?
An intellectually disabled individual wtih exceptional ability in mathematical calculations, memory, art, or music
Which of the following is most similar to Spearman's theory of g?
Analytical intelligence
Marvin happens to wear a red shirt when he takes a test he expects to fail. Surprisingly, he does well on the test, so he wears the red shirt every time he takes a test. Which of the following explains Marvin's superstitious behavior?
Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated.
Which of the choices below measures the capacity of the test-taker to perform a task or role in the future?
Aptitude
On the MTV show Teen Mom, one young couple was concerned about raising their child in poverty and whether they'd be able to give the child everything it needed (emotionally, financially, etc). They placed the baby for adoption with a middle-class married couple. What effect could this have on the child's IQ?
As the child grows older, they will have a more similar intelligence score to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents.
Which of the following psychologists is most associated with operant conditioning research?
B.F. Skinner
A friend came to visit Charlie and knocked on her door. When Charlie opened her door, her dog Stevie saw the "stranger" and barked relentlessly. This happened the next few times that a "stranger" knocked on Charlie's door. Now Stevie barks whenever she hears anything that sounds like someone is knocking on the door. Which of the following is both the unconditioned response and the conditioned response?
Barking
Which of the following would be most interested in using twin studies to understand better the roles of nature and nurture on intelligence?
Behavior geneticists
B.F. Skinner believed that children learn language by associating words with meanings. The association is formed when a child is postively reinforced for saying a word or phrase correctly. B.F. Skinner's ideas best represent which of the following psychological perspectives?
Behavioral
If an intelligence test is pretested with a representative sample, the test is
Being standardized
Where are stored memories integrated with the information that is currently being processed?
Brocas area
Steve had epileptic seizures and underwent brain surgery in an attempt to help relieve them. However, he experienced severe amnesia after the surgery. To investigate his remaining abilities, psychologists asked Steve to trace the outline of a 5-point star while watching his hand in a mirror. Which of the following was used in the long-term study of Steve's memory abilities?
Case study
What type of conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus tthat already causes an automatic response?
Classical conditioning
Dr. Jameson is a psychologist interested in the techniques students use to improve their memory for class content. Dr. Jameson is most likely which type of psychologist?
Cognitive
Sometimes organisms begin to respond with the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. Which term below is the opposite of this process?
Discrimination
Robert Sternberg believes that we have a type of intelligence that is not learned through books or training, and requires you to rely on personal experience to solve new problems. This facet of intelligence is known as
Emotional intelligence
What are the three memory processes of the information-processing model?
Encoding, storage, retrieval
When Ms. Trip decides to train her cat to jump up into her lap on command, she uses cat treats to reinforce the jumping behavior. Later, though, Ms. Trip notices that her cat is gaining weight because of the treats. What technique can Ms. Trip use to maintain the desired behavior but avoid giving too many treats?
Fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement
The ability to think abstractly, reason quickly, identify patterns, and integrate information is referred to as
Fluid intelligence
Executives are designing an advertising campaign for a new candy bar. One ad claims that the candy bar is only 20% fat, where another ad claims the candy bar is 80% fat free. A sample of consumers in a market research study showed a strong preference for the candy bar that is "80% fat free." This reflects the concept of
Framing effect
Which of the following theorists would most likely agree that intelligence is fixed and determined solely by one's genetics?
Francis Galton
The idea that dreams represent wish fulfillment comes from which theory?
Freud's theory of dream interpretation
Adrian is intellectually disabled and blind, but he has a natural affinity for music. One night, he listened to a song on a YouTube video. The next day, 12-year-old Adrian played the complex piano piece flawlessly from memory. Since then, Adrian has to simply listen to a sample of piano music and is able to recreate it perfectly. Which of the following theories best supports savant syndrome?
Gardner's multiple intelligences
Which of the following is an example of chunking?
Grouping items together on a shopping list as "frozen foods," "dairy," "fruits and vegetables," and "bakery"
Researchers randomly assigned black students and white students to one of three different groups. Students in the first group were given a test and told it would assess their intellectual ability. Students in the second group were given the same test but were told that it was a simple problem-solving task and had nothing to do with intellectual ability. Students in the third group were also given the same test. They were told it had nothing to do with intellectual ability but that the test itself was challenging. Researchers found that the black subjects in the first group performed worse on the test than the white students did. The researchers concluded that when we believe that others view us through the lens of a negative label, performance decreases. Which group(s) acted as the control?
Groups 2 and 3
Oliver is on a trip to a debate tournament in a small, rural town he's never visited before. When he gets out of the van, Oliver immediately smells a strong odor of manure. Oliver wonders how anyone lives in the town with the constant smell of manure. What psychological principle explains why residents of the town do NOT constantly perceive that smell?
Habituation
John Kane designed a study where genetically diverse seeds were planted in two different environments. He allowed them to grow to their full heights. One environment had barely enough light, water, and nutrients for the plants to survive. The other environment was ideal with regards to these conditions for plant growth. Kane suggested that the differing heights of the plants within a single environment had to be due to the genetic differences found in the seeds, and not the environment. This demonstration was developed to illustrate which concept?
Heritability
Which of the following drugs does not fall under the stimulant classification?
Heroin
Who developed the Stanford-Binet test that is currently widely used to measure intelligence?
Lewis Terman
Most intelligence tests have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Based on this information and on the IQ score distribution pictured here, approximately what percentage of individuals are categorized as intellectually disabled?
NOT 16.1
Which of the examples below is the most useful analogy for the lens' role in the process of vision?
NOT A "contrast" button on a keyboard, adding or taking away light to make an image more clear
Which term describes something a behaviorist would pair with an unconditioned stimulus in order to produce a classically conditioned response?
NOT Conditioned response
Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ________ reinforcer.
Negative
The table above describes the behaviors of a rat named Maslow. The researcher working with Maslow was trying to determine how giving or taking food pellets away related to whether Maslow stood on his hind legs or not. In each of the four conditions in the table, Maslow received a food pellet or one was taken away, and Maslow stood on his hind legs or he didn't. In the cell marked with the number 4, what kind of conditioning most likely took place?
Negative punishment
The table above describes the behaviors of a rat named Maslow. The researcher working with Maslow was trying to determine how giving or taking food pellets away related to whether Maslow stood on his hind legs or not. In each of the four conditions in the table, Maslow received a food pellet or one was taken away, and Maslow stood on his hind legs or he didn't. In the cell marked with the number 2, what kind of conditioning most likely took place?
Negative reinforcement
The best example of a category is referred to as .
Prototype
To a behaviorist, what is the most important distinction between reinforcement and punishment?
Reinforcement increases the chances that a behavior will be repeated, and punishment decreases those chances.
If someone takes the same test repeatedly, and the scores are relatively consistent, the test is considered to be
Reliable
Which of the following is the most accurate example of a procedural memory?
Riding your bike to school
Some psychological concepts are very similar. Which of the following concepts is most similar to the cocktail party effect?
Selective attention
In the long run, people who practice self-regulation through physical exercise and time-managed programs experience an increase in
Self control
Gene is the ringmaster at a traveling circus. He specializes in training cats to do amazing tricks, like balancing a treat on their nose, pulling open a refrigerator, and retrieving him a small beverage. You ask Gene how he trains the cats, and he responds "It's not that hard. I just have to reward them when they do anything even close to what I want them to do. Then I reward the each time they get a little closer, and eventually I get them to do exactly what I want." What behavioral technique is Gene describing?
Shaping
Dr. Frederick spent much of her career researching how operant conditioning principles can be used to modify behaviors in helpful and positive ways. Late in her career, she changed her research to focus on whether or not these principles impact behaviors in the same way in different countries. Which psychological perspective best matches Dr. Frederick's late-career research?
Sociocultural perspective
Howard Gardner suggested that an individual who excels at mentally rotating objects and enjoys creating and interpreting visual images demonstrates which type of intelligence?
Spacial
A researcher developed a measure of happiness. He administered the measure to a group of 30 individuals and collected their scores. Then the researcher waited for three months and administered it again. The researcher found that there was a +.80 correlation coefficient between scores on the measure. What might the researcher be able to conclude?
The measure has high test-retest reliability.
Which is most likely to be an operational definition of absolute threshold that an experimenter might use in a study?
The minimum amount of stimulus a participant perceives in 50% of the trials
Naida is a graduate student in psychology researching different kinds of positive reinforcements on the behavior of chickens. She randomly separates the chickens into two groups. Birds in Group A get a treat for pecking the target disk. Birds in Group B get sugar water for pecking the target disk. What is most likely the operational definition for the dependent variable in this study?
The number of times the chicken pecks the target disk
In an experiment, researchers Loftus and Palmer (1974) asked a sample of 45 students from the University of Washington to watch a film of a car accident. Afterward, participants were asked either one of two questions: "About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?" or "About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?" Loftus and Palmer found that participants who heard the word "smashed" estimated greater speeds. Which of the following is the dependent variable?
The reported speed of the cars
The graph above best illustrates which of the following?
The serial position effect
In a study investigating stereotyping, Black students, who were aware of a negative stereotype regarding their academic performance, were randomly assigned into one of two weeks. Group A were told encouraging messages from a Black role model. Group B students did not get encouraging messages. Members of both groups then took the ACT exam. Psychologists found that those exposed to the positive message earned higher test scores. At the end of the study, students' names and their corresponding test scores were sent to all participants. Why can researchers conclude there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables in the study described in the scenario?
The subjects were randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group.
Researchers hypothesized that an over-the-counter supplement may be helpful in reducing memory impairment in older adults. They randomly assigned 50 adults between the ages of 50 and 90 who had milk memory impairments to receive either a placebo or 90 milligrams of the supplement twice a day for 18 months. At six-month intervals, the researchers conducted various memory tests. In this study, what is the independent variable?
The supplement
Researchers asked 10- and 12-year-old children to write text messages describing ten different scenarios (for example, telling a friend that children missed the bus and would be late). Participants who used more textisms, like abbreviations or symbols/emojis, tended to score more highly on a reading task. What is the primary reason why researchers should be cautious before concluding that using textisms causes greater reading ability?
This is a correlational study, so the subjects have not been randomly assigned to differing conditions to determine if a possible cause-and-effect relationship is present.
Rosenzweig investigated the impace of the environment on the cerebral cortex. Twelve sets of 3 male laboratory rats, each set from the same litter, were randomly assigned to different environments. Each group was supplied with adequate food and water. One member of each group was assigned to a different sort of cage: a standard cage with other rats, a small impoverished cage where the rat was isolated, or an enriched cage with other rats and multiple toys. Researchers found that the cerebral cortexes in the rats raised in the enriched cage were heavier and thicker. What research method did Rosenzweig employ in his research? How do you know?
This was an experiment; the rats were randomly assigned to different conditions.
Which group of terms below lists all the elements of classical conditioning?
Unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response
Which of the following scenarios is the best example of a cognitive map?
When asked for directions to his job, a man recites them in great detail.
Which of the following best describes the process of consolidation that occurs in REM sleep?
When recent memories are stored in long-term (LTM) by strengthening new neural connections.
What's the difference between an algorithm and a heuristic?
When you use an algorithm, a solution is always guaranteed. However, using heuristics doesn't always lead to successful problem solving.
Analytical, creative, practical
Which list below contains the three categories of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?
an adopted child and their adoptive parent
Which two individuals would have the least similar IQ scores?
Which two individuals would have the least similar IQ scores?
an adopted child and their adoptive parent
The perception that one can strongly influence the outcome and destiny of one's own life exemplifies
an internal locus of control.
Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?
applause for an excellent piano recital
Learning that certain events occur together is called
associative learning
Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on learning.
biological predispositions
By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates
classical conditioning.
By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of
classical conditioning.
Psychologists who study the influence of genes and environment on individual differences in behavior are called
cognitive psychologists.
In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of roses after roses are presented with electric shock. In this fictional example, the presentation of the roses is the
conditioned stimulus.
James began his job as a bus driver 25 years ago and has been driving the same route most of the time. This has resulted in him knowing the streets and his regular travelers quite well. Over time, James has developed many skills that have contributed to his successful career. This would suggest that James demonstrates a high level of
crystallized intelligence.
Humans, unlike many other animals, can be conditioned with reinforcers not delivered until a long time after the desired behavior. What are these reinforcers called?
delayed
Psychologists found that when managers were trained to be more self-aware, demonstrate empathy towards employees, and to manager their own and other's emotions more effecitvely, workers were more motivated and worked harder. These psychologists linked work performance and
emotional intelligence.
After being classically conditioned to salivate to a tone, a dog continues to hear a tone but does not receive food; as a result, salivation will decrease, then disappear. A dog owner may use operant conditioning to train a dog to "sit" by presenting a treat each time the dog sits. However, the behavior may diminish if the treats are discontinued. Both examples illustrate
extinction
Zajonc proposed that being watched by other generates physiological arousal that increases the probability that people will make fewer mistakes when performing a highly rehearsed task. He said that, under the same conditions, if you were doing an unpracticed task, you'd likely make more errors. Zajonc's proposal helps organize and explain human behavior as well as predict future actions. His explanation would most likely be called a(n)
hypothesis
Mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for
imitation
The Flynn effect refers to the
increase of intelligence test scores over time.
Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?
inserting coins into a slot machine
factor analysis
is a statistical procedure that allows researchers to identify clusters of abilities.
Benjamin Whorf believed that if a language does not have a way to communicate about the past, those who speak that language cannot think about the past. His belief is referred to as
linguistic determinism.
Students in Mr. Harris's fifth period psychology class had 25 minutes to answer an FRQ, while students in his third period class had only 15 minutes to answer the same question. To ensure that any differences in test scores were due to the students' ability and not due to the time given, in the future Mr. Harris should
make sure to use questions that reflect only the content covered in his class.
An achievement test
measures an individual's level of knowledge or skill in a particular area.
Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who
modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern.
The words "antithesis" and "antibody" both contain the prefix "anti-," which means "opposite." A prefix is an example of
morpheme
The research of Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga established that
the left and right hemispheres specialize in specific tasks, such as language ability.
Which list below contains the three categories of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?
Analytical, creative, practical
The concept of perceptual set is most relevant to which psychological perspective?
Cognitive
One of the most popular current therapies combines principles of behaviorism, like positive reinforcement, with focusing on how clients interpret past events and the actions of others. What is this psychological approach called?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Which term describes something a behaviorist would pair with an unconditioned stimulus in order to produce a classically conditioned response?
Conditioned stimulus
Participants in a research study played a game where they were given the numbers 2, 4, 6. They were then asked to propose three other numbers to see if they could determine the rule behind the given numbers. Researchers found that the majority of the participants proposed sets of numbers like "4, 8, 10," "6, 8, 12," or "20, 22, 24" based on their hypothesis that the rule was a "sequence of even numbers." Once the participants felt they knew the rule, they proposed only sequences that supported their incorrect beliefs. The correct rule was just three increasing numbers, meaning that 7, 9, 11 satisfies the rule. This research best demonstrates the concept of
Conformation bias
When Jessie's glasses broke while she was at school, she used a paperclip to hold them together until she could get them fixed. According to Sternberg, Jessie's solution shows a high level of which of the following intelligences?
Creative
A friend came to visit Charlie and knocked on her door. When Charlie opened her door, her dog Stevie saw the "stranger" and barked relentlessly. This happened the next few times that a "stranger" knocked on Charlie's door. Now Stevie barks whenever she hears anything that sounds like someone is knocking on the door. The scenario says, "Now Stevie barks whenever she hears anything that sounds like someone is knocking on the door." This is an example of which of the following principles?
Generalization
Which structure of the brain is primarily responsible for new memory formation?
Hippocampus
Which of the following theorists proposed a theory that intelligence could be assessed and broked down into eight different domains?
Howard Gardner
NOT being evaluated for its content validity.
If an intelligence test is pretested with a representative sample, the test is
Which of the following is an example of an explicit memory?
Ignacio recalls the winning season his football team had during his senior year of high school.
Wolfgang Kohler challenged a chimpanzee, Suzie, to solve a number of problems. For example, Suzie was placed in a cage with fruit placed just outside her reach. She could reach a stick, but it was too short to reach the fruit. After surveying the situation, Suzie suddenly used the shorter stick to pull a longer stick towards her and then used that longer stick to get the fruit. Kohler demonstrated Suzie's use of
Insight
general intelligence (g).
Intelligence that is reflected in tests of mental ability, as suggested by Charles Spearman, is called
Which of the following are two of the factors that differentiate schedules of reinforcement?
Interval and ratio
Of the choices below, which one demonstrates the highest level of emotional intelligence?
Jane, an office manager, skillfully handles conflicts among employees.
Who introduced the term behaviorism?
John B. Watson
Wolves that were tempted into eating sheep carcasses laced with poison develop an aversion to sheep meat. Which of the following provided the initial evidence leading to this practice?
John Garcia's studies on the importance of biological predispositions in conditioning
You are watching the final round of the gymnastics championship at your school. The captain of the team just finished an amazing routine on the uneven bars. As you watch him, you wonder how he knows where he is in space as he flips around the bar and how he makes sure he's in the right position to land perfectly on his feet. Which two sensory systems are most responsible for the captain's performance?
Kinesthesis and vision
What is the most notable difference between crystallized and fluid intelligence?
NOT Crystallized intelligence is the ability to absorb information, while fluid intelligence is the ability to analyze the information.
Which concept would early behaviorists NOT be interested in researching?
NOT EXTINCTION
Schedules of reinforcement have a direct effect on maintaining your behavior. Which schedule of reinforcement is represented by checking your social media to see if your post has received more "likes"?
NOT Fixed ratio
Mr. Faicus is a computer programmer and is working on a project for a casino. The casino manager asked him to program a video poker machine to make sure that players win only after they get a winning hand and only after they have been playing for between 10-23 minutes. Which schedule of reinforcement best matches the program Mr. Faicus is writing?
NOT Fixed-interval schedule
A friend came to visit Charlie and knocked on her door. When Charlie opened her door, her dog Stevie saw the "stranger" and barked relentlessly. This happened the next few times that a "stranger" knocked on Charlie's door. Now Stevie barks whenever she hears anything that sounds like someone is knocking on the door. In this example, what is the unconditioned stimulus?
NOT Hearing a knock
Which of the following combinations of psychological perspectives emphasizes measuring observable phenomena carefully?
NOT Humanism and psychoanalysis
Mahima is studying for her psychology test. Which of the following methods is most likely to help her encode the information into her long-term memory?
NOT Making flash cards of each word and its definition.
The table above describes the behaviors of a rat named Maslow. The researcher working with Maslow was trying to determine how giving or taking food pellets away related to whether Maslow stood on his hind legs or not. In each of the four conditions in the table, Maslow received a food pellet or one was taken away, and Maslow stood on his hind legs or he didn't. In the cell marked with the number 2, what kind of conditioning most likely took place?
NOT NEGATIVE PUNISHMENTS
A chimpanzee is in a cage with a banana on the ground just out of reach outside of his cage. After a period of inaction, the chimp suddenly grabs the stick in the cage, pokes it through the bars, and drags the banana within reach. This type of learning is called:
NOT Observational
The table above describes the behaviors of a rat named Maslow. The researcher working with Maslow was trying to determine how giving or taking food pellets away related to whether Maslow stood on his hind legs or not. In each of the four conditions in the table, Maslow received a food pellet or one was taken away, and Maslow stood on his hind legs or he didn't. In the cell marked with the number 3, what kind of conditioning most likely took place?
NOT Positive reinforcement
In classical conditioning, what must happen first in order for spontaneous recovery to occur?
NOT Reinforcement
Steve had epileptic seizures and underwent brain surgery in an attempt to help relieve them. However, he experienced severe amnesia after the surgery. To investigate his remaining abilities, psychologists asked Steve to trace the outline of a 5-point star while watching his hand in a mirror. Although he later could not remember completing the task, Steve's performance improved over time when repeating the task. These findings suggest that
NOT Retrograde amnesia
A researcher is interested in what factors influence which sensations we perceive and which sensations we don't notice. She decides to design an experiment to test her theory that distraction determines which visual stimuli are remembered. Which of the following is the researcher more likely to choose as an independent variable for her experiment?
NOT Sensory habituation
What is likely to occur when the conditioned stimulus is produced excessively without the unconditioned stimulus?
NOT Shaping
Which of the following terms applies to both classical and operant conditioning?
NOT Shaping and reinforcement
Naida is a graduate student in psychology researching different kinds of positive reinforcements on the behavior of chickens. She randomly separates the chickens into two groups. Birds in Group A get a treat for pecking the target disk. Birds in Group B get sugar water for pecking the target disk. What is most likely the operational definition for the dependent variable in this study?
NOT The operant-conditioned responses resulting from the positive reinforcements
Which term describes something that automatically causes a physical reaction?
NOT Unconditioned response
In France, military draftees are given an IQ test and officials have noted a steady increase in the average scores since World War II. This is an example of
NOT Vygotsky's theory of intelligence.
A friend came to visit Charlie and knocked on her door. When Charlie opened her door, her dog Stevie saw the "stranger" and barked relentlessly. This happened the next few times that a "stranger" knocked on Charlie's door. Now Stevie barks whenever she hears anything that sounds like someone is knocking on the door. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?
NOT barking
A friend came to visit Charlie and knocked on her door. When Charlie opened her door, her dog Stevie saw the "stranger" and barked relentlessly. This happened the next few times that a "stranger" knocked on Charlie's door. Now Stevie barks whenever she hears anything that sounds like someone is knocking on the door. In this example, what is the unconditioned stimulus?
NOT barking
Rosenzweig investigated the impace of the environment on the cerebral cortex. Twelve sets of 3 male laboratory rats, each set from the same litter, were randomly assigned to different environments. Each group was supplied with adequate food and water. One member of each group was assigned to a different sort of cage: a standard cage with other rats, a small impoverished cage where the rat was isolated, or an enriched cage with other rats and multiple toys. Researchers found that the cerebral cortexes in the rats raised in the enriched cage were heavier and thicker. Critics of Rosenzweig's research suggested that the differences in the cerebral cortex may have been due to the handling the "enriched" rats received twice a day when the researchers took the rats from the cage and changed the available toys. In this case, handling could have
NOT been a dependent variable.
Which term describes something that automatically causes a physical reaction?
NOT conditioned response
Alfred Binet is primarily known for _______, resulting in him being referred to the father of intelligence.
NOT the creation of both the mental age and the intelligence quotient (IQ)
A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)
NOT unconditioned response
At Pfriem Senior High School, data was collected from seniors about their attendance and their GPAs. The data was charted below: Based on this, which of the following best describes the relationship between the number of classes missed during a semester and grade point average (GPA?)
Negative
When you see your friend at lunch, she says, "I heard the best joke from my brother yesterday!" Then she tells you the same joke you had told her yesterday. Your friend is likely experiencing
Not encoding failure
Researchers are investigating the impact of alcohol on judgement. A group of male subjects that ranged in age from 21-40 drank alcohol until they reached a blood alcohol saturation of 0.08. Participants were then asked to take 9 steps, heel to toe, along a straight line, turn, and walk back. The researchers observed to see if the subjects took an incorrect number of steps. In this study, what is the operational definition of the dependent variable?
Number of incorrect steps taken
Which of the following best represents the information presented in the figure above?
Older adults spend less time in NREM-3 than younger people during a typical night's sleep.
Dr. Shelly has been working with a client for weeks in an effort to help him reduce his smoking habit. The client calls and is excited because he hasn't smoked for seven days in a row. Dr. Shelly says, "That's great! Please check the reinforcement chart we made to see which reward you should give yourself." Which kind of conditioning is Dr. Shelly using to help this client?
Operant conditioning
Which of the following is vital to the ability of research studies to be replicated?
Operational definitions of procedures
Which sensation and perception theory can most easily explain the phenomena of afterimages?
Opponent-process theory
A psychologist found that the closer high school students sat to the whiteboard, the higher their final grades in the course. This reflects a(n)
Positive correlation
The table above describes the behaviors of a rat named Maslow. The researcher working with Maslow was trying to determine how giving or taking food pellets away related to whether Maslow stood on his hind legs or not. In each of the four conditions in the table, Maslow received a food pellet or one was taken away, and Maslow stood on his hind legs or he didn't. In the cell marked with a number 1, what kind of conditioning most likely took place?
Positive reinforcement
Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?
Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.
Hearing the words "student," "bus," "desk," and "backpack" led to research participants more easily recalling the word "school," even though that word was not specifically mentioned. This demonstration best illustrates which of the following?
Priming
Amy had a dream of being in a room full of stacked tacos where she must eat her way out. Her therapist suggested that dreaming of tacos indicates that Amy has several multilayered problems in her life that need addressing. Her therapist's suggestion best reflects the focus of which of the following perspectives?
Psychodynamic
Which of the following topics would a clinical psychologist most likely be interested in?
Psychological disorders common in different cultures
Researchers randomly assigned black students and white students to one of three different groups. Students in the first group were given a test and told it would assess their intellectual ability. Students in the second group were given the same test but were told that it was a simple problem-solving task and had nothing to do with intellectual ability. Students in the third group were also given the same test. They were told it had nothing to do with intellectual ability but that the test itself was challenging. Researchers found that the black subjects in the first group performed worse on the test than the white students did. The researchers concluded that when we believe that others view us through the lens of a negative label, performance decreases. The researchers demonstrated that there is a decrease in performance when individuals believe that others will judge them according to a negative stereotype associated with their group membership. This is called
Stereotype threat
It is suspected that 18-year-old Stephanie may have some learning disabilities. She is meeting with the school psychologist to take an intelligence test. This test measures not only her general intelligence, but also assesses her verbal skills and performance abilities across 15 different subtests, including vocabulary and picture completion. Which of the following is Stephanie likely taking?
The Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Researchers randomly assigned black students and white students to one of three different groups. Students in the first group were given a test and told it would assess their intellectual ability. Students in the second group were given the same test but were told that it was a simple problem-solving task and had nothing to do with intellectual ability. Students in the third group were also given the same test. They were told it had nothing to do with intellectual ability but that the test itself was challenging. Researchers found that the black subjects in the first group performed worse on the test than the white students did. The researchers concluded that when we believe that others view us through the lens of a negative label, performance decreases. What research method did these investigators use to study the impact of belief on performance?
experiment
Intelligence that is reflected in tests of mental ability, as suggested by Charles Spearman, is called
general intelligence (g).
reveal relationships between variables but do not prove cause and effect.
generalizability
The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called
generalization
A sea slug learns to withdraw its gill after repeatedly being squirted by water. After repeated squirting, the withdrawal response lessens. Which term would learning theorists use to describe this reaction?
habituation
If researchers discovered a positive correlation between college freshman GPAs and students' college entrance exam scores, it could be concluded that the college entrance exam
has high predictive validity.
If researchers discovered a positive correlation between college freshman GPAs and students' college entrance exam scores, it could be concluded that the college entrance exam
has high predictive validity. NOT high content validity
Compared with apartment dwellers whose landlords pay their electricity costs, those apartment dwellers who pay their own electric bills use less electricity. This most clearly illustrates that consumer electricity usage is influenced by
operant conditioning.
Mr. Schlenker has improved worker productivity at his furniture manufacturing plant by occasionally sending notes of appreciation to his hard-working employees. Mr. Schlenker has improved productivity by means of
operant conditioning.
Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
positive reinforcer.
Dr. Florsheim developed an assessment to measure bias in the perception of women who are working in STEM fields. She divided the assessment so that half of her subjects took the even-numbered items on the assessment and other rest took the odd-numbered items on the assessment. She then looked at the correlation between the groups' scores. Dr. Florsheim used this approach to determine if her assessment
produced normally distributed scores.
Correlational studies
reveal relationships between variables but do not prove cause and effect.
Money is to food as ________ is to ________.
secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer
When asked which event leads to more deaths in the United States per year, tornadoes or lightning strikes, most people say tornadoes. However, lightning strikes actually lead to more deaths. Because tornadoes receive more nationwide attention and press, these may impact people's impressions. This example best illustrates
the availability heuristic.
Which of the following concepts helps control for experimenter bias?
the double-blind technique
Marco had a vivid dream of seeing brightly colored jeweled rings on each of his fingers. When he woke up, he consulted an online dream dictionary that suggested each jewel represented a value in himself that others admired. According to Sigmund Freud, this explanation represents
the latent content of the dream.
Sherry finds that she remembers more when she studies 10 minutes each night instead of cramming the night before a test for 3 hours. Carries is taking advantage of
the spacing effect.
Ms. Rini wanted to determine if students interested in taking AP Psychology would be successful in the course. She designed the Psychology Abilities Test (PAT) and administered it ot all of her incoming students. If the test has predictive validity,
the students' scores on the PAT will be positively correlated with their final grades in Ms. Rini's class.