AP Psychology Chapter 1

Confounding

A ___ variable is a variable that occurs outside of an experiment that might affect the research being conducted.

low

Averages are more reliable when they are based on scores with ___ (high/low) variability.

ideas; behaviors; attitudes; values

Culture refers to shared ___, ___, ___, and ___ that one generation passes onto the next.

coerced

Humans should not be ___, or manipulated, into participating in an experiment.

validity

The accuracy of data; this is also known as the ___ of the data

independent; dependent

The factor that is being manipulated in an experiment is called the ___ variable. The measurable factor that may change as a result of these manipulations is called the ___ variable.

social; solitary; varies

Using naturalistic observation, researchers have found that people are more likely to laugh in ___ situations than in ___ situations. Also, using observations of walking speed and accuracy of public clocks, researchers have concluded that the pace of life ___ (varies/does not vary) from one culture to another.

double-blind procedure

When neither the subjects nor the person collecting the data knows which condition a subject is in, the researcher is making use of the ___-___ ___.

random

When people are drawn from a hat or a lottery for an experiment, experimenters are conducting ___ sampling.

archival

When public documents are used to conduct research, experimenters are using an ___ method of research.

bias

When somebody expresses favoritism for one side of an experiment or has a preexisting opinion on a subject, they have what is called ___

Structured

When specific instructions are given to an individual during an interview, or questions are pre-selected, the interview is ___.

sampling bias

the choosing of participants based on how they could confirm an experimenter's bias

predicted

A correlation between two events or behaviors means only that one event can be ___ from the other.

illusory correlation

A perceived correlation that does not really exist is an ___ ___.

debrief

After research is over, experimenters should ___ participants about the actual nature of the experiment.

hypotheses; atypical

Although case studies can suggest ___ for further study, a potential problem with this method is that any given individuals may be ___.

principles; dyslexia; brain; genders

Although specific attitudes and behaviors vary across cultures, the underlying ___ are the same. For instance, throughout the world people diagnosed with ___ exhibit the same ___ malfunction. Likewise, similarities between the ___ far outweigh differences.

experimental; control

An experiment must involve at least two conditions: the ___ condition, in which the experimental treatment is present, and the ___ condition, in which it is absent.

theory; hypotheses; research

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events is a ___. Testable predictions that allow a scientists to evaluate a theory are called ___. Their predictions give direction to ___.

wording

An important factor in the validity of survey research is the ___ of questions.

low; high

Averages derived from scores with ___ (high/low) variability are more reliable than those with ___ (high/low) variability.

after the fact

Because it is ___ (after the fact/usually wrong), hindsight bias makes research findings seem like mere common sense.

event; caused; explanation

Because two events may both be caused by some other ___, a correlation does not mean that one ___ the other. For this reason, correlation thus does not enable ___.

describe

Case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation do not explain behavior; they simply ___ it.

deception

Experimenters are allowed to use a limited amount of ___ to mask the intent of their experiment.

random assignment

Experimenters rely on the ___ ___ of individuals to the experimental conditions.

Cross-sectional

In a ___ case study, multiple groups of people are studied during one time-frame.

Longitudinal

In a ___ case study, the study is conducted multiple times on the same group of people.

are

Large representative samples ___ (are/are not) better than small ones.

similarities; diseases

Many psychologists study animals because they are fascinating. More important, they study animals because of the ___ (similarities/differences) between humans and other animals. These studies have led to treatments for human ___ and to a better understanding of human functioning.

critical thinking

Scientific inquiry thus encourages reasoning that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions, which is called ___ ___

significance; chance; reliable; relatively large

Tests of statistical ___ are used to estimate whether observed differences are real - that is, to make sure that they are not simply the result of ___ variation. The differences are probably real if the sample averages are ___ and the differences between them are ___ (relatively small/relatively large).

independent; dependent; control

The aim of an experiment is to manipulate a(n) ___ variable, measure the ___ variable, and ___ all other variables.

total sum; number

The mean is computed as the ___ ___ of all the scores divided by the ___ of scores.

range; standard deviation

The measures of variation include the ___ and the ___ ___.

survey

The method in which a group of people is questioned about their attitudes or behavior is the ___.

mode

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution is called the ___.

gap between the lowest and the highest scores

The range is computed as the _____________________.

crude; is

The range provides a(n) ___ (crude/accurate) estimate of variation because it ___ (is/is not) influenced by extreme scores.

naturalistic observation

The research method in which people or animals are directly observed in their natural environments is called ___ ___.

case study

The research strategy in which one or more individuals is studied in depth in order to reveal universal principles of behavior is the ___ ___.

curiosity; skepticism; humility

The scientific approach is characterized by attitudes of ___, ___, and ___.

skewed; mean

When a distribution is lopsided, or ___, the ___ (mean/median/mode) can be biased by a few extreme scores.

Screw-You effect

When a participant messes with the data just because they want to, it is accurately called the ___-___ ___.

correlated; predict; correlation coefficient

When changes in one factor are accompanied by changes in another, the two factors are said to be ___, and one is thus able to ___ the other. The mathematical expression of this relationship is called the ___ ___.

informed consent

When conducting an experiment, experimenters must acquire ___ ___ from their participants; in other words, they must agree with the parameters of the experiment.

opportunity

When experimenters go out in public and ask people who meet criteria if they want to be a part of an experiment, they are conducting ___ sampling.

semi-structured

When interviewees are given a basic interview question and are asked follow-up clarification or elaboration questions, the interview is ___.

meta-analysis

When multiple studies are analyzed and experimenters draw a different conclusion from those studies, experimenters are conducting ______.

purposive

When sampling has a purpose, and actively seeks out members of a certain population, it is ___.

Likert

When the ___ scale is used, participants are shown a statement then asked if they strongly disagree, disagree, agree, or strongly agree with the statement.

criteria

When you have multiple people conduct the same/similar experiments, your ___ must be the same

confirmation bias

the manipulation of data to confirm preexisting beliefs

strength; weakness; causation; cause; effect

A negative correlation between two variables does not indicate the ___ or ___ of the relationship. Nor does correlation prove ___; rather, it merely indicates the possibility of a ___-___ relationship.

equally wrong

Most people are ___ (better/worse/equally wrong) in predicting their social behavior.

data; organize; bar graph; scale labels; range

Once researchers have gathered their ___, they must ___ them. One simple way of visually representing data is to use a ___ ___. It is important to read the ___ ___ and note the ___ to avoid being misled by misrepresented data.

principles; laboratory; stress in their marriages

In laboratory experiments, psychologists' concern is not with specific behaviors but with the underlying theoretical ___. As an example, researchers have found that people who flexibly cope with ___ stresses also cope flexibly with _________.

representative; biased

It is safer to generalize from a ___ sample than from a ___ sample.

safeguards

Opposition to animal experimentation also raises the question of what ___ should protect the well-being of animals.

demand characteristics; Hawthorne effect

Participants might seek out ___ ___, or what the researcher is researching, which may alter their behavior. The altering of behavior during an experiment is called the ___ ___.

withdrawal; no harm

Participants must be permitted to ___ from the experiment if they feel uncomfortable, and ______ must come to them during the experiment.

less

Small samples provide a ___ (more/less) reliable basis for generalizing than large samples.

practical

Statistical significance does not necessarily indicate the importance or ___ significance of a difference or result.

50th

The median is the score at the ___ percentile.

false consensus effect

The tendency to overestimate others' agreement with us is the ___ ___ ___.

hindsight bias; common; both children and adults

The tendency to perceive an outcome that has occurred as being obvious and predictable is called the ___ ___. This phenomenon is ___ (rare/common) in ___ (children/adults/both children and adults).

organizes; predictions

The test of a useful theory is the extent to which it effectively ___ observations and implies clear ___.

cause; effect; statistically; factors

To isolate ___ and ___, researchers ___ control other ___.

vivid

We are more likely to overgeneralize from select samples that are especially ___.

scatterplots

Graphs called ___ are often used to depict the relationship between two sets of scores.

behavior; experimental; effect

If a ___ changes when an ___ factor is varied, the researcher knows the factor is having an ___.

euthanized

If an experiment can cause lasting harm on an animal, they must be ___.

assumed consent

If an experiment is conducted in a public space, they therefore give ___ ___ as they are publicly seen.

systematic

If an experimenter were to choose every 4th person in a population, they would be practicing ___ sampling.

unstructured (or narrative)

If an interviewee is given a random topic and asked to discuss said topic in an interview, the interview is ___.

positively correlated; negatively correlated; inversely

If two factors increase or decrease together, they are ___ ___. If, however, one decreases as the other increases, they are ___ ___. Another way to state the latter is that the two variables relate ___.

Naturalistic

In a ___ observation, experimenters observe interactions between things in the wild.

Lab Observation

In a ___ observation, experimenters study psychology in a controlled environment.

stratified

In a sample, the population is 40% white, 30% Hispanic, 20% Asian/Middle Eastern, and 10% Other. The experimenter therefore practiced ___ sampling.

operational definitions; replicate

In order to prevent theoretical biases from influencing scientific observations, research must be reported precisely - using clear ___ ___ of all concepts - so that others can ___ the findings.

overconfidence; tendency

Our everyday thinking is also limited by ___ in what we think we know, which occurs because of our ___ to seek information that confirms our judgments.

more; do not

Patterns and streaks in random sequences occur ___ (more/less) often than people expect, and they ___ (do/do not) appear random.

confirm; superstitious

People are more likely to notice and recall events that ___ their beliefs. This error in thinking helps explain many ___ beliefs.

control; general principles

Psychologists conduct experiments on simplified behaviors in a laboratory environment in order to gain ___ over the many variables present in the "real world." In doing so, they are able to test ___ ___ of behavior that also operate in the real world.

descriptive; correlational; experimental

Psychologists conduct research using ___, ___, and ___ methods.

scientific method; observations; theories; observations

Psychologists use the ___ ___ to guide their study of behavior and mental processes. They make ___ and form ___, which are refined based on new ___.

do; experiments; manipulates; holding constant

Research studies have found that breast-fed infants ___ (do/do not) grow up with higher intelligence scores than those of infants who are bottle-fed with cow's milk. To study cause-effect relationships, psychologists conduct ___. Using this method, a researcher ___ the factor of interest, while ___ ___ other factors.

placebo; placebo effect

Researchers sometimes give certain participants a pseudotreatment, called a ___, and compare their behavior with that of participants who receive the actual treatment. When merely thinking that one is receiving a treatment produces results, a ___ ___ is said to occur.

statistics

Researchers use ___ to help them see and interpret their observations

ethical; well-being

Some people question whether experiments with animals are ___. They wonder whether it is right to place the ___ of humans over those of animals.

random; population; does

Surveys try to obtain a ___ sample, one that will be representative of the ___ being studied. In such a sample, every person ___ (does/does not) have a chance of being included.

more accurate; takes

The standard deviation is a ___ (more accurate/less accurate) measure of variation than the range. Unlike the range, the standard deviation ___ (takes/does not take) into consideration information from each score in the distribution.

mode; mean; median

The three measures of central tendency are the ___, the ___, and the ___.

reliability

The trustworthiness or consistency of a set of data is also called the ___ of the data.

snowball

When experiments start with one person and have that person find more people for an experiment, they are conducting ___ sampling.