AP Psychology Chapter 6

21) The notion that learning produces physical changes in the synapses of the brain is consistent with A) brain imaging. B) spatial mapping. C) hemispheric lateralization. D) long-term potentiation. E) myelinization of neurons

d

24) Learning always occurs as a result of A) internal changes. B) changes in the environment. C) classical conditioning. D) experience. E) changing our emotions

d

50) In operant conditioning, extinction involves A) unpredictable reinforcement. B) consistent, unpleasant punishments. C) adding new punishments. D) an increase in negative reinforcement. E) withholding reinforcement.

e

6) To avoid conditioned taste aversions, cancer patients are sometimes given ________ during chemotherapy. A) psychotherapy B) to block dopamine C) a familiar food D) novocain to block the nerves in their mouths E) unusually flavored candies or ice cream

e

1) ________ was a physiologist by training, but during an experiment testing the salivary gland of dogs, he discovered ________ conditioning A) Pavlov; classical B) Skinner; operant C) Pavlov; operant D) Watson; observational E) Bandura; insight

a

13) Negative punishment is sometimes referred to as A) omission training. B) positive reinforcement. C) negative reinforcement. D) an aversive stimulus. E) The Premack principle

a

14) Punishment is an effective means to control someone's behavior only if A) you can control the environment all of the time. B) you use a good amount of reinforcement too. C) learned helplessness occurs. D) the punishments are administered unpredictably. E) the person receiving punishment acts with aggression

a

17) Tolman concluded that the rats he ran through mazes had created ________ to help them find where the food was placed. A) cognitive maps B) observational learning C) insight learning D) operant conditioning E) classical conditioning

a

11) ________ is a procedure for changing behavior by reinforcing responses that approach the desired goal. A) Natural selection B) Behavioral analysis C) Counter conditioning D) Shaping E) Molding

d

12) The Premack principle states that A) in order to be effective, reinforcement must be unpredictable. B) using two types of punishment works better than using only one. C) punishment must be used consistently and immediately. D) a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred one. E) reinforcement is more effective than punishment

d

26) The two main types of behavioral learning discussed in this text are A) classical conditioning and operant conditioning. B) reinforcement and insight learning. C) insight learning and operant conditioning. D) reflexive responding and shaping. E) social learning and observational learning

a

32) After acquisition in classical conditioning, the ________ now has the ability to elicit a response that resembles the UCR. A) conditioned stimulus B) unconditional stimulus C) independent stimulus D) orienting stimulus E) operant response

a

33) ________ refers to a procedure in classical conditioning where a CR no longer occurs in the presence of the CS due to the absence of the UCS. A) Extinction B) Discrimination C) Inhibition D) Spontaneous recovery E) Generalization

a

45) Negative reinforcement involves A) the removal of an aversive stimulus. B) the learning of a new response. C) decreasing the likelihood of certain future behaviors. D) pairing an old reflex with a new stimulus. E) providing an unpleasant stimulus periodically during the day

a

5) As discrimination tasks with unpleasant stimuli become increasingly more difficult, we can expect that an animal will eventually develop A) agitation due to experimental neurosis. B) extinction due to extreme confusion. C) better learning to occur due to generalization. D) intermittent reinforcement due to prompting. E) appetitive conditioning due to shaping.

a

53) During summer camp, campers get a sticker each time they demonstrate good sportsmanship. When they have earned 10 stickers, they may select a candy bar. This represents an example of A) a token economy. B) primary shaping. C) reward generalization. D) negative reinforcement. E) classical conditioning.

a

55) A punishment ________ the probability of a response, while a negative reinforcer ________ the probability of a response. A) decreases; increases B) decreases; decreases C) increases; decreases D) increases; increases E) does not alter; decreases

a

60) Which of the following is true of the difference between operant and classical conditioning? A) Food is presented before the response in classical conditioning. B) Food is presented after the response in classical conditioning. C) Classical conditioning is used to learn new useful behaviors. D) Operant conditioning involves the modification of an old reflex. E) Classical conditioning requires a stimulus that follows the UCR

a

63) Studies of observational learning demonstrate that A) learning can occur in the absence of personal experience. B) nonhuman species cannot learn by imitation. C) reward has a greater influence on our behavior than does punishment. D) people learn antisocial behaviors (but not prosocial behaviors) through observation. E) television viewing has more influence on behavior than direct observation of live events

a

72) Burt had never been afraid of spiders, but at camp last summer he woke up to find a spider on his face. Since this event, he cries in fear every time that he sees a multilegged creature. For Burt, before the incident spiders had been a(n) ________; after the incident, spiders are a(n) ________. A) neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus B) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response C) neutral stimulus; conditioned response D) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response E) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

a

80) Professors who offer only a final exam grade for the entire semester grade are forgetting the operant conditioning principle that A) contingencies of reinforcement must occur with more frequency to motivate behavior. B) students may become conditioned to fear an exam because it causes anxiety. C) students' cognitive abilities should be studied more deeply. D) a single test may not assess what an individual knows about a given subject. E) All of the above are correct.

a

85) Negative reinforcement works best when the aversive stimulus A) is imposed by natural or impersonal conditions. B) imposes physical pain. C) is an operant. D) is on a variable ratio schedule. E) is controlled by the person to be punished.

a

87) If Tyler is given an allowance of $5.00 on every Friday for doing his chores, we should expect that he will A) not do many chores until just before allowance time. B) do his chores to prevent punishment by his parents. C) never know when he will be rewarded. D) keep doing his chores, even when he no longer receives allowance. E) work hard consistently throughout the week.

a

18) The capacity of an organism to form a cognitive map of its environment A) is maladaptive in that such activity may not result in food reinforcement. B) involves the hippocampus. C) does not require active exploration of the environment. D) was first demonstrated by B.F. Skinner using rats seeking food. E) involves trial and error learning in a Thorndike box

b

19) In Bandura's classic BoBo doll experiment, those children that saw aggressive models A) were less likely to behave violently towards the BoBo doll. B) were more likely to behave violently towards the BoBo doll. C) were more likely to tell others to respond violently towards the BoBo doll. D) did not respond any differently than a control group that saw no violent behavior. E) used insight learning to solve their social problems

b

2) In Pavlov's original experiment, the key that the dogs had learned something was that A) they blinked when they were fed. B) they salivated at the sound of the footsteps of those that would feed them. C) they salivated while watching other dogs eating. D) they salivated at the sight of the food. E) None of the above are correct

b

22) Damage to neurons within the ________ that use the the transmitter ________ would be expected to diminish the experience of reward. A) medulla; serotonin B) limbic system; dopamine C) cerebellum; GABA D) parietal cortex; epinephrine E) cerebrum; acetylcholine

b

3) If you salivate when your mother calls you to dinner, we can attribute your reaction to A) stimulus generalization. B) classical conditioning. C) operant conditioning. D) observational learning. E) olfactory hallucinations.

b

30) In order for the UCS to cause a UCR in Pavlov's study, A)there must be a critical impact of insight. B)there must be no learning. C) the participant must receive either punishment or reinforcement. D) the participant receiving the UCS must be hungry. E) the dog must salivate at the sound of the bell

b

37) One of the best therapy strategies for eliminating conditioned fears involves combining ________ in a process known as ________, first described by Mary Cover Jones. A) primary and secondary reinforcers; social learning B) extinction and relaxation; counterconditioning C) arousal and stress reduction; shaping D) negative and positive reinforcement; aversion E) conditioned and unconditioned responses; discrimination

b

46) A positive reinforcer is used to ________ desired behavior. A negative reinforcer is used to ________ desired behavior. A) increase; decrease B) increase; increase C) decrease;increase D) decrease; decrease E) none of the above

b

54) A punishment is an aversive consequence that A) withholds negative reinforcers. B) weakens the behavior it follows. C) occurs on a consistent and predictable basis. D) is withheld to increase the probability of the response over time. E) decreases the probability of shaping by successive approximations

b

57) Punishment must be administered ________ in order to be effective. A) after a cooling-off period B) consistently C) by providing pleasant stimuli D) on a schedule of partial reinforcement E) intermittently

b

62) Insight learning involves A) the integration of unfamiliar objects into familiar patterns. B) the perception of familiar objects in new forms or relationships. C) a strategy of vicarious trial-and-error. D) the development of abstract concepts. E) the process of assimilation

b

66) According to Leon Kamin, we are most likely to pay attention to information that precedes the UCS only if A) it provides information about the UCR. B) it provides unique information about the UCS. C) it becomes a CR. D) it also follows the UCS. E) one has noticed others who know what the UCS will predict

b

7) Operant conditioning explains how new behaviors can be learned, while classical conditioning refers only to ________ behaviors. A) insightful B) reflexive C) cognitive D) voluntary E) All of the above are correct

b

78) Which of the following is NOT an example of an operant? A) Sam tells a joke that has previously evoked much laughter. B) A dog salivates after seeing a bowl of meat. C) One month old Jamie sucks on a nipple in order to hear her mother's voice. D) A rat presses a lever to receive a food pellet. E) Abe repeatedly presses a button on a toy, because he likes the loud sound it makes

b

84) If you use money to buy ham, the money is a(n) ________, while the food is a(n) ________. A) primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer B) secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer C) aversive stimulus; primary reinforcer D) aversive stimulus; secondary reinforcer E) secondary reinforcer; aversive stimulus

b

16) Wolfgang Kohler suggested that chimps A) learn by operant conditioning, but not by classical conditioning. B) can use a primitive form of language. C) use insight to come up with novel solutions to problems. D) respond best to intermittent reinforcement. E) would administer punishment to other chimps if rewarded for doing so

c

20) ________ reported that watching violent behaviors makes children more likely to behave violently. A) Thorndike B) Garcia C) Bandura D) Tolman E) Watson

c

23) Kandel and Hawkins argue that complex organisms have two types of learning "circuits" in their brains - one involving simple motor responses and the other involving A) perception of rewards and punishments. B) classical conditioning. C) complex learning that requires conscious processing. D) "mindless" learning. E) habituation.

c

25) Which of the following would be an example of learning? A) A newborn infant sucks on a nipple filled with milk. B) A teenager falls asleep after staying awake for 96 hours. C) A rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet. D) A patient clenches his teeth when he sees the dentist's drill, even though he has never had a tooth filled. E) A student umps when she hears someone drop a book in the library stacks

c

28) A(n) ________ refers to the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. A) conditioned stimulus B) reflex C) unconditioned response D) neutral response E) conditioned response

c

34) One of Pavlov's dogs had stopped salivating at the sound of the tone. The next day the tone was presented again and the dog began salivating. Pavlov referred to this as A) spontaneous extinction. B) higher-order conditioning. C) spontaneous recovery. D) stimulus generalization. E) shaping

c

38) The factor that makes a food aversion different from most types of classical conditioning is that A) other people can cause us to develop the connection between the CS and the UCS. B) conditioning may not always involve a change in the person's response. C) there can be a long time delay between the CS and the UCS. D) once the conditioning is established, it cannot be eliminated. E) the conditioned response often occurs before the unconditioned response

c

4) The initial learning stage in classical conditioning in which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus is known as A) prompting. B) shaping. C) acquisition. D) trial-and-error learning. E) insight learning.

c

42) ________ are consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors. A) Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes B) Discrimination and generalization C) Rewards and punishments D) Conditioned and unconditioned stimuli E) Successive approximations

c

44) Negative and positive reinforcers are similar in that these always ________ the likelihood of ensuing responses. A) have no effect on B) extinguish C) increase D) eliminate E) decrease

c

47) The descriptors "positive" and "negative," when used in reference to reinforcers, are synonyms for A) "voluntary" and "involuntary." B) "new" and "familiar." C) "add" and "remove." D) "increase" and "decrease." E) "conditioned" and "unconditioned."

c

52) The key advantage of using a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement is that A) the person will be rewarded often. B) the individual is usually content. C) it prevents the extinction of the desired response. D) it is very predictable. E) it is easy to extinguish

c

56) The similarity of positive reinforcement and positive punishment is that each involves A) removing a stimulus. B) decreasing the likelihood of certain events. C) adding a stimulus. D) increasing the likelihood of certain events. E) desireable events or stimuli

c

58) The most effective form of punishment usually involves A) psychological pain. B) imprisonment or jail time. C) penalties, such as loss of privileges. D) intense physical pain. E) attacks on character

c

59) Which of the following is NOT a key difference between operant and classical conditioning? A) whether they are voluntary B) whether behavior is based on past stimulation or future conditions C) Whether they are based on the behaviorist theory D) Whether the stimulus or the response comes first E) whether they are based on reflex responses

c

61) The cognitive view would argue that learning A) does not always change thinking, but always produces changes in behaviors. B) always involves either reward or punishment. C) does not always change behavior, but always produces changes in mental activity. D) produces changes in mental activity that cannot be objectively examined. E) always changes both behavior and thinking

c

64) Robert Rescorla believes that the feature of the conditioned stimulus that most facilitates classical conditioning is its A) frequency. B) intensity. C) informativeness. D) consistency. E) size.

c

71) After having some bad barbecue pork in the cafeteria, your stomach gets a bit woozy each time you enter. The cafeteria is the ________ and your stomach feeling woozy is the ________. A) unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus B) conditioned response; conditioned stimulus C) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response D) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response E) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

c

9) The term "reinforcer" refers to any condition that ________ a response. A) strengthens or weakens B) weakens or eliminates C) follows and strengthens D) causes or eliminates E) precedes and causes

c

29) An unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus that A) is based upon its association with another unconditioned stimulus. B) provides positive or negative reinforcement. C) inhibits previously learned behavior. D) naturally elicits a reflexive behavior. E) triggers a learned response

d

31) In Pavlov's experiments, a tone was the ________, and food was the ________. A) an orienting response (OR) is to a conditioned stimulus (CS). B) a neutral stimulus (NS) is to an conditioned response (CR). C) an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is to an unconditioned response (UCR). D) a conditioned stimulus (CS) is to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). E) a conditioned response (CR) is to an operant stimulus (OS)

d

35) A serious problem with Watson and Rayner's testing with Little Albert is the danger that A) operant conditioning can modify behavior. B) taste aversions can be formed in young children. C) spontaneous recovery can occur at the wrong time. D) the fear response may generalize to other stimuli. E) counterconditioning is difficult

d

36) For Little Albert, his fear of ________ was interpreted as an instance of ________. A) Santa Claus mask; experimental neurosis B) John Watson; a sensible response C) a white laboratory rat; operant conditioning D) a white laboratory rat; conditioned fear E) his mother; childhood psychosis

d

49) Intermittent reinforcement is particularly effective for maintaining behavior because such reinforcement A) has popularity and generosity. B) has predictability and physicality. C) has discriminability and consistency. D) produces resistance to extinction. E) has frequency and generalizability.

d

51) The key difference between a ratio and an interval schedule of reinforcement is whether A) reinforcement occurs often or rarely. B) the behaviors will increase or decrease in frequency. C) a person can control the consequences of the reinforcement. D) reinforcement is determined by time or by number of responses. E) reinforcers are given or removed

d

67) While walking down a dark alley, you jump at a loud noise. This would not be considered learning because A) jumping is a difficult skill, biologically speaking. B) it is not a behavior. C) not everyone would jump in this situation. D) jumping is merely a reflex. E) jumping is only done for survival purposes

d

69) Maria walks into her science class laboratory, and she immediately feels queasy. Today is the day her class is dissecting frogs and she is sickened by the smell of the formaldehyde. However, after an hour Jenna is no longer sickened because of A) her reflexes. B) classical conditioning. C) spontaneous recovery. D) habituation. E) operant conditioning

d

70) When you go grocery shopping, you may buy brands that you have often seen advertized on TV. This is the result of A) shaping. B) classical conditioning. C) habituation. D) the mere exposure effect. E) continuous reinforcement

d

74) Merideth is an expert on wine. In a fine restaurant, she orders a glass of Santa Margarita pinot grigio. When the wine comes out she tastes it and claims that she received Mezzacorona pinot grigio instead. Merideth is demonstrating A) an unconditioned response. B) stimulus generalization. C) extinction. D) stimulus discrimination. E) spontaneous recovery

d

77) Judy has cancer and is receiving chemotherapy at a local hospital. Her parents notice that she now rejects food that she willingly ate last week (before chemotherapy). Through the process of ________, the food is now acting as a(n) ________. A) conditioned reinforcement; unconditioned response B) appetitive conditioning; conditioned stimulus C) negative reinforcement; conditioned stimulus D) aversive conditioning; conditioned stimulus E) operant conditioning; negative reinforcer

d

79) You hit the "off" button on your alarm clock when it rings. The ending of the obnoxious sound acts as a(n) A) unconditioned stimulus. B) positive punishment. C) positive reinforcer. D) negative reinforcement. E) negative punishment

d

8) Much of B.F Skinner's early work was inspired by law of effect, which was created by A) Mary Cover Jones. B) John Watson. C) Ivan Pavlov. D) Edward Thorndike. E) Albert Bandura.

d

82) I want my dog Fuzzy to roll over. At first I should use ________ reinforcement. After she has learned the behavior, I should change to a ________ schedule of reinforcement. A) fixed ratio; fixed interval B) variable ratio; variable interval C) fixed ratio; variable ratio D) continuous; intermittent E) intermittent; continuous

d

86) Your brother comes home after curfew and is grounded by your parents. In the future, you come home on time. This type of learning is best explained by A) insight learning. B) operant conditioning. C) classical conditioning. D) social learning. E) vicarious trial-and-error

d

88) Your family goes on a fishing trip for vacation. While you are fishing you are working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. A) fixed interval B) continuous C) variable ratio D) variable interval E) fixed ratio

d

10) The operant chamber which has come to be known as a "Skinner box" was designed so that A) Skinner could punish his daughter, Deborah. B) cats could pull a string to open the door to the box. C) rats could eliminate painful stimuli. D) gerbils could make their way through a maze to a food pellet in the box. E) animals could press a lever to receive food.

e

15) Which of the following is true of punishment? A) Aggression is produced by punishment. B) Punishment may involve the application of an aversive stimulus. C) Punishment must be used consistently in order to be effective. D) Punishment interferes with the learning of new and better behaviors. E) All of the above are correct

e

27) An eye blink is an example of A) an operant. B) shaping. C) introspection. D) an environmental event. E) a reflex

e

39) In John Garcia's study on taste aversion in coyotes, the goal was to create a situation in which sheep became the ________ so that coyotes would not attack them. A) unconditioned stimulus B) neutral stimulus C) unconditioned response D) conditioned response E) conditioned stimulus

e

40) In operant conditioning, behavioral change is brought about by the manipulation of A) motives. B) reflexes. C) thoughts. D) goals. E) consequences

e

41) Operant behaviors are different from those in classical conditioning because, in classical conditioning, the behaviors are A) cognitive. B) observed. C) voluntary. D) reinforced. E) involuntary

e

43) B.F. Skinner was a radical behaviorist who refused to A) believe that observation tells us anything about human nature. B) understand how it was possible for people to change. C) accept that individuals can change over time. D) conduct research with animals other than humans. E) speculate about what happens inside an organism

e

48) The best strategy to teach an organism a new response is to use A) negative reinforcement. B) intermittent reinforcement. C) extinction. D) secondary reinforcement. E) continuous reinforcement.

e

65) In deciding whether there is a fire in your classroom building, which of the following provides the best early information as to whether there is a fire? A) the sound of an alarm bell B) the flicker of flames C) the appearance of greenish flames D) the appearance of a fireman in your classroom E) the smell of smoke

e

68) When a dog rattles a chain by the door to indicate that he wants to go out, his owner is thrilled and thinks that her dog is brilliant. The dog, however, has not yet shown learning because A) he may have accidentally bumped the chain. B) the change must be lasting. C) he must demonstrate that he has associated the chain with going out through prior experience. D) he must repeat the behavior. E) All of the above are correct

e

73) Robert's dog, Fuzzy, runs to Robert when he says, "Come." If one day, Fuzzy comes running when Robert says, "Dumb," we might say that Fuzzy has demonstrated A) intermittent reinforcement. B) social learning. C) spontaneous recovery. D) insight learning. E) stimulus generalization.

e

75) In the "Little Albert" experiment when the rat was presented with the loud noise, the rat was the ________ and the noise was the ________. A) unconditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus B) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response C) conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus D) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus E) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

e

76) You have an intense fear of high places and are asked to climb to the top of a high tower. As you ascend your therapist tells you to relax and gives you positive feedback on how you are doing; eventually you make it to the top. This therapeutic technique is known as A) classical conditioning. B) flooding. C) operant conditioning. D) aversive conditioning. E) counterconditioning

e

81) As a marine biologist, you are trying to teach a dolphin to jump over a bar. At first, you reward the dolphin every time it swims near the bar. Then, you only reward her when she emerges from the water near the bar. Eventually, you reward the dolphin each time she jumps out of the water. Then, you only reward the dolphin when she jumps over the bar. This technique is an example of A) classical conditioning. B) spontaneous recovery. C) positive punishment. D) discrimination. E) shaping

e

83) A telemarketer who is paid $25 for every 10 magazine subscriptions he sells is working according to a ________ schedule of reinforcement. A) fixed ratio B) continuous C) fixed interval D) variable interval E) variable ratio

e