AP Psychology Memory

method of loci

A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations

PQ4R method

A study stategy that has students preview, question, read, reflect, recite, and review material. These activities are designed to increase the depth to which you process the information you read

motivated forgetting

forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable

if encoding, retrieval or storage fails

forgetting will occur

sensory registers

hold incoming sensory information until it is processed, recognized, and remembered. There is a ___________________for each sense.

procedural memory

holds "how-to" methods or processes that usually require some motor movement

sensory memory

holds information for a fraction of a second in sensory registers. If the information is attended to and recognized, perception takes place, and the information can enter short-term memory

levels of processing model

holds that a difference in how well something is remembered reflect the degree or depth to which incoming information is mentally processed

example of visual encoding

if you think of a Christmas tree of the care you would buy if you had enough memory, you will most likely see images of things in your mind

example of semantic encoding

if you visit Israel, you may notice that the children can sing in the top rock songs from the United States but that they do not know what the words mean. This is because they are using an acoustic code to remember a song and sing it, but they do not have a______________________ for the meaning of the words

elaborative rehearsal

involves thinking about how new material is linked or related in some way to information already stored in long-term memory. It is an effective method of encoding information into long-term memory.

retrograde amnesia

is a loss of memory of events prior to brain injury. Memories encoded days or years before the injury or trauma can be lost.

episodic memory

is any memory of a specific event that happened while you were present

encoding specificity principle

maintains that if the way information is encoded and the way it is retrieved are similar, then remembering the information will be easier

example of storage

memories of your kindergarten class, your 2nd grade teacher, or the first home have lived in are old memories. They are STORED in your brain

memory codes

mental representations of physical stimuli

information-processing model

of memory has three stages: sensory memory, short-term, or working, memory and long term memory

parallel distributed processing model

of memory suggest that the connection between units of knowledge are strengthened with experience. Tapping into any connection (via a memory process) provides us with access to all the other connections in the network.

short-term memory

receives information that was perceived in sensory memory. Information in ________________ is conscious but quite fragile and will be lost within seconds If not further processed.

maintenance rehearsal

repeating information over and over, keeps information in short-term memory

visual encoding

represents the images we see in memory

semantic encoding

represents the meaning of experience or factual information in memory

acoustic encoding

represents the sounds we hear in memory

Three stages of information processing model

sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory

implicit memory

subconscious recall or influence of past experiences

transfer-appropriate processing model

suggests that memory retrieval will be improved if the encoding method matches the retrieval method

multiple memory systems model

suggests that the brain contains several relatively separate memory systems, each of which resides in a different area and each of which serves somewhat different purposes

example of retroactive interference

teacher learned so many new names this year, she has trouble remembering the names of the students last year

context-dependent memory

the environment acts as a retrieval cue. This mean that it is easier to remember information when you're in the location (context) where you originally learned that information.

encoding

the process of coding information that it can be placed in sensory, short-term, or long-term memory.

storage

the process of maintaining or keeping in memory

explicit memory

the process of purposely trying to remember something

retrieval

the process of transferring information memories from storage to consciousness

example of acoustic encoding

think of your favorite song and hum it to yourself. the memory of how the melody sounds is an ________________ code in long-term memory.

example of retrieval

whenever you remember anything, you are ___________ that memory from storage. Some memories are __________ so quickly that you are unaware of the process.

example of explicit memory

while you are taking an exam, you are using your ________________ to retrieve information regarding the questions

Examples of recency effect

After hearing all her students name at once, Leslie tries to recite them one by one. She remembers the names of students in the first two rows(primacy effect) and the names of the students in the last two rows (______________) , But she still has difficulty recalling the students in the middle two rows.

schemas

Are summaries of knowledge about categories. We tend to automatically plays people, objects, events into class

Flashbulb memories

Are vivid recollections of personal significant events, which, like a snapshot, seem to preserve all the details of the moment, although can be inaccurate.

example of parallel distributed processing model

Bobs Knowledge that the term neonate means "newborn" is linked to his memory of seeing a premature infant taken to a neonatal unit. When Bob thinks of neonate, and image of his nephew as a newborn is readily accessible. This background made it easier for him to understand that a neo-Freudian is a person who developed a new version of Freuds theory.

spreading activation

Describes the way in which information is retrieved from long-term memory according to semantic network theories. Whenever a question is asked, neural activation spreads from those concepts containing the question down to all parts related to them.

selective attention

Determines what information is held in sensory registers. Information that is not attended to decays and cannot be processed any further.

example of chunks

During his first night as a waitress, Mike needed all 5 to 9 ___________ In short term memory to remember one order for each person. For example, a drink before dinner, a drink with dinner, a main dish, a type of salad dressing, a type of potato, and if the customer wanted cream, sugar, or both with coffee made up with 5 to 9___________ of information. After two years of waitressing, Mike can easily hold in memory for 4-8 peoples complete food and drink orders, each person's order had become one _____________ of information.

Retrieval cues

Help us recognize information in long-term memory. Other words, they help you jog your memory

example of method of savings

If I took a subject 20 repetitions To learn a list of items but only five repetitions to relearn the list a semester later, there would be a savings of 75%

immediate memory span

Largest number of items or chunks of information that you can recall perfectly from short term memory after one presentation of the stimuli. Most people have and _______________________ of 5 to 9 times

example of proactive interference

If you have ever learned something incorrectly then try to correct it, you may have experienced_________________. Young children who take music lessons once a week experience this. They learn an incorrect note, another lesson the next week, the teacher points at the mistake. However, it is very difficult to play the correct note, because the old memory of the wrong note interferes with the new memory of the correct note.

example of short-term memory

If you look up a phone number and repeat it to yourself until you finish dialing, you will have kept it in active in your ________________. However, it is likely that you will have forgotten it by the time you get off the phone, because you were using your working memory to process new information coming in during the conversation.

example of schemas

If your _________________ classroom is a square a room filled with desk, upon seeing people seated on pillows in a round room you'll be likely to classify it as a lounge.

example of selective attention

Imagine going to New York Times Square for New Year's Eve.The crowd is immense. Suddenly, you see someone waving a sparkler in front of you. Even though your eyes and ears are being hit with variety of stimuli, your sensory registers will retain information about the person with the sparkler because you selected that particular set of stimuli to attend to.

example of state-dependent memory

In the evening when she studied psychology, Linda had several cups of coffee to keep her alert. The next morning, she did not do well on the quiz. Later, when drinking coffee with some friends, she was in the same state as when she studied for the quiz, into her amazement, she remembers some of the materials that she had escaped to her during this quiz.

antergrade amnesia

Is a loss of memory for events that occur after a brain injury. Memory for experience prior to trauma remain intact

interference

Is a mechanism whereby the retrieval or storage of information in long-term memory is impaired by other learning

Brown-Peterson Procedure

Is a research method that prevents rehearsal. A person is presented with the group of three letters and then count backwards by threes from a arbitrarily selected number until a single is given. The counting prevents the person from rehearsing the information.

working memory

Is part of the memory system that allows us to mentally manipulate information being held in short-term memory.

Long term memory

Is the stage of memory in which the capacity to store new information is believed to be unlimited

example of multiple memory systems model

Joey has experienced brain damage in the trauma. As a result, he struggles with his explicit memory performance, but his implicit memory seems fine. They are two separate systems with different purposes.

Example of flashbulb memories

Julie feels as she can remember every detail of the moment she heard about the 9/11 terrorist attacks.Julie feels as she can remember every detail of the moment she heard about the 9/11 terrorist attacks

example of maintenance rehearsal

Kan arrives in New York to visit his cousin Zhou but loses Zhous phone number. Kan calls directory assistance and the operator tells him the number. Kan repeats it over and over to himself while he inserts the coins for the call.

example of procedural memory

Knowing hoe to waltz, do a somersault, tie a tie, and drive a car are all _________________

example of semantic memory

Knowing that the freezing point is 32 degrees Fahrenheit, that red lights mean "stop" and the capital of the United States of America is Washington DC. You probably cannot remember the specific time or episode during which you learned these facts

example of decay

Marissa learned Spanish but has not tried to speak it in years. When Marissa tries to say hello how was your day to her roommate, she cannot remember the necessary vocabulary.

decay

Mechanism whereby information not used in long-term memory gradually fades until lost completely.

retrograde interference

Occurs when information in memory is displaced by new information

proactive interference

Occurs when old information in long-term memory interferes with remembering of new information

Recency effect

Occurs when we remember the last few words on a list better than others on the list. The list finals items are in short term memory at time of recall

Primacy effect

Occurs when we remember the words at the beginning of a list better than those in the middle of the list.

example of retrieval cues

On a multiple-choice exam, the answer appears somewhere in the question. Some of the words in the correct answer should jog your memory and allow you to answer the question correctly

example of antergrade amnesia

People with _________________ Will not be able to remember the new people they met, because they are unable to form new memories

example of transfer-appropriate processing model

Samantha studied for an auto mechanics test by spending many weekends with her head under the hood of a car. However, Much to her surprise, when it came time to take the test, the professor handed out a multiple-choice exam. Samantha, who felt that she had really learned the material, scored poorly. According to the ____________________, Samantha did not do well because she encoded the material by applying what she had learned from the text, but the exam asked her only to retrieve specific facts. Samantha's enconding process was not appropriate for the retrieval process required by the exam.

distributed practice

Technique in which items to be learned are repeated at intervals over a period of time.

method of savings

Term introduced by Ebbinghaus to refer to the difference in the amount of time required to relearn material that has been forgotten and the amount of time it took to learn the material initially.

example of episodic memory

The memory of your first pony ride, a surprise birthday party that you held for your friend or your first day of college is an __________________________

example of mnemonics

To remember the name hathway, you might picture the person coming half the way to you

example of method of loci

Tomatoes smashed against the front door or bananas hanging from the ceiling might be helpful in recalling items in a grocery list

example of elaborative rehearsal

Ursula is a whole-class shopper. She has a mental image of all the major cities she has shopped in and images of locations of all her favorite stores on each street. When Ursula wants to store information about a new store, she uses her mental images and places the new stores on the street. Shes thinks about the new relationship to the stores surrounding it. Ursula is not just repeating the address of the new store but is also relating it to the addresses of all the other stores that she knows.

example of immediate memory span

Use a telephone book to help you test your own ___________________________. Read the first two names at the top of the page, look away, and then try to recall them. Then read the next three names, look away, and try to recall them. Continue this process, using a longer list each time, until you can repeat the entire list of names. The number of names that you can repeat perfectly is your ___________________________________.

example of spreading activation

When Jane thinks about pizza, this activates other concepts such as food, delivery, cost, and so on

example of context-dependent

When taking his exam in his regular classroom, Joe's memory for a lecture information is improved by glancing around at the chalkboard, peeling paint, and lecturers desk. Although he doesn't realize this, he recalls the discussion of the opponent process theory of color vision better because he is among familiar classmates and surrounding. Unfortunately, he does not remember as much of the information he studied in his room with stereo blaring, because a few of the retrieval cues associated with that learning exist in a quiet classroom environment where he is taking the exam.

example of working memory

When you have a conversation with someone, you think about what they are saying and use that information to frame a response. You are using you ___________________.

constructive memory

a process by which we first recall a generalized schema and then add in specific details

types of encoding

acoustic, visual, and semantic

example of implicit memory

although you do not understand why, you are nervous whenever you wait for a bus on a specific corner. Stored subconsciously is the memory of a frightening

mnemonics

are encoding methods that increase the efficiency of your memory

Chunks

are meaningful groupings of information that you place in short term memory. The immediate memory span of short-term memory is probably between 5 to 9________________ chunks of information. Each _________ contains bits of information grouped into a single unit.

semantic memory

contains factual knowledge. This memory differs from episodic memory in that its contents are not associated with a specific event

massed practice

cramming

tip of the tongue phenomenon

experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it

false memories

distortions of actual events and the recall of events that didn't actually happen

state-dependent memory

your psychological state acts as a retrieval cue. When you are trying to remember, if you're in the same psychological state you were in the time of learning, you will retrieve more material