AP Psychology Module 23 and 24

Sleep Deprivation

?any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability

Slow Wave Sleep

?non-REM sleep, characterized by synchronized EEG activity during its deeper stages

Wish-Fulfillment Dream Theory

?unacceptable desires are normally repressed, but emerge in dreams

23-4 How do biology and environment interact in our sleep patterns?

Biology — our circadian rhythm as well as our age and our body's production of melatonin (influenced by the brain's suprachiasmatic nucleus) — interacts with cultural expectations and individual behaviors to determine our sleeping and waking patterns. Being bathed in (or deprived of) light disrupts our 24-hour biological clock. Night-shift workers may experience a chronic state of desynchronization.

Patrick has just entered REM sleep. Which of the following is he likely to experience?

Body Paralysis

How Age Affects Sleep

As we age we spend less time asleep and less time in REM sleep

Alpha Waves

As we begin to relax, these slow waves are emitted (we are still awake then slowly enter sleep)

Which of the following sleep theories would best explain why athletes perform better after a full night's sleep?

Growth

Which of the following dream theories states that dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories?

Information-processing

Shortly after falling asleep, and hundreds of times during the night, Paola wakes up after a loud "snore" of breath, because she has stopped breathing. With which sleep disorder would she most likely be diagnosed?

Sleep apnea

Latent Content

unconscious drives that would be threatening if expressed directly

Sleep Apnea

intermittently stop breathing during sleep -after an airless minute, decreased blood oxygen arouses them enough to snort in air for a few seconds, in a process that repeats hundreds of times each night, depriving them of slow-wave sleep -don't recall episodes next day -treatment: continous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine applies mild air pressure to keep the airways open leading to sounder sleeping and better quality of life

Researchers have identified the brain waves associated with waking and sleeping stages. Explain which stage a person is in if researchers detect the following brain waves: -Alpha waves -Sleep spindles -Delta waves

-Alpha waves are present in an awake, relaxed state just before falling asleep. -Sleep spindles appear during NREM-2 sleep. -Delta waves appear during our deepest stage of sleep, NREM-3.

(24-2 cont.) There are five major views of the function of dreams:

-Freud's wish-fulfillment: Dreams provide a psychic "safety valve," with manifest content (story line) acting as a censored version of latent content (underlying meaning that gratifies our unconscious wishes). -Information-processing: Dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate them in memory. -Physiological function: Regular brain stimulation may help develop and preserve neural pathways in the brain. -Activation-synthesis: The brain attempts to make sense of neural static by weaving it into a story line. -Cognitive development: Dreams reflect the dreamer's cognitive development — their knowledge and understanding. -Most sleep theorists agree that REM sleep and its associated dreams serve an important function, as shown by the REM rebound that occurs following REM deprivation in humans and other species.

Angelica was just hired for a new job in a day-care center. She has recently been under the care of her physician who is treating her for a sleep disorder. Indicate how her performance will be affected if she suffers from the following disorders: -Sleep apnea -Narcolepsy -Insomnia

-If Angelica suffers from sleep apnea, she may be tired and irritable at work because she is often waking up during the night to breathe. -If Angelica suffers from narcolepsy, she may suddenly fall asleep at work; this would most likely happen during an emotional moment. -If Angelica suffers from insomnia, she will be tired during the day at work because she is having difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep at night.

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in sleep?

-It causes the pineal gland to increase the production of melatonin -It causes the pineal gland to decrease the production of melatonin

SCN & Melatonin & Hypothalamus

-SCN: suprachiasmatic nucleus; pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm -In response to light, the SCN causes the brain's pineal gland to decrease its production of the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin in the morning and to increase it in the evening thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness -light striking the retina signals the SCN to suppress the pineal gland's production of the sleep hormone melatonin -at night the SCN quiets down, allowing the pineal gland to release melatonin into the bloodstream

24-1 How does sleep loss affect us, and what are the major sleep disorders?

-Sleep deprivation causes fatigue and irritability, and it impairs concentration, productivity, and memory consolidation. It can also lead to depression, obesity, joint pain, a suppressed immune system, and slowed performance (with greater vulnerability to accidents). -Sleep disorders include insomnia (recurring wakefulness), narcolepsy (sudden uncontrollable sleepiness or lapsing into REM sleep), sleep apnea (the stopping of breathing while asleep, associated with obesity, especially in men), night terrors(high arousal and the appearance of being terrified; NREM-3 disorder found mainly in children), sleepwalking (NREM-3 disorder also found mainly in children), and sleeptalking.

Insomnia

-Sleeping pills and alcohol can aggravate the problem, reduce REM sleep, and leave person with next-day blahs; drugs lead to intolerance -persistent problems in either falling or staying asleep -tiredness and increased risk of depression -awakening occasionally during night becomes the norm -worsened when we worry about it

24-2 What do we dream, and what functions have theorists proposed for dreams?

-We usually dream of ordinary events and everyday experiences, most involving some anxiety or misfortune. -Fewer than 10 percent of dreams among men, and fewer still among women, have any sexual content. -Most dreams occur during REM sleep; those that happen during NREM sleep tend to be vague, fleeting images.

NREM-1 and what happens during this stage.

-experience fantastic images resembling hallucinations -sensation of falling or floating, sometimes leg or arm may jerk -hypnagogic sensations may later be incorporated into memories

Circadian Rhythm

-our bodies roughly synchronize with the 24-hour cycle of day and night due to our internal biological clock (this term). -Impacts our sleep-wake cycles, temperature, hormonal and digestive cycles -body temps rise at dawn, peak during day, and drop in evening -thinking and memory improve as we approach daily peak -age and experience may alter it

REM and what happens during this stage.

-rapid eye movement sleep -recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur -paradoxical sleep bc muscles are relaxed except for twitches and other body systems are active

NREM-2 and what happens during this stage.

-relax more deeply and begin about 20 minutes of this sleep with periodic sleep spindles which are bursts of rapid brain-wave activity, and K-complexes -you could still be awakened without too much difficulty, you are asleep

NREM-3 and what happens during this stage.

-slow-wave sleep that lasts for about 30 minutes, your brain emits large, slow delta waves and you are hard to awaken

Narcolepsy

-sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness, lasting less than 5 minutes -occur at inopportune times triggered by strong emotions -in severe cases, person collapses directly into a brief period of REM sleep, with loss of muscular tension

REM Rebound

-tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation -most mammals experience it, suggesting that the causes and functions of REM sleep are biological -fits information-processing theory of dreams

Sleep deprivation can lead to weight gain, reduced muscle strength, suppression of the cells that fight common colds, and most likely which of the following?

Depression

Shortly after falling asleep, James experiences the hypnagogic sensation of falling. It is most likely that he is in which stage of sleep?

NREM-1

Night Terrors and When They Occur

NREM-3 sleep -appearing terrified, talking nonsense, sitting up, or walking

23-2 How do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning?

Our bodies have an internal biological clock, roughly synchronized with the 24-hour cycle of night and day. This circadian rhythm appears in our daily patterns of body temperature, arousal, sleeping, and waking. Age and experiences can alter these patterns, resetting our biological clock.

Which of the following represents a circadian rhythm?

Our bodies sleep-wake on a roughly 24 hour schedule

After two nights without sleep, which of the following can be expected?

REM rebound

23-1 What is sleep?

Sleep is the periodic, natural loss of consciousness — as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Adapted from Dement, 1999.)

23-5 What are sleep's functions?

Sleep may have played a protective role in human evolution by keeping people safe during potentially dangerous periods. Sleep also helps restore and repair damaged neurons. Sleep consolidates our memories by replaying recent learning and strengthening neural connections. Sleep promotes creative problem solving the next day. During slow-wave sleep, the pituitary gland secretes a human growth hormone necessary for muscle development.

23-3 What is the biological rhythm of our sleeping and dreaming stages?

We cycle through four distinct sleep stages about every 90 minutes: -NREM-1 sleep is the brief, near-waking sleep with irregular brain waves we enter (after leaving the alpha waves of being awake and relaxed) hallucinations(sensations such as falling or floating) may occur. -NREM-2 sleep, in which we spend about half our sleep time, with its characteristic sleep spindles (bursts of rhythmic brain waves). -NREM-3 sleep is deep sleep, in which large, slow delta waves are emitted. REM (rapid eye movement) sleep is described as a paradoxical sleep stage because of internal arousal but external calm (near paralysis). It includes most dreaming and lengthens as the night goes on. -During a normal night's sleep, NREM-3 sleep shortens and REM and NREM-2 sleep lengthens.

Why do we sleep?

We sleep because of the influence of our circadian rhythm, age, production of melatonin, behavior, and expectations. Sleep also helps keep people safe, restore neurons, consolidate memories, promotes creative thinking, and results in the release of growth hormones. Sleep deprivation is also fatal.

Manifest Content

according to Freud's wish fulfillment___ is a censored, symbolic version of latent content

Activation-Synthesis DreamTheory

dreams are brain's attempt to synthesize random neural activity -dreams erupt from neural activation spreading upward from the brain stem

Sleep Spindles

in NREM-2 -bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity and K-complexes

Delta Waves

large, slow waves in NREM-3 and it is hard to be awakened

Sigmund Freud believed that a dream's _____ content reflected the deep, underlying meaning of the dream.

latent

Hallucinations

may experience fantastic images resembling this in NREM-1

Information-Processing Dream Theory

perspective proposes that dreams may help sift, sort, and fix the day's experiences in our memory -brain scans confirm the link between REM sleep and memory

Physiological Dream Theory

sleep provides brain with periodic stimulation -stimulating experiences perserve and expand the brain's neural pathways