AP Psychology Segment 1 Exam Part 1

A school issues tokens to the children for good behavior. This issue of a token is an example of: a) behavior modification b) primary reinforcement c) classical conditioning d) instinctive drift e) negative reinforcement

a) behavior modification

Which of the following statements is true regarding punishment? a) Severe punishment creates fear and anxiety. b) The effect of punishment is often temporary. c) Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement. d) All of these statements are true. e) Some of these statements are true.

d) All of these statements are true.

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate? a) Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion. b) Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning. c) Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food. d) Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food. e) Pavlov stressed the importance of testing the dog's thoughts toward the food.

a) Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.

Sound waves are the vibrations that travel through the air and are transmitted into neural impulses through the ear that allow us to hear. Sound waves have two distinct features which are: a) amplitude and frequency b) frequency and decibels c) frequency and interference d) volume and amplitude e) volume and decibels

a) amplitude and frequency

When Bill looks at his lamp alternately with his left eye and right eye, the image seems to jump from one position to another. This phenomenon illustrates ________. a) binocular disparity b) interposition c) dimension perception d) the Gestalt principle of proximity e) the Gestalt principle of similarity

a) binocular disparity

Shandreka is at a place in her pregnancy during which she is experiencing muscle contractions and movement and kicks. the major organs of her child are developing. Which prenatal development stage is Shandreka in? a) fetal b) embryonic c) placental d) fertilization e) umbilical

a) fetal

Most teenagers, especially those who graduate from high school with a standard diploma, are at the level of thinking that Jean Piaget identified as ______. a) formal operation b) preoperational c) preconventional d) identity versus role confusion e) postconventional

a) formal operation

The "aha!"experience is known as: a) insight learning b) thoughtful learning c) social learning d) latent learning e) serial enumeration

a) insight learning

Chemicals that can alter consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior are called ________. a) psychoactive drugs b) legal drugs c) illegal drugs d) hallucinogens e) stimulants

a) psychoactive drugs

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus, that can bring about a birth defect? a) teratogen b) critical period c) carcinogen d) biohazard e) congenital malformation

a) teratogen

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________. a) Tolman b) Pavlov c) Skinner d) Kohler e) James

b) Pavlov

Which of the following is true of rods? a) They respond to color. b) They are responsible for night vision. c) They are found mainly in the fovea. d) They operate mainly in the daytime. e) The operate mainly in the indoors.

b) They are responsible for night vision.

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked up to an EEG. What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep? a) alpha eventually replaced by delta b) alpha eventually replaced by theta c) delta eventually replaced by beta d) delta eventually replaced by theta e) alpha eventually replaced by beta

b) alpha eventually replaced by theta

Mothers who were unresponsive, insensitive, and coldly rejecting were associated with ___________ attached infants. a) securely b) avoidant c) ambivalent d) disorganized/disoriented e) slow-to-warm-up

b) avoidant

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of: a) instrumental learning b) classical conditioning c) habituation d) observational learning e) operant conditioning

b) classical conditioning

The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning? a) conditioned taste aversion b) conditioned emotional response c) instinctive drift d) innate learning e) instinctual learning

b) conditioned emotional response

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a: a) positive reinforcer b) conditioned response c) secondary reinforcer d) primary reinforcer e) unconditioned response

b) conditioned response

In the process known as ________, sensory receptors become less sensitive to repeated presentations of the same stimulus. a) sensation b) sensory adaptation c) discrimination d) sensory fatigue e) perception

b) sensory adaptation

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called ________. a) unconditioned stimuli b) successive approximations c) primary reinforcers d) secondary reinforcers e) punishment

b) successive approximations

People's tendency to perceive a thing a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them is called ________. a) bottom-up processing b) top-down processing c) telepathy d) perceptual expectancy e) perceptual constancy

b) top-down processing

Maricella always uses less seasoning on her food than do the other members of her family. Her sister has just taken an introductory psychology course and says to Maricella, ________. a) "I know what you are — you are a taster pro." b) "I know what you are — you are a Gustavus Adolphus." c) "I know what you are — you are a supertaster." d) "I know what you are — you are a taster queen." e) "I know what you are — you are a psychologist."

c) "I know what you are — you are a supertaster."

Why do you see a lemon as yellow? a) Opposing processing between the visual cortex and auditory cortex. b)The lemon absorbs red and blue wavelengths. c) The lemon might reflect only yellow wavelengths in the yellow region of the spectrum. d) The lemon absorbs yellow wavelengths in the yellow region of the spectrum. e) The lemon distracts all of the other colors in the spectrum.

c) The lemon might reflect only yellow wavelengths in the yellow region of the spectrum.

What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the case of Little Albert? a) a high chair b) a rat c) a loud noise d) a small enclosed space e) dog

c) a loud noise

The Muller-Lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are ________. a) more men than women b) lots of telephone poles c) buildings with lots of corners d) more women than men e) more men than women

c) buildings with lots of corners

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n): a) conditioned response b) unconditioned stimulus c) conditioned stimulus d) unconditioned response e) neutral response

c) conditioned stimulus

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants __________. a) do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return b) protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns c) cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns d) are not concerned upon separation but cry to be picked up and held on her return e) are not concerned upon separation and do not respond to her return

c) cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns

A sound mixer is impressed by the new equipment that was just installed in his recording studio. He says that now he will be able to help singers and musicians produce better CDs because he can eliminate unneeded and undesired wavelengths. What term describes the characteristic of sounds waves that the sound mixer is now able to alter? a) amplitude b) volleying c) frequency d) saturation e) wavelength

c) frequency

The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to ______. a) extroverted behavior b) a lessening of self-analysis compared to preoperational thought c) introspection and egocentrism d) thinking in terms of concrete things e) thinking more about others than themselves

c) introspection and egocentrism

A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of: a) aversive conditioning b) vicarious learning c) learned helplessness d) avoidance learning e) reinforcement

c) learned helplessness

The pediatrician is explaining the rooting reflex to a new mother. This reflect refers to a newborn's tendency to: a) withdraw a foot to escape tickling. b) turn the head toward a blanket placed on the face. c) open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek. d) the natural ability to seek attachment with humans. e) spread its toes when the foot is stroked.

c) open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.

Which is the correct order of development of Six Motor Milestones, according to research? a) sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over b) crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support c) raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking d) rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest e) rolling over, raising head and chest, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking

c) raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking

In operant conditioning, ________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response. a) a long time delay b) the law of negative effect c) reinforcement d) conditional emotional linkages e) mood linkage

c) reinforcement

________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced. a) stimulus generalization b) spontaneous recovery c) shaping d) stimulus discrimination e) conditioning

c) shaping

Some people believe that ________ are messages that can be sent to consumers, prompting them to buy a product without their being aware of receiving such messages. a) below threshold perceptions b) inductive perceptions c) subliminal stimuli d) paradoxical sleep e) selective perceptions

c) subliminal stimuli

In order to get her 2nd grade students to memorize the poem written on the chalkboard, Mrs. Thyberg gives the students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning 5 stickers, a student gets to pick a prize out of the goody box. Mrs. Thyberg is using (a) ________ to modify the children's behaviors. a) applied behavior analysis b) negative reinforcement c) token economy d) classical conditioning. e) aversive conditioning

c) token economy

Joachim and Maricella are going for a romantic walk in the park after an afternoon storm. Maricella looks up in the sky and sees a rainbow. She exclaims, "How beautiful!" Joachim, being something of a geek, might correctly say ________. a) "That's because you are seeing all the wavelengths of light we can see from short to long." b) "You are just seeing the visible spectrum." c) "That's because different wavelengths lead to the perception of different colors." d) All of these things would be true if Joachim said them. e) Some of these things would be true if Joachim said them

d) All of these things would be true if Joachim said them.

In their 1961 paper on instinctive drift, the Brelands determined that three assumptions most Skinnerian behaviorists believed in were not actually true. Which is one of the assumptions that was NOT true? a) All responses are equally able to be conditioned to any stimulus. b) The animal comes to the laboratory a tabula rasa, or "blank slate," and can be taught anything with the right conditioning. c) Differences between species of animals are insignificant. d) All of these were not true. e) All of these were true.

d) All of these were not true.

The concept of latent learning was developed by: a) Skinner b) Thorndike c) Watson d) Tolman e) James

d) Tolman

After some time has passed, you can no longer smell the odor of the onions that your mother used in cooking dinner. Which is the most likely reason for this? a) Your olfactory bulb fell asleep. b) You fell asleep. c) Your temporal lobe is inactive d) You've habituated to the smell, even though it's still there. e) The odor has chemically deteriorated.

d) You've habituated to the smell, even though it's still there.

The cilia in the nasal cavity act in a manner similar to taste buds in that they ________. a) respond to various wavelengths of smell b) only respond to five basic smells c) contain pressure-sensitive elements that detect certain molecules d) contain receptor sites that are stimulated by different molecules e) only respond to complex smells

d) contain receptor sites that are stimulated by different molecules

Which of the following pairs belong together? a) MDMA; acetylcholine b) marijuana; psilocybin c) alcohol; nicotine d) marijuana; tetrahydrocannabinol e) LSD; tetrahydrocannabinol

d) marijuana; tetrahydrocannabinol

Erin has learned to create a "truly red" light by focusing on only one wavelength of the visible spectrum. She is most likely to be concerned with which property of light? a) intensity b) accommodation c) black and white; color d) saturation e) decibels

d) saturation

Pavlov's model of classical conditioning was based on the idea that the conditioned stimulus, through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus, came to activate the same place in the animal's brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus. This was known as: a) higher-order conditioning b) the cognitive perspective c) the Skinner model d) stimulus substitution e) stimulus discrimination

d) stimulus substitution

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy? a) Garcia b) Bandura c) Pavlov d) Skinner e) Rescorla

e) Rescorla

The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the ________. a) noticeable threshold b) range threshold c) difference threshold d) sensation threshold e) absolute threshold

e) absolute threshold

Skinner was to rats as Thorndike was to: a) dogs b) pigeons c) rabbits d) slugs e) cats

e) cats

Times when certain internal and external influences have a major impact on development are called ______. a) fetal periods b) germinal periods c) zygotic periods d) latency periods e) critical periods

e) critical periods

A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding on a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at a terminal. The therapist suggests that the "terminal" in the dream indicates an unconscious desire by the client to "terminate" his boss. This desire to terminate the boss, if it exists, would reflect what Freud called the ________ content of the dream. a) secondary b) primary c) manifest d) manifestation e) latent

e) latent

Nicotine is a ________. a) narcotic b) psychogenic drug c) depressant d) hallucinogen e) stimulant

e) stimulant

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation? a) the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies b) aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment c) parental discipline styles in the first year of life d) the distinction between separation and stranger anxiety e) the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies

e) the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies