AP Psychology Set 1

Wundt

Founder of the science of psychology Structuralism/Introspection

4 major ethics

Full consent Protect from harm or discomfort Debriefing if deception is involved Confidentiality

Behavioral Perspective

School of thought that deals with only behaviors that can be observed

Hobbes

The idea of a soul, spirit, or mind is ridiculous Materialism

Correlation coefficient

A numerical value that indicates the degree and direction of the relationship between two variables +1 to -1

Basic Research Psychologist

Biological Psychologist

Industrial-Organizational Psychologists

Definition: Psychologists who study psychology in order to enhance work environments Example: These psychologists will try to see if they can find the best workforce to produce the best and efficient work

James

Functionalism Influenced by Darwin Principles of Psychology

Applied Psychologist

Industrial/Organizational Psychologist

Case Study

Intensive psychological studies of a single individual

Pearson correlation coefficient

A descriptive statistic that describes the linear relationship between two attributes

Correlational Research

Assessing the degree of association between two or more variables or characteristics of interest that occur naturally

Descartes

Believed that the physical world is not under divine influence but rather follows a set of observable laws or rules. Reflexes are not controlled by the mind. Separation, but interaction of the mind and the body

Advantage to an experiment

Can control the variables and random assignment and it can also shows cause and effect which is different to correlation

Functionalist

Definition: A person who encourages the explorations of down-to-earth emotions, memories, willpower, habits, and moment-to-moment streams of consciousness Example: A functionalist believes that our senses formed so we could adapt to survive

Hypothesis

Definition: A proposal of an explanation of an event that can be proven or dis-proven Example: Scientists use hypotheses to help formulate theories of events.

Cognitive Psychology

Definition: A psychological in which one studies the cognitive processes in our brain, such as thinking, knowing, and communicating Example: From a cognitive perspective, one could view happiness as an effect on our thinking processes

Behavioral Psychology

Definition: A psychology in which one studies behavior via a method of learning Example: One may try to understand why a cramp corridor would cause an behavioral response

Evolutionary Psychology

Definition: A psychology in which one studies the connections between behavior and mental processes and natural selection millions of years ago Example: One may see that anger allowed for better survival of our ancestors

Social-Cultural Psychology

Definition: A psychology in which one studies the connections between behavior responses and environments and cultures Example: A person could have an attitude due to their culture

Psycho-dynamic Psychology

Definition: A psychology in which one studies the connections between unconscious drives and conflicts and their behavior Example: An unconscious conflict may cause someone to constantly feel anxious in situations without a conscious understanding as to why

Bio-psychosocial Approach

Definition: An approach that considers the influences of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors Example: A psychologist takes a bio-psychological approach when presented with a depressed patient due to the numerous possibilities of the cause

Theory

Definition: An explanation that utilizes principles to predict behaviors or events Example: Several different principles can allow one to theorize why someone may act in a certain way

Levels of analysis

Definition: Differing complementary views for different phenomenon Example: One can look at why someone does something from sociological or biological view

Humanistic Psychology

Definition: Emphasizes the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied Example: Humanistic Psychologists attempt to learn how we fulfill our need for love and acceptance

Natural Selection

Definition: From among chance variations, nature selects the traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment Example: According to natural selection, in a population of a certain organism, the one most suited to survive proliferates its genome

Psychiatrists

Definition: Medical Doctors who deal with psychological disorders, able to utilize medical treatments Example: Psychiatrists can prescribe medicine for people with ADHD in order to help them focus

Clinical Psychologists

Definition: Psychologists who asses, treat, and anticipate patients with psychological disorders Example: Many of these psychologists work in mental institutions, helping patients possibly work out their issues and get back into the world outside the hospital

Experimental Psychologists

Definition: Psychologists who explore behavior and thinking with experiments Example: Experimental psychologists conduct experiments on subjects in order to understand basic psychological processes

Counseling Psychologists

Definition: Psychologists who help people in their lives, whether it be marital issues or achieving a better well being Example: Some psychologists are devoted to just marital counseling in order to improve those relationships

Social Psychologists

Definition: Psychologists who study how we view and affect one another Example: These psychologists may simply view relationships

Developmental Psychologists

Definition: Psychologists who study our cognitive abilities from birth to death Example: They examine how a baby thinks, and an elderly person thinks

Educational Psychologists

Definition: Psychologists who study the influences on teaching and learning Example: One may examine how our thought process and memory retentions affects our learning ability

Human Factors Psychologists

Definition: Psychologists who study the interactions of humans and machines in a work environment for a better efficiency Example: These psychologists may recommend designs and programming for machines to better help humans adapt

Psycho-metrics

Definition: Psychology devoted to studying the measurement of our abilities, attitudes, and traits Example: A psychologist under this discipline will attempt to understand how one measures how well we perform in different scenarios

Applied Research

Definition: Research that attempts to solve practical problems Example: Such research may include Alzheimers research

Basic Research

Definition: Research to build upon psychology's knowledge base Example: Some basic research includes experiments on how we respond in social situations

Behaviorists

Definition: Scientists who explore the behaviors of subjects in response to environmental stimuli Example: A behaviorist will take time to understand how certain environments trigger certain reactions from people

Nature-nurture issue

Definition: The controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience Example: A person who debates this issue wonders whether human traits are hereditary or come from experience

Psychology

Definition: The science of behavior and mental processes Example: A person who studies psychology studies the science of what someone does and the internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior

Cognitive Neuroscience

Definition: The study of brain activity linked with mental activity Example: A cognitive neuroscientist researches how stored data in the brain is transferred and utilized cognitively

Empiricism

Definition: The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation Example: According to empiricism, knowledge is based off of experiences, and not intuition

Structuralism

Definition: The view that using self-reflective introspective, one can understand the elements of their experience Example: Early psychologists using the idea of structuralism to have people explain elements of their reaction to sensual items

Critical Thinking

Definition: Thinking that takes extensive measures to examine situations/ideas/people/items rather than accept evidence easily Example: Rather than accept everything on the news, one who utilizes critical thinking can pick out the unbiased pieces of information

Biological Psychology

Definition:A psychology in which one studies the connections between the biology of a patient and their behavior Example: One may examine the health and makeup of a patient's brain in this approach

Behavioral Genetics

Emphasizes that particular behaviors are attributed to particular, genetically-based psychological characteristics

Stanley G. Hall

Focused on childhood development and evolutionary theory First president of APS

Operational Definition

How a theory or issue will be directly observed or measured in the study

Locke

Humans are born with a blank slate Essay Concerning Human Understanding Nurture over nature

Survey

Looks at many cases in less depth

False-consensus effect

Overestimating how much people agree/think like you would

Descriptive Statistics

Statistics that are used to organize and summarize data.

Titchener

Student of Wundt Brought psychology to America Structuralism/Introspection

Psychologist who is a behaviorist

Watson and Skinner

Cross-sectional Study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

A survey requires random sample, where...

an experiment requires random assignment

Applied Psychology

any of several branches of psychology that seek to apply psychological principles to practical problems of education or industry or marketing etc.

Longitudinal Study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Inferential Statistics

statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions

Illusory Correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists

Basic Psychology

the study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather than for its practical application

Conceptual Definition

the theory or issue being studied

Positive skew

to the left

Negative skew

to the right