AP Psychology Test 1: Motivation, Emotion, and Personality
The defense mechanism of reaction formation is best exemplified in which of the following situations?
A woman who is unaware of her anger toward her friend expresses affection for that friend.
Which of the following are the stages in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate?
Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures.
Priscilla has recently found diaries from her family dating back multiple generations. She has noticed that there are similarities in their life events and in the way they thought about things that happened to them. She believes that it has to do with the fact that they all have the same inherited instincts that drive their behavior and that these instincts exist in all humans. Priscilla's way of thinking is most in line with
Carl Jung's collective unconscious
Which scenario below is most descriptive of the psychoanalytic theory of personality?
Charlie is overly precise and methodical in everything he does, to the point that he is constantly annoying his family and missing deadlines at work. Dr. Katz believes that this is because Charlie never moved past the anal stage of development.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is used primarily to provide information about which of the following?
Clinical disorders
When parents refuse to accept several psychologists' diagnosis of a child's mental illness, they are using which of the following defense mechanisms?
Denial
An individual experiencing a low blood-glucose level would be best advised to do which of the following?
Eat a snack
In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion?
Experience of physiological changes
Larry wants to be more open to new experiences. According to a behaviorist, how could he teach himself to be more open?
Give himself a reward every time he convinces himself to participate in a new experience
Which of the following concepts provides the best explanation for why people seek to put on warmer clothing when they start to feel cold?
Homeostasis
Which of the following statements best depicts the concept of incentive theory?
Jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade that she brings home.
Leo and Caitlin are both experiencing feelings about their date tonight. Leo has had bad dates lately, and so he feels fear and dejection. Caitlin, meanwhile, has had very good dates, and so she feels excited and happy. According to Richard Lazarus' appraisal theory,
Leo and Caitlin have an immediate unconscious interpretation of the scenario, which leads them to simultaneously both label their feelings as either positive or negative and have the appropriate physiological response
Dr. Emerson is seeing a patient named Nandini who is currently going through a divorce. She has moved out of her house and is staying on a friend's couch. While she is going through this, Nandini is struggling to find meaning in her life. Humanist theorist Abraham Maslow's explanation for Nandini's dissatisfaction with life would most likely be that
Nandini has not fulfilled basic needs (shelter, relationships, love), and thus cannot fulfill higher levels of needs
Dr. Maisel is creating a new personality test. The test is a self-report measure in which participants answer questions on a scale from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree" about how they would respond to particular situations. He then uses the responses to place participants along a spectrum in a number of different traits. He compares the results of the test to reports from the participants' managers at work on their working styles and ability to work within their team and finds that the test results are highly positively correlated with managers' reports. What type of test is he developing, and what type of validity or reliability can be determined from his work on the test?
Objective; construct validity
Which of the following is considered the most basic of needs?
Obtaining food and water
A researcher wants to test whether increasing the size of a monetary incentive will motivate a person to perform better on a skill-based task. Which of the following methods is the best way to test this question, and what result will the researcher most likely find?
Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) based on their performance on a single task. The researcher will likely find that participants perform best on the task that pays the most.
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following statements is true?
Physiological needs must be met before an individual achieves self-actualization.
A stubborn individual who accuses peers of being uncooperative is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms?
Projection
(Image can't be added) Figures such as the one above are used in which of the following kinds of test?
Projective personality
Which of the following summations most accurately depicts the psychoanalytic theory of personality?
Rory has a deep-seated sense of inferiority and compensates by constantly trying to prove she is better than everyone else. Some would say that Rory is compensating for her inferiority complex by striving for superiority.
Lee is about to skydive for the first time. He interprets his racing heart to be the result of his eager anticipation and excitement. This best represents which theory of emotion?
Schachter's two factor
Alicia has started a new and very different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the tasks required of her. Albert Bandura would refer to Alicia's sense of confidence as which of the following?
Self-efficacy
Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support the validity of the Big Five personality traits in describing human personality?
The Big Five have been shown to apply to individuals in many countries, including, but not limited to, Hungary, Turkey, China, Japan, and Italy.
Dr. Santiago administers a test to a patient in which she asks him to provide an interpretation of a meaningless inkblot on a piece of paper. Several weeks later, she administers the test again and is surprised to find that the results are quite different from the first administration. What type of personality test is Dr. Santiago using, and based on her experience, what level of reliability does it have?
The Rorschach test; low reliablity
Drive reduction as a motivational concept is best exemplified by which of the following?
The injection of heroin by an addict to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Jess's psychologist asks him to take the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®). Later, his psychiatrist asks him to take the test again. If the test has high test-retest reliability, what will be found?
The results are likely to be similar
A researcher wants to understand the personality characteristics and motivations that might help explain a famous political figure's rise to power. She studies his early childhood experiences and other formative events in his life. The method this researcher is using to study personality is known as
a case study
Rufus wanted to go to college after high school, but he did not go because he was afraid it would be too much work. For years he has considered going to college but he still fears that it will be too hard. Eventually he feels so unhappy that he goes to see a therapist, who follows Carl Rogers's theory of humanistic personality. The therapist is most likely to explain Rufus's unhappiness as being a result of
a mismatch between his ideal self and his real self
Every time Antonio fails a test he attributes his failure to a lack of sufficient intelligence, even though he rarely studies. According to the sociocultural theory of personality, Antonio is experiencing
an external locus of control
A complex pattern of organized, unlearned behavior that is species-specific is called
an instinct
Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions. Judy's belief best illustrates
an internal locus of control
A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the
area of the hypothalamus
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer view emotion as resulting from
cognitive labels of physiological changes
Hans grew up in Germany and later moved to Japan for a job opportunity. Back at home, he never had issues making friends or had interpersonal issues with colleagues at work, but in his new home, Hans is having difficulty interacting with his colleagues. According to psychologists who study how culture influences behavior, his difficulties most likely stem from
cultural differences in emotional expression and body language between Japan and Germany
The neurotransmitter that is primarily associated with the feeling of wanting something is
dopamine
According to Sigmund Freud, a child's early experience in coping with external demands leads to the development of the
ego
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to have respect for ourselves and to be valued by others is classified within the category of
esteem needs
Montgomery prepares his resume carelessly and arrives late for his job interview. He is rejected by the prospective employer. Montgomery concludes that "It's all a matter of dumb luck, anyway." Montgomery's judgement of his situation most clearly reflects
external locus of control
The overjustification effect has led some psychologists to question the value of
extrinsic motivation
The view that human emotions are universal has been supported by studies of
facial expressions
Theories of motivation that assert the existence of biological motives to maintain the body in a steady state are called A
homeostatic
According to Freudian theory, the component of the personality that is "blind, impulsive, and irrational" is the
id
Humanistic psychologists believe that the drive toward self-actualization is
innate
A genetically programmed action pattern is the ethologist's definition of
instinct
Carla tutors other students because she likes to be helpful, whereas Jane tutors classmates strictly for pay. Their behaviors demonstrate the difference between
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
In Sigmund Freud's view, the role of the ego is to
mediate among the id, the superego, and reality
Shanni loves to travel internationally, owns many unusual pieces of art from local artists, and enjoys attending concerts featuring an eclectic collection of musicians. According to theorists Paul Costa and Robert McRae, Shanni's personality is likely high on
openness to experience
Alfred Kinsey used a method that allowed for extensive information to be collected from discussions with individual participants. The research method that he used, and his research contributions, were
personal interviews; sexual behavior in women
One feature that distinguishes Carl Rogers' person-centered approach to personality development from behaviorist approaches to personality development is that the person-centered approach suggests that
personality is shaped by unconditional love and support for children's behavior, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments
It is widely known in Jerry's social circle that he is the most stubborn and inflexible member of the group. Yet Jerry complains that all his friends are opinionated and rigid. Jerry's complaints are most clearly a sign of
projection
Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome is an attempt to explain
reactions to stress
According to cognitive dissonance theory, human beings are motivated to
reduced tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts
Research has shown that the optimal arousal level of an individual performing a given task is
related to task difficulty
The rationale underlying the use of projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test, is that they
reveal the subjects' personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli
According to Albert Bandura, people who believe that their efforts will be successful and that they are in control of events have a high level of
self-efficacy
Georgi believes she is capable of playing extremely well in the volleyball game scheduled for tonight. Albert Bandura would most likely say that Georgi's expectations for this task reveal that she is exhibiting high
self-efficacy
An example of a primary drive is
sleeping
Paris tends to view personality as fairly stable and therefore her personality is more stable, whereas Lane tends to view personality as fairly changeable and therefore her personality is more changeable. These differences in attitudes and personality are most consistent with the
social cognitive view of personality
Researchers conduct a study in which university students are asked to solve puzzles, a task that all students in the experiment report enjoying before the study. They split the students into two groups: a group that is paid money for doing the puzzles, and a group that is not. The researchers then observe how often students in each group complete puzzles during their break time when they are allowed to do whatever they want. Assuming that their results are consistent with previous findings, the researchers are most likely to find that
the independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has a significant effect, such that students in the paid group spend less time doing puzzles during their break time
In an experiment, a researcher showed children a video of a person interacting with a doll. Half of the children watched a video of a person behaving violently toward a doll, and the other half saw a video of a person playing nicely with a doll. The researcher also looked at whether the gender and age of the child made a difference in how they interacted with the doll. In this study, the dependent variable was
the way children act with a doll
Tahani is hiking in the woods and sees some movement in the trees. She immediately tenses up. A few moments later, after she realizes that the trees were just rustling in the wind, she calms down. According to Joseph LeDoux, Tahani's reaction is due to the fact that
there is a fast processing path that sends sensory information directly to the amygdala, causing Tahani's initial fear response, and a slower processing path that processes the content of sensory information first, which overrode Tahani's fear response
Projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, have been justifiably criticized as tools for assessing personality because
they have not been found to be reliable and valid
Bella takes a test to develop an inventory of different aspects of her personality. She hopes to better understand herself and the kind of person she is. The test is most in line with a
trait theory of personality
While Luke is interviewing for a job, he takes a personality test measuring the five-factor personality model. This test is designed to be consistent with a
trait theory of personality
Psychologist who emphasize the importance of personality traits are most often criticized for
underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation
One of the consistent research findings in the area of facial expressions and emotion is the
universality of facial expressions across cultures