AP Psychology Unit 6 quizzes review

In a high school psychology class, Mrs.Thompson asks her students to come up with a solution to a problem; the school's library is often too quiet and students find it difficult to concentrate. She asked her students to suggest one idea that would improve the situation. After thinking for a few minutes, one student, Sarah suggests; "we could create a designated area with soft music where students can go when they need a quieter space to work, " Sarah's suggestion reflects the use of—

Convergent thinking, because she is exploring multiple possible solutions

A hospital is conducting a survey to gauge public opinion on a new survey. One version of the survey asks participants, "how satisfied are you with the 90% success rate of this surgery?" Another version asks, "how concerned are you about the 10% failure rate of this surgery?" Both surveys are about the same surgery, but the way the question is framed influences people's responses. The difference in the wording of the survey is an example of....

Framing, because the way the information is presented influences decision-making.

What is the MOST characteristic of creative thinking?

Generating novel ideas and finding multiple possible solutions.

Fatima tries out for the debate team at her school b/c she believes that debate team members are the smartest kids in school. She is not chosen as a team member, after failing to make the team, she remembers that the students who made the team last school year were juniors and members of the history club. She decides that she knew she should have not tried out since she's a sophomore and is not a member of the history club. Which is the cognitive process that she's using to justify her failure to make the team?

Hindsight bias

In history class, James is effortfully connecting the new material to what he has learned in the past. This making of connections in the moment best describes James:

working memory

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by long-term potentiation?

The first time colleen tries to remember leos name it takes her a long time but over time she remembers it more quickly.

To remember a list of words, Jerry tries walking through his bedroom and making associations between words on the list and various areas he visits in his bedroom. Jerry is trying to improve his memory encoding by using which of the following memory concepts?

The method of loci

What is an example of functional fixedness?

A person using a hammer to drive in nails rather than using it for different purposes.

What two parts of the brain are most involved in implicit memory?

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

Carla is reading a news article about climate change and recalls several articles she's read in the past that support her beliefs about the issue. She pays more attention to the parts of the article that reinforce her views and dismisses parts that challenge them. Which cognitive bias is Carla demonstrating?

Confirmation bias

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story.---

Availability heuristic

After seeing a news story about kidnapping, Odessa felt more afraid that her children would be kidnapped, even though it is a very rare occurrence. Which of the following psychological concepts best applies to this scenario?

Availability heuristic

Tom has just moved to a new city and needs to find the quickest route to work. He has two options: one is through a heavily trafficked main road, and the other is a quieter street, though it's not as well-known. He chooses the quieter street based on his previous experiences in similar cities. Which cognitive bias is Tom most likely demonstrating?

Availability heuristic

Meloni's new friend from another state just gave her his phone number. As she goes to enter the number into her contacts list she finds that she cannot remember all the numbers in their right order. which of the following is the best explanation for this failure?

Being 10 digits long, it was beyond what Miller called the "magical number"

Maria is given the task of designing a new product for her company's upcoming marketing campaign. Instead of following the typical approach of simply improving an existing product, she decided to create something completely different that addresses a new need in the market. This demonstrates:

Creativity

Maxine is an expert in her field, she has had numerous mentors, she is able to come up with unique solutions, and she is willing to take risks. Example of:

Creativity

Caroline works for an advertising firm, and her manager wants her team to use a divergent thinking approach to create a new ad campaign for a client. What should Caroline use with her team?

Devising as many solutions as possible

Researchers recruited student volunteers for a study about memory. Each student was given a long story to read about someone experiencing a "health emergency" and then given a quiz on the details of the story a week later. In Group 1, the participants had to read the study each night for a week. In Group 2, the participants were told to read the story 5 times the night before the quiz. After the study was over, the student participants were told the real reason for the study before they left. The data collected are presented in the table. Which of the following best explains why Group 1 remembered more details of the story than Group 2?

Distributed practice

Your teacher asks how many uses you can think of for a pencil. She is testing your:

Divergent thinking

Dr.Yamlak discovered that there was only a 3% chance of error in his finding that people who produce new and valuable ideas also tend to earn more money. Which of the following statements provides the most accurate interpretation of these results?

Dr.Yamlak's result that creativity relates to income is statistically significant.

Muhammad has been in his school cafeteria hundreds of times. It is a large room, and there are none free-standing pillars that support the roof. One day, to illustrate the nature of forgetting, Muhammad's teacher asks him how pillars there are in the cafeteria. Muhammad has difficulty answering the question, but finally replies that he thinks there are six. What memory concept does this example illustrate?

Encoding failure

If Kara can't find a bowl to eat her cereal out of, she uses a mug instead. Jim wants to eat more cake, but he knows if he does it will give him a stomach so he withholds. Shania knows that she needs to stay calm. Despite heer children acting out, b/c she is going to lose her "cool" if she doesn't. These behaviors represent.

Executive functioning

Alyssa presents one group of shoppers with an advertisement for milk that is 99% fat free and another group of shoppers with an advertisement for milk that is 1% fat. What is Alyssa testing?

Framing

Caitlin is purchasing a gym membership that has a three-year minimum. The membership coordinator tells her there is an 85% likelihood that fees will not increase year-to-year. Which psychological concept best explains why he did not tell her there was a 15% likelihood that fees would increase?

Framing

When trying to assemble a bookshelf, Alex is frustrated because he can't seem to make the pieces fit. He then realizes that one of the pieces is upside down, which was causing the confusion. This sudden realization is an example of:

Insight

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story

It was a study that involved convenience sampling

When studying for a vocabulary test, Catherine read one of her vocabulary words and its definition aloud several times. About twenty seconds later, she still remembered the word's meaning, but then she moved on to the next word in the list without engaging in any further strategies to enhance her memory. The next day, she tested herself on the same vocabulary word at the same time, in the same mood, and in the same location as when she had first studied the word, but she could not remember its definition. It is most likely that Catherine could not remember the word because she failed to engage which of the following memory functions?

Long term memory, bc catherine failed to encode the word, therefore the word did not become a part of her long-term memory.

If the last time your computer froze you restarted it and it worked, that might be the only solution you can think of the next time it freezes. An example of....

Mental set

A researcher evaluated over 300 studies where algorithms were used to predict the future of the stock market. This study determined that algorithms accurately predicted the stock market within three percent on average. These findings were later provided to individuals who follow the market to inform them about when to sell or buy stocks. What research technique is used to show the research described?

Meta-analysis

Matthew learned to play the violin at a very early age. He is able to play several songs from memory but does not remember learning to play them. Matthew's ability to play the violin depends on which of the following?

Procedural memory

When asked to think of a ball, Carlos quickly thought of images of baseballs, basketballs, and footballs. Which psychological concept best applies to this scenario?

Prototypes

Researchers want to examine if there is a difference between the retention of implicit versus explicit memories. To conduct this research as an experiment, which of the following would be necessary?

Random assignment

The value of generating positive first impression in your initial interactions with a new employer is best underscored by the research on:

belief perseverance

To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name—the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy?

Semantic encoding

Researchers studying the links between emotion, stress, and memory have discovered that:

both stress and emotion make events more memorable

Jackie suffered symptoms so similar to those associated with pregnancy-induced morning sickness that she erroneously concluded that she was pregnant. Jackie's conclusion bst illustrates the influence of:

The representativeness heuristic

A high school instructor wanted to see if implementing encoding strategies would help students master concepts in AP Psychology. They conduct a double-blind study in which students are randomly assigned to either the encoding strategy group or the group that continued to study as they had before. The data for each group is presented in the table. Which of the following best represents the results of this investigation?

The variation of scores for the encoding strategies group was smaller

A researcher wants to determine which studying technique would be more effective: massed practice or distributed practice. The researcher randomly assigns 30 students to two groups and gives them a list of vocabulary words to remember. One of the groups uses a massed practice technique. The other uses a distributed practice technique. The researcher gives the students a quiz four days later to see how well they remembered their list of words. He compared the scores for both groups. What is the dependent variable in this study?

The vocabulary quiz scores

Lonnie enjoys solving anagrams. Today's anagram is DFRIAA. She tries every letter combination and is able to successfully identify the word " afraid. Which problem-solving technique did Lonnie employ?

Trial and error

To solve calculus problems, Ridge always uses the same logical and methodical rule that guarantees a solution. Ridge uses a(n):

algorithm

Louis can remember his past, but nothing since experiencing a brain infection 2 years ago. This is an example of:

anterograde amnesia

According to the serial position effect, when recalling a list of words, you should have the greatest difficulty with those:

in the middle of the list

Memory techniques such as the method of loci, acronyms, and the peg-word system are called:

mnemonic devices

In elementary school, Lisa learned to speak some Japanese in addition to English. As a sophomore in high school, Lisa to a class in Chinese. She found that some of the new vocabulary was difficult to learn because her earlier Japanese vocabulary was competing with the new Chinese words. This situation best illustrates:

proactive interference

Caitlin, a fifth grader, is asked to remember her second-grade teacher's name. What measure of retention will Caitlin use to answer this question?

recall