AP Psychology Unit 7 Test; Cognition

parietal

Convergent thinking is important to creative thinking. Injury to the left _______________ lobe can damage this kind of thinking.

semantically

Deep processing encodes _______________, based on the meaning of the words.

whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Define Linguistic Determinism.

an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Define Long-Term Potentiation.

- clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited - an example is with a group of people with opposing views of capital punishment. Each side studied two supposedly new research findings, one supporting and the other refuting the claim that the death penalty defers crime. Each side was more impressed by the s

Define belief perseverance and provide an example.

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Define mental set.

- the tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and our judgements - students believe they can finish a test or assignment much quicker than they actually can because of overconfidence

Define overconfidence and provide an example of a way this can cause a problem for a student in a classroom setting

a mental image or best example of a category

Define prototype.

our tendency to recall the best, last or first items in a list.

Define serial position effect.

source amnesia is attribution to the wrong source an even we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. Piaget exhibited this when he learned in his adulthood that the nursemaid's thwarting his kidnapping was utterly false, and never truly happened. it was a constructed memory. this is like deja vu and how we get the sense of "knowing" event though the event didn't really happen. in this case, deja vu happens, but AFTER we realize it.

Define source amnesia. Describe an example of this in the life of famous psychologist Jean Piaget. How is this related to déjà vu.

relatively permanent and limitless

Describe the human potential for storing long-term memories (use the definition on p. 319) ______________________ ________________________.

the statement could be explained by misinformation effect: incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event; as well as different imagination effects.

Explain the statement, "All memory is false." (Berstein and Loftus, 2009).

explicit memories: conscious recall implicit memories: without conscious recall Someone could be unable to form new personal memories because they would have to consciously recall doing so (explicit memories). But learning to do a jigsaw puzzle without awarness of having learned them occurs unconsciously (implicit memories).

Explain this phenomenon using explicit and implicit in your response: Why might someone be unable to form new personal memories, but can learn to do jigsaw puzzles without awareness of having learned them?

encoding

Failure to remember exact details on an item that you frequently see, like a penny, indicated a failure in ___________________.

retrieval

Forgetting your phone number when asked to provide it on an application may be a "tip of the tongue" or ________________ failure.

Elizabeth Loftus

Her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony

when people view blocks of equally different colors, the perceive those with different names as more different.

How does the influence of language on thinking affect perceived differences between various shades of color?

two

How many morphemes are in the word, "bats?"

recall

If an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used?

fixation

If you can't draw three lines to connect nine dots arranged in a square image because you fail to consider drawing your lines outside of the "box" or "square," you are being hindered by an inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. what is this called?

spacing effect (distributed practice)

If you study AP Psychology for 15 minutes/day instead of cramming the night before the unit tests, you will most likely perform better on the unit test. What is this effortful processing strategy called?

spacing between learning

Memory researcher and German philosopher, Hermann Ebbinghaus, discovered that the amount one remembers depends on the ____________ ______________ _____________

framing

People told that a chemical in the air is projected to kill 10 out of every 10 million people feel more frightened than if fold the fatality risk is .000001. This illustrates the importance of _______________________.

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Priming is a retrieval clue. Define priming.

read lips

Receptive language development begins with the infant's ability to __________________

after learning lists of nonsense syllables, he studied how much he retained up to 30 days later. he found that memory for novel information fades quickly, then levels out.

What did Ebbinghaus learn by studying nonsense syllables? What does his famous "forgetting curve" tell us about memory?

by testing rats to find their way out of a maze, then surgically removing pieces of their brain cortex and retested their memory, he found out that no matter which small brain section was removed, the rats retained at least a partial memory of how to navigate through the maze

What did psychologist Karl Lashley discover about the location of memories in our brains?

people believe that Whorf's hypothesis of linguistic determination is too extreme

What is a criticism of Whorf's linguistic determinism?

a piece of information that is associated with another larger memory target, and when that retrieval cue is triggered, it is easier to retrieve the memory

What is a retrieval clue?

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

What is an iconic memory?

-encoding that requires attention and conscious effort -some strategies include chunking, mnemonics and hierarchies

What is effortful processing and can you name at least two effortful processing strategies?

the idea that old and new learning do not always compete with each other, but previously learned information often facilitates our learning of new information. the example is like If you previously learned Latin, it would help you learn French.

What is positive transfer and what is the example provided in your textbook? Have you experienced this in your own studies?

consider the opposite side or view

What's good advice to give someone who wants to avoid belief perseverance?

Noam Chomsky

Which linguistic theorist was most impressed with the underlying similarities of all human language systems?

Ebbinghaus found that the more times he practiced a list of nonsense syllables on one day, the fewer repetitions if took him to learn it on the second day. Speed of relearning is one measure of memory retention.

Which measure of memory did Hermann Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention?

other languages

Without exposure to ________________ __________________, babies lose their ability to hear and produce sounds and tones found outside their native language.

Herman Ebbinghaus

a pioneer memory researcher, developed the retention curve. believed those who learned quickly also forget quickly. Also believed distributed practice produces better long-term recall.

insight

A problem solving strategy which seems like no strategy at all involves the sudden comprehension of a solution and is called ___________.

availability heuristic

A small win at a casino is often "celebrated" with lights and sounds, while larger losses are kept quiet. Believing that you have a good chance at "a big win", based on the recent memory of the small win "celebration" (when the reality is, the odds are not in your favor) is called ___________________ ______________________

misinformation effect

After reading a newspaper report suggesting that speed was the cause of an accident, eyewitnesses falsely begin to remember the driver traveling much faster than the speed limit. This is an example of the following memory construction error: