AP STATS UNIT 7 TERMS AND MCQ

In the Arizona populations, the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene is responsible for coat color phenotype (light or dark). The MC1RD allele, which results in a dark coat, is dominant to the d allele. Researchers collected samples of mice from all six study sites and sequenced the MC1R gene. They also collected mice with dark coats from a location in New Mexico, the Carrizozo lava flow, to determine if the MC1Rgene was also responsible for the dark coat colors observed in that population. The rock pocket mouse population in Carrizozo is isolated from the populations in Arizona. Table 1 presents the genotypic data from sampled mice from all seven locations. Which of the following is closest to the frequency of the MC1RD allele in the Tule Mountain population?

0.03

In addition to the ABO blood groups, humans have an MN blood type system in which the M and N alleles are co-dominant to one another. A group of scientists found that in one population the frequency of the M allele was 0.82, and the frequency of the N allele was 0.18. Assuming that the population is in Hardy‑Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following is the expected frequency of individuals with the genotype MN?

0.295

Owls (primary predators of rock pocket mice) are nocturnal visual predators that are able to distinguish effectively between dark and light colors in low-light conditions. Which of the following best explains the relationship between coat color and predation rate in the rock pocket mouse population on the lava flow rocks with respect to the different coat color phenotypes?

A dark coat color provides camouflage to mice on the lava flow rocks; therefore, mice with dark coats have a lower predation rate in that habitat.

A scientist wishes to provide experimental evidence to support the model shown in Figure 1 by demonstrating the ability to synthesize an RNA molecule. Which of the following is an alternative hypothesis that can be tested to support the RNA World Hypothesis?

A mixture of ribonucleotides such as adenine and uracil will spontaneously form single-stranded chains of RNA .

Michael is a kindergartner who is habitually very kind to his classmates and always wants to play with others, even if it means sharing his toys. However, every morning when his mother leaves him at school, he becomes very upset and cries for a half hour. How would a trait theorist most likely characterize his relative levels of extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness? A. High on extraversion; high on neuroticism; high on agreeableness B. Low on extraversion; low on neuroticism; low on agreeableness C. High on extraversion; high on neuroticism; low on agreeableness D. High on extraversion; low on neuroticism; high on agreeableness E. Low on extraversion; high on neuroticism; low on agreeableness

A. High on extraversion; high on neuroticism; high on agreeableness

Arun's coworkers regularly describe him as being very agreeable. According to the behavioral perspective of personality, Arun's agreeableness most likely comes from A. being rewarded for exhibiting agreeable behavior as a child B. witnessing agreeable behavior and wishing to mimic that behavior C. a character trait that he inherited from his family D. having a secure attachment with his parents E. the superego successfully controlling the impulses of the id

A. being rewarded for exhibiting agreeable behavior as a child

The best ethos to understand the causal effect of a reward on an intrinsically motivated behavior is to A. conduct an experiment in which intrinsic motivation for a behavior is tested prior to administering a reward for that same behavior in a random sample of the participants and then measure the motivation after the reward is taken away B. conduct a case study in which one individual is interviewed extensively about his or her intrinsic motivation for a behavior and the effect of rewards C. conduct a cross-sectional study in which a large sample of individuals are interviewed extensively about their intrinsic motivation for a behavior and the effect of rewards D. conduct an experiment where a random sample of the participants are given a reward for a given behavior and measure whether the behavior increases E. conduct a correlational study where the relationship between participants' self-reported intrinsic motivation for a behavior is correlated with the rewards they receive for that behavior

A. conduct an experiment in which intrinsic motivation for a behavior is tested prior to administering a reward for that same behavior in a random sample of the participants and then measure the motivation after the reward is taken away

Jenny and Anne are identical twins but were separated at birth and adopted by different families. When they meet each other as adults, they are interested to learn that they share some aspects of personality but differ in other aspects. Albert Bandura, known for the social learning theory of personality, would most likely attribute the differences in the twins' personalities to A. differences in the environmental stimuli they experienced and elicited from others during development B. subconscious desires to differentiate themselves from each other C.their substantial differences in genetic makeup D. the fact that genetic factors influence personality only in childhood E. the attachment style they developed during childhood

A. differences in the environmental stimuli they experiences and elicited from others during development

Dr. Anderson is a psychologist who currently has a patient who is having difficulty forming relationships with others. To help her patient work through his issues, Dr. Anderson focuses on developing with him a strong relationship that is characterized by unconditional positive regard. Dr. Anderson's approach is most consistent with which type of theory of personality? A. Humanist B. Psychodynamic C. Behaviorist D. Biological E. Trait

A. humanist

Emotions are controlled primarily by the A. limbic system B. endocrine system C. occipital lobe D. hindbrain E. corpus callosum

A. limbic system

Personality tests that use forced choice questions are beneficial in identifying personality traits because they A. minimize desirability bias because test takers are choosing between two unrelated statements B. allow the psychologist to account for how the paticipant acts in a variety of different situations C. can test more personality facets than can other personality inentories D. allow test takers to give intermediate responses E. are subjective in nature, which allows a psychologist to draw more accurate conclusions from the data

A. minimize desiirability bias because test takers are choosing between two unrelated statements

Monica is kicking a soccer ball with her brother in her front yard. When the ball rolls into the street, Monica runs into the street to retrieve it, and her father yells at her from the window. Monica becomes upset when her father raises his voice. How do the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion and the James-Lange theory of emotion differ in explaining Monica's response to her father's raised voice? A. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state. B. The James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state. C. The James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems from her cognitive appraisal of her father's disapproval combined with physiological arousal. D. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems primarily from physiological factors, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems from her cognitive appraisal of her father's disapproval combined with physiological arousal. E. The James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems primarily from physiological factors, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems primarily from cognitive appraisal factors.

A. the cannon bard theory proposes that Monicas emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the james lange theory proposes that monicas physiological arousal precedes her emotional state

Which of the following illustrates the serial position effect?

Alp is unable to remember the middle of a list of vocab words as well as he remembers the first or last words on the list

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the relationship between emotions and memory?

Anna remembers when her father returned from an overseas military deployment because the day was emotional for her

When Jordan was one year old, he and his father were in a car accident. Neither he nor anyone else in the car was seriously injured, and as an adult he has no memory of the event, though his father developed anxiety around cars as a result. Jordan is now 26 years old. Despite not having been in any car accidents since he was one year old, Jordan has recently begun experiencing anxiety every time he gets in a car. According to psychoanalytic theories of personality, why is Jordan experiencing anxiety? A. His anxiety is likely genetic and not related to the accident at all. B. Despite not having any conscious memory of the accident, he remembers it in his subconscious, and that has begun to cause his anxiety. C. He has learned to be anxious regarding cars over time because he has witnessed his father being anxious. D. His anxiety was extinguished over time by not being reinforced by additional car accidents, but he is now experiencing spontaneous recovery of the anxiety. E. Anxiety most often begins to develop after the age of twenty-six.

B. Despite not having any conscious memory of the accident, he remembers it in his sunconscious, and that has begun to cause his anxiety

Giraldo is unhappy at work. One explanation that is consistent with psychoanalytic theories of personality is that A. Giraldo feels he cannot really be himself at work, and this lack of self-actualization causes his unhappiness B. Giraldo feels critical of his choice not to go to college, and his defense mechanism is to blame his job for his unhappiness C. Giraldo feels he has no choice about his work duties, and this external locus of control leads to his unhappiness D. Giraldo thinks he is terrible at his job and everyone will soon find out, and this lack of self-efficacy leads to his unhappiness E. Giraldo is generally not a very friendly or happy person, and this trait of low agreeableness causes his unhappiness

B. Giraldo feels critical of his choice not to go to college, and his defense mechanism is to blame his job for his unhappiness

Rolf is beginning to learn to ski, but he is nervous about going down some of the steeper slopes. Which of the following potential explanatory factors would theorist Alfred Adler be most interested in exploring to understand Rolf's concerns? A. Rolf's need to overcome his feelings of isolation in the world B. Rolf's feelings about his older sister, who qualified for the Olympics in skiing C. Rolf's need to achieve self-actualization D. Rolf's neurotic personality E. Rolf's desire to prove to himself that he is capable of skiing down the steeper slopes, and his certainty that he has observed sufficient skilled skiers to emulate them

B. Rolf's feelings about his older sister, who qualified for the Olympics in skiing

Which of the following scenarios most directly refutes trait theories of psychology? A. Benjamin takes a personality inventory and feels that it describes him very well. B. Victoria goes to the same restaurant and orders the same meal every day, but when she goes out to eat with friends, she likes to order the most interesting thing on the menu. C. Cristobal is habitually easily frustrated when he does not get his way. D. Assaf keeps his house very organized. E. Franklin gets along with just about everyone he meets and makes friends wherever he goes.

B. Victoria goes to the same restaurant and orders the same mean every day, but when she goes out to eat with friends. she likes to order the most interesting thing on the menu

Domy was raised in a collectivistic culture, while Naureen was raised in an individualistic culture. Based on their upbringings, it is most safe to conclude that compared to Naureen, Domy is more likely to A. keep a journal in which she highlights the ways that she is special and unique B. skip going to a concert so she can have dinner with her family C. tell her boss that a coworker did not contribute to a project so that she could get full credit for the work D. speak up at a meeting to make sure her ideas are heard E. try to run faster on the treadmill at the gym than the person on the treadmill next to her

B. skip going to a concert so she can have dinner with her family

Diane is very disciplined and usually completes the goals she sets for herself. How would a trait theory of personality and a social cognitive theory of personality differ in their explanations of Diane's behavior? A. A trait theory might say that Diane is highly conscientious, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane has a fixed mind-set. B. A trait theory might say that Diane has a fixed mind-set, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane is highly open to experiences. C. A trait theory might say that Diane is highly conscientious, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane's belief about her own self-efficacy drives her behavior. D. A trait theory might say that Diane's belief about her own self-efficacy drives her behavior, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane is highly conscientious. E. A trait theory might say that Diane is highly open to experiences, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane has a fixed mind-set.

C. A trait theory might say that Diane is highly conscientious, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane's belief about her own self efficacy drives her behavior

Alison is completing a practicum in a psychiatric clinic, and her supervisor has asked her to select an appropriate test for a patient she suspects has a personality disorder but who is otherwise within the normal range for IQ and does not appear to have other cognitive issues. Of the following measures, which would be the most appropriate choice? A. The Rorschach test B. The Stanford-Binet test C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®) D. The HEXACO Personality Inventory Revised (HEXACO PI - R) E. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®)

C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®)

Dr. Brenner works with people to help them decide what jobs would be most suitable for them. She wants her clients to take a personality inventory and believes that the five-factor model of personality is the best model to use to determine job fit. The test that will give her reliable results and best fit her view of personality is the A. Draw-A-Person test (DAP) B. Woodworth Personal Data Sheet C. NEO™ Personality Inventory-3 (NEO™-PI-3) D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale®—Fourth Edition (WAIS®-IV) E. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

C. NEO™ Personality Inventory-3 (NEO™-PI-3)

Russ went for a run, and Nelly took a nap. They then watched a horror movie together. Usually Russ and Nelly are about equally scared when they watch horror movies. In this situation, Schachter's two factor theory of emotion predicts that A. Nelly will be more scared of the movie because she is well rested from the nap B. Nelly will find the movie funny because she is well rested from the nap C. Russ will be more scared of the movie because he is aroused from the run D. Russ will find the movie funny because he is aroused from the run E. Russ and Nelly will be equally scared of the movie

C. Russ will be more scared of the movie because he is aroused from the run

Which of the following correctly explains the evidence (as well as the person responsible for the discovery) that stress leads to three distinct stages of physiological change: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion? A. hans seyle conducted interviews with human participants identifying their emotional state during different lengths of time living under stressful conditions B. hans seyle conducted a study comparing the cortisol blood sugar levels in rats before and during a stressful situation C. hans seyle conducted a study measuring cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions D. richard lazarus conducted a study measuring cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions E. richard lazarus conducted interviews with human participants identifying their emotional state during different lengths of time living under stressful conditions

C. hans seyle conducted a study measuring cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions

To develop his theory about personality, Freud interviewed his patients during therapy sessions, typically multiple sessions per week. The patients laid on a couch while Freud asked questions and listened to the patients' responses. What was one of Freud's main contributions to personality theory, and which method did he use? A. The existence of archetypes and the collective unconscious; case studies B. The existence of archetypes and the collective unconscious; personality inventories C. Personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; case studies D. Personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; personality inventories E. Many individuals are plagued by inferiority complexes that can develop into psychological issues; case studies

C. personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; case studies

. Relationships of selected organisms based on catalase structure Which of the following student claims is best supported by the data provided?

Cattle and sheep are separated by only one node, and they are separated from the other organisms by more than one node.

Figure 1. Models of a prokaryote, first eukaryotic common ancestor, and last eukaryotic common ancestor. Based on the information provided in the figure, which of the following best describes how membrane-bound organelles provided unique evolutionary advantages to the last eukaryotic common ancestor?

Cells with mitochondria were able to utilize metabolic energy more efficiently.

Of the following, which is the best next step for the researchers to best determine the long-term effectiveness of these insecticides with regards to the development of resistance?

Continue treating the three insect populations with the same insecticides and determine whether their efficiencies decline significantly after several generations.

Based on the phylogenetic relationships shown in Figure 1, which of the following best explains the similarities exhibited by whales, bony fishes, and cartilaginous fishes?

Convergent evolution, because these organisms do not share a recent common ancestor.

Dr. Howard wants to evaluate a patient's personality with respect to motivation. The patient does not read very well and does not have a very long attention span. Which of the following tests will provide reliable results in the most practical manner? A. The Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire® (16PF®) B. The NEO™ Personality Inventory-3 (NEO™-PI-3) C. The Freudian Personality Type Test D. The Thematic Apperception Test E. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®)

D. The Thematic Apperception Test

Chronic stress is most likely to lead to A. increased cognitive function B. increased tolerance for stressful situations C. decreased functioning of the immune system D. decreased functioning of the immune system E. decreased production of cortisol

D. decreased functioning of the immune system

Dr. Dameron wants to test whether the Yerkes-Dodson law holds true for the players on a college basketball team. Dr. Dameron will manipulate arousal in the players by giving them different doses of caffeine. Which method would best allow Dr. Dameron to test the causal effects of arousal on performance in the players, and what results should he expect to find? A. Give three different groups of players low, medium, and high doses of caffeine during a practice game. The performance of the high-dose group is predicted to be best. B. Give each player a low dose, then a medium dose, then a high dose of caffeine during three consecutive practice games. Their performance while on the low dose is predicted to be best. C. Give each player a low dose, then a medium dose, then a high dose of caffeine during three consecutive practice games. Their performance while on the high dose is predicted to be best. D. Give three different groups of players low, medium, and high doses of caffeine during a practice game. The performance of the medium-dose group is predicted to be best. E. Give each player a low dose, then a medium dose, then a high dose of caffeine during three consecutive practice games. Their performance while on the medium dose is predicted to be best.

D. give three different groups of players low, medium, and high doses of caffeine during a practice game. The perdormance of high medium dose group is predicted to be best

Chidi is very selfless, cooperative, and trusting of other people. According to the Big Five model of personality, these characteristics make him A. low in agreeableness B. high in extroversion C. low in neuroticism D. high in agreeableness E. low in extroversion

D. high in agreeableness

According to the drive reduction theory of motivation, drives arise because of physiological imbalances in A. the gonads B. the chochleae C. the parathyroid glands D. homeostasis E. the synapses

D. homeostasis

If a personality survey with high internal consistency includes two different questions related to the personality dimension of agreeableness, then which of the following is true? A. It is impossible to predict how people will answer the second question based on how they answered the first question. B. If people give an extreme answer to the first question, they will tend to give the opposite extreme answer to the second question. C. People will tend to give dissimilar answers to both questions. D. People will tend to give similar answers to both questions. E. If people give a moderate answer to the first question, they will tend to give an extreme answer to the second question.

D. people will tend to give similar answers to both questions

The neurotransmitter dopamin is most closely associated with A. alertness B. obsession and compulsion C. irritability D. reward seeking behavior E. appetite

D. reward seeking behavior

Before starting her day working at a day care center, Merideth takes a few moments to smile at herself in the mirror. No matter how she is feeling before she comes in, she finds that smiling helps her feel happier before beginning her day. Merideth's experience is evidence for A. general adaptation theory B. cognitive dissonance theory C. unconditional positive regard D. the facial feedback hypothesis E. desirability bias

D. the facial feedback hypothesis

A therapist who is an adherent of the humanistic personality theory would most likely focus on which of the following? A. The underlying and consistent behavioral traits that differ across individuals B. Differences in rewards and punishments as the source of behavioral differences C. Unconscious motives guiding people's behavior D. The pursuit of self-actualization E. The influence of the beliefs about the self on behavior

D. the pursuit of self actualization

Which of the following best describes the processes occurring between the mouse populations and their environments?

Dark color is selected for in mice from the West, Mid, and East populations.

Some researchers claim that the decrease in plant species richness of this woodlot is unrelated to human activities over the last forty years. Which of the following would be an appropriate alternative hypothesis?

During the last few decades, tall buildings have been built around the woodlot, and species 3, 4, and 5 are shade‑intolerant plants

According to Kurt Lewin's motivational conflict theory, approach avoidance conflict occurs when a situation has A. only neutral aspects B. only a strong negative aspect C. only a mildly negative aspect D. only a stron positive aspect E. both positive and negative aspects

E. both positive and negative apsects

Stress can most likely contribute to heart disease because A. heart medication is very expensive, so having heart disease increases stress B. stress blocks stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, so blood pressure goas up C. too much stress has an effect on inherited risk factors D. the fight or flight reaction stops food digestion, so people gain weight E. cortisol released during stress reduces the flexibility of blood vessels, so the heart has to work harder

E. cortisol released during stress reduces the flexibility of blood vessels, so the heart has to work harder

Geologic events such as mountain building can directly affect biodiversity. The Sino‑Himalayan fern, Lepisorus clathratus is widely distributed on the Qinghai‑Tibetan plateau. If geologic events lead to a series of new mountain ranges that divide the plateau into several discrete valleys, which of the following best describes how the L. clathratus population would be affected?

Geographic isolation will create separate gene pools, leading to speciation over time.

Over the next year, a virus attacks and rapidly kills almost all plants of the tobacco species. A closely related species of tobacco that is resistant to the virus becomes established during that same year. The nectary tube in the resistant species averages 7.5cm. Scientists monitored the area for the next five years to determine how this change affected the moth population. Which of the following best describes the expected distribution of proboscis size of the moths at the end of the five‑year study?

Graph A.

Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia?

Louis can remember his past, but has not been able to form new long-term memories since his brain infection 4 years ago

Mollusk fossils were excavated and collected from a coastal cliff. Scientists studying the fossils observed patterns of changing shell shape in the mollusks. The scientists identified a period of stability or stasis, followed by rapid change, and then stasis again with regard to shell shape. Which of the following statements best predicts the result of a comparison between the fossils found before and after the period of rapid change?

Most of the species found in the first static period will be absent in the second static period.

Students created a model showing one possible mechanism for speciation in which a geographic barrier separated one large population into two smaller populations, A and B. Over time, populations A and B developed into two distinct species. The model is shown in Figure 1.

Natural selection acted on variation that was present in both populations A and B, and the lack of gene flow eventually led to the formation of two new species.

Students created a model showing one possible mechanism for speciation in which a geographic barrier separated one large population into two smaller populations, A and B. Over time, populations A and B developed into two distinct species. The model is shown in Figure 1. Which of the following best describes what occurred during the periods indicated by the arrows?

Natural selection acted on variation that was present in both populations A and B, and the lack of gene flow eventually led to the formation of two new species.

Because cheetahs, Acinonyx jubatus, experienced a bottleneck event about ten thousand years ago, living cheetahs exhibit very little genetic variation compared to other living species of large cats. Which of the following principles best justifies a claim that cheetahs, compared to other large cats, have a relatively low resilience to environmental perturbations?

Populations with little genetic diversity are less likely to contain individuals that can withstand different selective pressures.

In a particular region, a species of lizard lives in the lowlands. Even though there are numerous mountains in the region, the climate on the mountains is too cold for the lizards to survive. Scientists are concerned that the lowlands will become much warmer by the end of the twenty-first century and will become unsuitable for this lowland lizard species. Which of the following best predicts the impact on the lizard species if there is a gradual increase in the average temperatures found in both the lowlands and mountains in this region?

Some lizards will migrate to new habitats in the mountains and become isolated, leading to allopatric speciation.

Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4 Amino acid differences* 5 21 18 11 Percent of original carbon-14 remaining 38 73 25 11 Composition Sandstone Sandstone Limestone Shale DNA analysis 35% Guanine 28% Guanine 12% Guanine 29% Guanine *amino acid differences of a conserved protein compared with a fifth fossil specimen Which of the specimens indicated in the table is the oldest?

Specimen 4

Which of the following is an example of source amnesia?

Stephen misremembers a dream as something that really happened

The degrees of relatedness in several native populations of prairie chickens in Marion and Jasper Counties in Illinois were determined. The degree of relatedness is inversely proportional to genetic diversity; that is, populations with a high degree of relatedness have less genetic diversity. Table 1 shows the collected data. Populations J1 through J5 are located in Jasper County. Populations M1 through M5 are located in Marion County. Numbers above 0.125 indicate a high degree of relatedness. Table 1. RELATEDNESS OF PRAIRIE CHICKEN POPULATIONS Population Degree of Relatedness J1 0.215 J2 0.215 J3 0.339 J4 0.280 J5 0.362 M1 0.305 M2 0.365 M3 0.199 M4 0.432 M5 0.405 Scientists claim that some of the populations in Marion County are at an increased risk of decline or extinction. Based on the data in table 1, which of the following best provides evidence to support this claim?

The M4 and M5 populations have the lowest genetic diversity of all populations.

Based on the data in Table 1, which of the following best describes the relationship between the MC1R gene and coat color in the Carrizozo, New Mexico, rock pocket mouse population?

The MC1RD allele is not responsible for dark coat color in the Carrizozo population, so the dark coat color is likely a result of convergent evolution.

The island was surveyed again in 2015, and scientists determined that the giant kangaroo rats originally in population A are now to be considered as a new species. Which of the following best explains the mechanism that caused this speciation event in the giant kangaroo rats of population A?

The animals in population A were reproductively isolated from those in populations B, C, and D.

The researchers built an enclosure to prevent migration into and out of the O'Neill rock pocket mouse population for a period of two years. Which of the following best predicts the effect of the enclosure on the O'Neill population?

The frequency of the MC1RD allele will decline due to natural selection.

A famous study from the nineteenth century involves the peppered moth, Biston betularia, commonly found in Great Britain and Ireland. At that time, the moths, normally white with black speckles, known as the peppered variety, became less common than the solid black variety. The population was predominantly black throughout the nineteenth century. By the end of the twentieth century, the peppered version of the moth was again more common than the black version. Which of the following best explains the phenotypic pattern in the moths over time?

The increased air pollution of the nineteenth century due to the use of coal led to a darkening of surfaces from soot. The darker backgrounds conferred a selective advantage to the black variety, as described by natural selection. A shift to less polluting fuel in the twentieth led to cleaner air and a lightening of the moth's normal habitat.

Some plant species flower in response to increasing daily temperatures in the spring. Many of these species rely on pollinators that migrate based on changes in day length and the position of the Sun. The current global warming trend is placing new selective pressures on the species involved in these relationships. Which of the following best explains the impact of these new selective pressures on the organisms involved?

The plant species will flower earlier in the spring in response to rising temperatures before the arrival of the pollinators, so seeds will not be produced.

The researchers determined that the East lava flow population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Which of the following best explains why the population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

The presence of MC1Rd alleles in the East lava flow population is an indication of gene flow from mice populations living on light granite rocks.

Which of the following most likely represents a prototype for the concept indicated in parenthesis?

a golden retriever (dog)

What is another term for a methodical, logical rule, that guarantees solving a particular problem?

algorithm

When instances come readily to mind, we often presume such events are common. Which of the following is the term for this phenomenon?

availability heuristic

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the capacity of short-term and working memory?

can handle about 1/2 dozen items total

Which of the following describes long-term potentiation (LTP)?

changes in synapse allows for more efficient transfer of information

When someone provides his phone-number to another person, he usually pauses after the area code and again after the next three numbers. This pattern underscores the importance of which memory principle?

chunking

Which of the following is the best term for mental activities associated with remembering, thinking, and knowing?

cognition

"Chair," "freedom," and "ball" are all examples of what?

concepts

Which of the following is the tendency to search for supportive information of preconceptions while ignoring contradictory evidence?

confirmation bias

You are more likely to remember psychology information in your psychology classroom than in other environments because of what memory principles?

context effects

Which of the following is the best phrase for the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution?

convergent thinking

Producing valuable and novel ideas best defines which of the following?

creativity

Muhammed has been in his school cafeteria hundreds of times. It is a large room, and there are nine free-standing pillars that support the roof. One day, to illustrate the nature of forgetting, Muhammed's teacher asks him how many pillars are in the cafeteria. Muhammed has difficulty answering this question, but finally replies that he thinks there are six pillars. What memory concept does this example illustrate?

encoding failure

The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective is called what?

fixation

People are more concerned about a medical procedure when told it has a 10 percent survival rate than they are told when it has a 90 percent survival rate. Which psychological concept explains the difference in concern?

framing

What is another word for the way an issue is posed?

framing

What two parts of the brain are most involved in explicit memory?

frontal lobes and hippocampus

Evidence of word's subtle influence of thinking best supports the notion of?

linguistic determination

Mnemomic devices are least likely to be dependent upon which of the following?

massed rehersal

Which of the following statements concerning memory is true?

memories are often a blend of correct and incorrect information

The prefix "pre" in "preview" or the suffix "ed"in "adapted" are examples of?

morphemes

Which of the following is an accurate conclusion based on Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve research?

most forgetting occurs early on and then levels off

Which of the following kinds of information is not likely to be automatically processed?

new information

Which concept best explains why people often underestimate the amount of time it will take to complete a project?

overconfidence

What do we call the smallest distinctive sound units in language?

phonemes

Juan returns to his grandparent's house after a 10-year absence. The flood of memories about his childhood visits is best explained by which of the following?

priming

Caitlin, a fifth grader, is asked to remember her second-grade teachers name. What measure of retention will Caitlin use to answer this question?

recall

Which of the following is an example of the primary effect?

remembering the names of the first two co-workers you met on the first day of your new job

Which of the following abilities is an example of implicit memory?

riding a bicycle while talking to your friends about something that happened

The basketball players could remember the main points of their coach's halftime talk, but not her exact words. This is because they encoded information:

semantically

Working memory is most active during which portion of the information processing model?

short-term memory

The text discusses therapist-guided "recovered" memories. Which of the following statements represents an appropriate conclusion about this issue?

since the brain is not sufficiently mature to sture accurate memories of events before the age of 3, memories from from the first 3 years of like are not reliable (known as infantile amnesia)

Which of the following best identifies the early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs?

telegraphic stage

Which of the following is true regarding the role of amygdala in memory?

the amygdala help make sure we remember events hat trigger strong emotional responses

What does the "magical number seven, plus or minus two" refer to?

the capacity of short-term memory

What does Hermann Ebbinghuas forgetting curve show about the nature of storage decay?

the rate of forgetting decreases as time goes on

Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words?

thinking about how the words relate to your own life

Which phrase best describes the concept of phonemes?

units of sound in a language

Which of the following illustrates a heuristic?

using news reports of corporate fraud to estimate how much business fraud occurs in America

Your memory of which of the following is an example of implicit memory?

which way to turn the car key to start the engine

Which of the following is an example of proactive interference?

you can't recall your new cell phone number because your old number interferes