AP test Unit 5
The unrest in 1789 started when some slaves heard a rumor that the King of France had freed them. Then, in 1791, radical petit blancs seized the city of Port-au-Prince. In May of 1791, the National Assembly gave full French citizenship to all free men of color. In August of 1791, a massive slave revolt broke out.
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The year 1770 saw the unfair taxes and in riot a bunch of colonists dumped a million dollars worth of tea into Boston Harbor in protest of British government decisions.
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To many people at the time, the French Revolution was not about fancy Enlightenment ideas but rather mostly about fancy ideas and a political system that made economic contractions hardest on the poor.
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Before the industrial revolution, about 80% of the world's population was engaged in farming to keep itself and the other 20% of people from starving.
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Brazil was ruled by Portugal. When Napoleon took over Portugal in 1807, the entire Portuguese royal family decamped to Brazil. After Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, King Joao eventually returned to Portugal in 1821, leaving his son Prince Pedro behind.
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By 1789, France was deeply in debt thanks to their funding the American rev.. King Louis XVI was spending half of the federal budget to service the federal debt.
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By 1825, almost the entire western hemisphere was free from European rule.
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By the late 18th century, more slaves were imported to Saint-Domingue every year (40,000) than the entire white population of the island. By the 19th century, they made up about 90% of the population.
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In 1820, Spain had a real liberal revolution with a new constitution that limited the power of the church.
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In October of 1793, the British decided to invade Saint-Domingue. Because of their fear of losing the war, the French issued decrees freeing the slaves, which were ratified on February 4, 1794. L'Ouverture joined the French to help them defeat the British and the Spanish.
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Indian cottons created the market and then British manufacturers invested in machines to increase production so that they could compete with India.
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Latin America led the world in transculturation, or cultural blending. Whites from Spain were called Peninsulares and whites born in the Americas were called creoles. By 1800, roughly 25% of people were mixed race.
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Louis XVI's fate was to undergo trial by the Assembly where he was found guilty and sentenced to death via guillotine (execution).
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New Zealand was taken over by the British in 1840 and established dominance over the native people called the local chiefs.
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On January 1st , 1804, Dessalines (who had defeated the French) declared the island of Saint-Domingue independent and re-named it Haiti, which is what the island had been called by native inhabitants before the arrival of Columbus.
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One of the leaders of the revolt was Toussaint Breda, a former slave of full African descent, who later took the name Toussaint L'Ouverture.
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Simon Bolivar, "el Libertador", realized that the only way to overcome the class divisions was to appeal to a common sense of South American-ness.
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The Enlightenment was primarily a celebration of humans' ability to dominate Europe's ideas to the natural world through reason.
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The French colony in Saint-Domingue began in the 17th century as a pirate outpost. They turned to robbing Spanish galleons which were loaded with silver mined from South America. Later, many of those pirates/settlers started investing in sugar plantations, which by 1700 were thriving in their production, making Saint-Domingue possibly the most valuable colony. Most of them were African-born.
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The Maryland Committee of Correspondence was instrumental in setting up the first Continental Congress to coordinate a response to the fighting that started in 1775.
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The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree in the production of labor.
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The industrial revolution began around 1750 and started in Europe
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The industrial revolution was an increase in production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources.
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What characteristic of "the Terror" did you find most interesting?
How the people reacted and how the gov and troops responded
Seneca Falls Convention
First convention held for Women's rights (even for women's suffrage/right to vote)
How are the 2 different Industrial Revolutions characterized?
First rev was marked by introduction to mass production and mainly water powered, Second rev was characterized by build of railroads, large-scale iron and steel production and widespread use of machines
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
France's civil rights document
What was the basis of Adam Smith's economic ideas?
From the Wealth of Nation, critique for the mercantilism in the Europe economies and he argued for laissez-fair economics
What did industrialization look like in Russia?
Had a weak economy with little industrialization unlike the other western european powers. Some of it was due to serfdom and selfish upper class but after the Crimean war, Alexander II had various reforms including emancipation of serfdom
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Haitian general and famous leader of Haitian rev. Leader of the resistance and his military led the first black insurrection to success
What was Simon Bolivar's role in the Latin America wars?
He was a South American soldier who was important in the revolution because he was against the Spanish empire. When France invaded Spain 1808, he was involved in the resistance movement and played an important role in Spanish American fight for independence.
Basically, the peasants were hungry, the intellectuals were beginning to wonder whether God could or should save the king, and the nobility were dithering about while failing to make meaningful financial reform.
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A coup in 1779 established Brumaire as the First Consul of France and granted him almost unlimited executive power and he declared the Revolution over.
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About 20% of colonists remained loyal to Great Britain throughout the war.
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After Louis XVI sent troops to Paris to quell uprisings, the revolutionaries responded by seizing the estate general to free prisoners and steal guns. Later, they abolished most of the Ancient Regime in the name of writing a new assembly.
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After coming to power, Napolean wanted to reintroduce slavery in the colony to maximum profits in benefiting the expansion of his empire. This started the second phase of the Haitian Revolution, the fight for independence.
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All of the Eurocentric answers apply to China or India or both.
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As new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, China and Russia
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Venezuela had a cadre of well-trained creole revolutionaries, who by 1811 had formed a revolutionary junta that had seized power in Caracas and formed a republic. But the interior of Venezuela was home to mixed-race cowboys called Llaneros who supported the king; they kept the Caracas revolutionaries from extending their power inland.
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What is a nation-state and what is an example of a new nation state in this era.
A nation-state is a state in which a great majority share the same culture and they're aware of it. It's an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ideas
Why England for Industrialization?
Abundant access to river and canals (easy to trade), metric loads of raw material under the surface (coal deposits for energy and iron ore), crop rotation (increased agricultural production), urbanization (more food available for population) legal protection of private property (entrepreneurs feared gov would take it away), access to foreign resources (raw material buried in soil), gained wealth (African slave trade), advent of factory system (can produce factory goods).
Mary Wolstonecraft
Advocate for women's rights (wrote a vindication, argued for their education and they deserved the chances of succeeding like men)
What was Haiti's connection to France?
After France stopped trying to conquer Haiti, they recognized them as an independent nation when Haiti agreed to pay France 150mil gold francs
Describe Deism
Although there was a God and that God created everything, He doesn't intervene with history
What is 19th century liberalism and how is it related to monarchist rule?
An ideology and is established monarchy, and goals are substantially achieved
What was the emphasis of the Enlightenment?
Application of human reason to natural law. The thinkers saw the world in fullness of natural law but these philosophers thought that they could tap into that and use our working minds and understanding of natural laws instead of believing in all of the Bible for such.
Estates General in French Revolution
Clergy, nobility, and peasant classes
Bastille
Became a state prison
What's one example of the interconnectedness that helped spur the industrial revolution?
Britain textile industry (increased speed of weaving) and invented Spinning Jenny
Consequences of these technologies in both revolutions.
Caused pollution (from steam engines and coal)
What were two causes of the American Revolution?
Colonies didn't like British's attempts to take control over them and they wanted them to repay the crown for the defense from French and Indian war
National Assembly
Common people of France
What example did you find most hypocritical about the famous line in the Declaration of Independence that "...all men are created equal"?
Even though they said all men are created equal, they still allowed for there to be slaves which allowed them no freedom but others could be free? It's very hypocritical
Explain two Enlightenment ideas in the Declaration of Independence.
Everyone deserves natural rights that the gov and upper power were holding against them and the government's power should come from the people who can confirm or deny their power
Describe the new political ideas about the social contract.
Everyone should be naturally free (no slaves)
What did industrialization look like in Japan?
Investment-led, not export-led. In 1840's, Westerners and Japanese though Japan's prospects seemed dim but each machine was powered independently
What was truly "revolutionary" about the American Revolution?
It created the United States
How did Empiricism differ from the old ways of gaining truth?
It dealt with all of your senses and it was the only way to know the nature of reality, It says we'll figure out what reality was like and how we;ll figure it out through our senses.
How does Deism differ from traditional Christianity?
It differs from Christianity because in Deism, you find God from the natural senses but with Christianity, you find him in the Bible and from salvation
What was the result of the Maori's reaction?
It ended up starting a war
How did the organization of the Estates General contribute to dissatisfaction of the French People?
It started the outbreak for the French Revolution
What is significant about the Haitian Revolution?
It was a very successful rebellion caused by the slaves against the colonial power. It also became the first black republic in the world. Along with it being one of France's wealthiest colonies.
Who led the German Unification movement?
Otto Von Bismarck
What was an application of Locke's ideas?
People deserve to have natural human rights and those rights shouldn't be ignored due to the gov or a ruler
Explain what it means to say that philosophers reshaped the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason.
Philosophers helped evolve the idea that there was more to the world than believing in scripture but this also helped people find God in a different way
How did Bolivar's Letter for Jamaica reflect Enlightenment ideas?
Reflected political ideas
Describe how the enlightenment led to one particular revolution.
Slaveholders were mad they couldn't have slaves, abolitionists wanted slavery and they argued against the new social contract which started the civil war
Describe how Enlightenment thought contributed to the Revolutions of the 18th century
Slaveowners had a problem with the releasing of natural rights and social rights due to the life liberty and property thingy from John Locke)
Describe the technology of the Second Industrial Revolution.
Started new mass production, made production go faster and increased trade, included textiles, cotton gin, spinning ginny, etc. Invention of technology and telephones as well
Describe the social hierarchy in Latin America
Starts from the top with the people that have the most power (fewest people) to the people who have the least power (most people) at the bottom. The Peninsulares are at the top, then the Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattoes, Native Americans then Africans.
What is Conservatism?
Strong belief in tradition and shunning of ideology in favor or practical ideas
What is one way in which the revolutions in Latin America differed from those in France and America?
The French Rev and Latin American Wars of Independence are like two sides of a coin. Both events gave inspiration from the same philosophical movement but both events made significant changes. They're still different as a coin's front and back because of the changes they produced.
What is the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and US
How did the Seven Year War lead to the beginning of the American Revolution?
The Seven Years war gave Great Britain huge territorial gains in North America but disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war's expenses led to colonial discontent and then the American Rev.
What were the three institutions that characterized Latin American society exercised control over the population?
The Spanish crown (or Portugese Crown), Catholic Church, and the patriarchy
Describe the new political ideas about the individual.
The government shouldn't have power in what people say and everyone should have natural, equal rights (right to vote, education, etc.)
What did industrialization look like in the United States?
The manual labor-based industry went to technical based industry and it increased overall production and economic growth of the United States
Why didn't India need to industrialize?
The textile manufacturing could be very productive without using machines
What was a main cause of France's debt in the French Revolution?
Their intervention in the War of Independence and the Seven Years War led to multiple issues like an inadequate taxation system
Traditional View of Women in the Enlightenment
There is power in their voices, they deserve their rights and education
How did the Maori react when New Zealand was overthrown by British?
They became angry and fired cannons
Why did many slaves continue to support the British?
They could claim their independence through them
What two advantages did Europeans have over China in terms of being primed for the Industrial Revolution?
They had the biggest population and had more free enterprise
How was Italy organized after the fall of Rome?
They stayed fragmented in many city-states and regional states until their unification led to the establishment of a city-state
How did France's monarchical neighbors react to the revolution occurring?
They viewed the French rev with mixture of Beginning in 1789. The french went down a path to eliminate the monarchy but gov leaders didn't wait to see Europe's reaction
What elements allowed the former slaves to win the war?
They were able to fight for the Union
Why were creoles discontented from the social hierarchy?
They were scared that the Napoleonic monarchy in Spain would institute reforms in Latin America, harm their economic and social interests, and their land would be drained of wealth and resources for Napoleon's wars
How did Brazil manage to achieve independence after that?
Through social hierarchy and plantation owners
Describe the technology of the First Industrial Revolution
Use of basic materials, iron and steel, new energy sources, fuels and motive power (coal, steam engine, electricity, petroleum, internal-combustion engine) and new machines
Describe the new political ideas about natural rights.
We should all have land, education, freedom, right to vote just like everyone else (all treated equal)
How did Italy's organization change in 1848
When they witnessed the liberal friendly events that occurred in Rome, people of other states started to demand similar treatment. King Ferdinand II tried resisting these changes but this led to a revolt
What were the four groups in Saint-Domingue society?
White colonists (owned plantations and slaves) who were absentee landlords who stayed in France and let their agents do the harsh stuff. Then the mulattoes (people of color) and they contributed to the island's stability (children were let go free from slavery by their fathers, women were slaves), served in militia, wealthier ones owned plantations of their own. Petit blancs (poor whites) worked as artisans and leaders . Bottom were the slaves (overwhelming majority)
Describe how the enlightenment led to one particular reform movement.
Women could have rights just like what the men had (could vote, have an education)
Define Nationalism
advocacy or support for the political independence of a specific nation or people
Describe the origins of the Enlightenment (Empiricism)
idea that reality is discerned through senses like sight, hearing, taste, smell, time but nature is the reality through these senses.
John Locke in the Enlightenment
made contributions to the political side of things (two treatises on gov, argued that Divine Right of Kings is very flawed, humans need natural rights)
Describe the social organization of Haiti
people were grouped according to their wealth, income, education, occupation, and membership by a specific subculture/social network
Reign of Terror
period of massacres and killing people (in form of executions)
Impact on Abolition
slaveholders and abolitionists got incredibly angry with things also happening in US but this caused the Civil War
Define the Enlightenment:
social and political changes that were necessary for the Industrial Revolution. It was an intellectual movement of the 18th century that advocated use of reason to reconsider accepted ideas and social institutions of the time.