AP US History Chapter 1

When was the Pueblo Rebellion?

1680

Native American gender relations

Gender relations in Native American societies differed greatly from those in Europe. Membership in a family defined women's lives, but they also were allowed to engage in premarital sexual relations. Most Native societies were matrilineal, meaning that children become members of the mother's family. Indian women owned dwellings and tools. Additionally, men generally moved into the woman's household. Women also did most agricultural work, since men were away hunting.

French relationship with Native Americans

Had friendly relations with Natives. They had a complex set of military, commercial, and diplomatic connections with the Indians. They did not believe Indians were inferior to France.

religion of most Native American tribes

animism

How did Native Americans arrive in America?

Bearing Strait

Native American beliefs about freedom

Indians had a very different, but equally as important, idea of what freedom looked like. While individuals were expected to think for themselves and did not always have to go along with collective decision making, kinship ties, the ability to follow one's spiritual journey, and the wellbeing/security of one's community were much more important to freedom.

New France

New France placed an emphasis on the fur trade, so they maintained friendly relationships with the Natives. Despite their better treatment of the natives, they still brought significant changes to American Indian life. There was also significant cultural exchange between the colonial and native populations. In the great lakes region, American Indians and Europeans had relative equality. The French were willing to accept American Indians as part of colonial society

When did Columbus make contact with the New World?

Oct. 12, 1492 he arrived in what is now the Bahamas and later went to Hispaniola

Describe Native American views on land

Viewed land as a common resource for all, individual families assigned to a plot of land to use for a season or more, owned right to use the land, but not the land itself, unclaimed land was free for anyone to use, no market in real estate until the Europeans

What motivated Columbus's journies

religious and commercial motives

describe the religious ceremonies of Native Americans

religious ceremonies often related to farming/hunting, religious ceremonies aimed to harness the aid of powerful supernatural forces for human interest

New Spain location

stretched from the Andes Mountains of South America through Mexico and Caribbean and eventually to Florida. Its center was Mexico City.

animism

the belief that spiritual power is present in the world and sacred spirits could be found in animals, plants, and other natural objects

Métis

A person of mixed French-Canadian and Native American ancestry.

Inca Empire

A vas and powerful empire located in present day Peru. It had a large population of around 12 million people, and it was linked by a complex system of roads and bridges. It was highly developed and advanced, yet still had less technologically advanced weapons than the Europeans that came.

Describe the Native American economy

All worked together to support themselves. Men went out hunting and women tended to agricultural practices. Because of their beliefs and religion, trade was seen as more than an economic transaction, but as a way to join tribes through ceremonies. Trade involved elaborate ceremonies accompanying the exchange of goods. When France came, they wanted to partake in the fur trade which involved good relations with the American Indians, since they hunted.

Compare and contrast response to Indian rebellion in New Spain vs. New England.

Although both Spanish and English colonists treated Native Americas poorly, their responses to Native American rebellions differed significantly. After successful Native American rebellions, the Spanish sought to accommodate some Native American beliefs. For example, after the Pueblo Revolt between Spanish settlers and a group of Native Americans, the Spanish sought to religiously assimilate the Natives and were given more freedoms. On the other hand, after Native American rebellion in New England, the English further sought to eradicate Native Americans from the land and claim it as their own. Conflict with Native Americans reinforced English beliefs that their culture and beliefs were superior to the Native Americans. The Uprising of 1622, an uprising in which Natives attempted to banish settlers in Virginia, resulted in English colonists massacring Native societies and devastating their populations instead of reasoning with them and giving them more rights like the Spanish did.

What factors were most important in motivating European expansion into the New World?

Although there were many significant factors that motivated Europeans to expand into the New World, religious proselytization and economic growth were the two most significant. Spreading religion was a large motive for colonizations, since there was religious tension between different colonies. For example, after England became a Protestant nation, Spain, which was Catholic, and England rushed to colonize the New World and spread their religious beliefs. In this way, religion was not only a motivating factor for expansion, but increased the competition and speed of colonization as well. Additionally, economic growth was a large motivating factor. Countries were looking to gain wealth, and once they discovered the ample resources in the New World, they rushed to colonize it. For example, Pizarro sent gold and silver back to Spain after conquering the Inca Empire. Additionally, after the establishment of staple crops, such as tobacco and rice, European nations looked to make a profit off of these goods by imposing taxes and other measures, such as the Navigation Act of 1651, which was a law passed by England's parliament to control colonial trade.

Explain what you think the most significant European "justification" for conquest

Although there were many significant justifications for conquest, such natives' beliefs about land ownership, the most important justification for conquest was Natives' differing opinions about religion and freedom, since Europeans believed they were bringing freedom through religion to the Native Americans. Since Natives had such different beliefs about freedom and didn't practice Christianity, Europeans were motivated to conquer and spread Christanity and ideas of Christian Liberty. Since Europeans' ideas of freedom were based on religion, they believed that by bringing religion to Native American populations, they could bring them freedom.

Describe Native American agricultural practices

American Indian societies had technologically advanced agricultural practices. Their agriculture was based off maize (corn), squash, and beans.

Great League of Peace

An alliance of the Iroquois tribes, originally formed sometime between 1450 and 1600, that used their combined strength to pressure Europeans to work with them in the fur trade and to wage war across what is today eastern North America.

Christian Liberty

An idea common in Europe that freedom would come from abandoning the life of sin to embrace the teachings of Christ.

New Laws of 1542

Bartolome de Las Casas convinced the King of Spain to institute these laws, which ended American Indian slavery, ended forced Indian labor, and began the process of ending the encomienda systems.

Dutch relationship with Native Americans

Came to North America to trade, not conquer. Recognized Indian sovereignty and forbade settlement in any area until it had been purchased. However, they also required tribes to make payments to colonial authorities and had conflict sometimes. The Dutch has a friendly diplomatic relation with Iroquois Confederacy.

Spanish, French, and Dutch relationships with one another

Competition over land and resources led to many explorers from France, Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands to settle in the New World. They often fought each other for territory, Native Americans wielded political power sometimes and pitted European countries against each other.

Franciso Pizarro

Conquered the Inca kingdom by capturing the king, demanding and receiving ransom, and killing the king anyway. Treasure fleets carried gold and silver back to Spain (extracted natural resources)

Native Americans' interactions with environment

Environment was important to them, as their religious beliefs were tied to the environment, so the environment influenced many aspects of their lives and they had special ceremonies for hunting, farming, etc.

Describe how Europeans changed local culture when they arrived in the Americas

European arrival to the New World brought new ideas, cultures, foods, and disease and decimated the local population. Europeans brought superior technology as well that allowed them to conquer area in the New World. Additionally, with their arrival to the new world, they brought a host of new beliefs that they thought were superior to the beliefs of natives, the most significant being religion. Europeans brought Christianity (mostly Catholicism) and attempted to convert natives to the religion. Europeans also brought new beliefs of freedom that differed from those of the Indians, leading to a significant divide between American Indians and Europeans.

Describe hierarchies of European societies

European societies were extremely hierarchical, and many were absolute monarchies. The king had the most power and it flowed down through his officials. Beyond that there were hierarchies based on race, class/socioeconomic status, and more. Many people actually settled in the New World hoping to improve their status (since living without doing labor was a sign of noble status)

Slavery in Europe

Europeans accelerated the buying and selling of slaves in Africa, which led to the Slave Trade, slaves began to be imported to the New World as colonization occurred and plantations were developed. Slavery became the basis of the European colonies' economy.

New Netherlands/New Amsterdam

Founded by the Dutch to be a base for international trade in modern day New York

Pre-Columbian European ideas of Freedom and Liberty

Freedom was seen as obedience to the law. Liberty was knowing one's social rank and doing duties appropriate to that rank as well as the idea of Christian liberty.

describe a primary difference between the basis of Native American and European societies (generally)

Indian societies were largely based on community, whereas European ones were much more focused on the individual

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Hopi / Zuni / Pueblo Indians

Located in the Northeastern area of present-day Arizona (peak of culture between 900 and 1200), had big towns and multiple family dwellings, dams and canals to collect and distribute water, and conducted trade with different groups. They also perfected the technique of desert farming. (they were called Pueblo Indians by Spanish)

Compare and contrast Native American beliefs about freedom to European beliefs about freedom

Native American and European ideas about freedom differed significantly, since Natives believed that freedom was based on belonging in a community whereas European ideas of freedom were based on religious practice and obedience to the law. Native Americans believed that while individuals were expected to think for themselves and did not always have to go along with collective decision making, kinship ties and the wellbeing of one's community were much more important to freedom. They also believed that freedom involved the ability to follow one's spiritual journey, which was somewhat similar to European beliefs that religious practice was a form of freedom, however the European beliefs were much more rigid than the Native Americans. Europeans believed in Christian Liberty, which was the idea that Freedom was abandoning the life of sin to embrace the teachings of Jesus Christ. They also believed that freedom was based on obedience to the law and liberties were knowing one's social rank and doing the duties appropriate to that rank, which differed greatly from Native Americans, who based their freedom around community understanding and support.

Significance of Native Americans pre European colonization

Native Americans were able to build elaborate cities, perfect farming techniques, conduct diplomacy, had religion, etc. They had their own developed societies and were not "wild savages" like the Europeans thought. The examples of Cahokia, the Aztec Empire, the Great League of Peace, and more illustrate that Native Americans had their own advanced societies and were NOT inferior to Europeans.

Compare and contrast women's rights in native vs. European societies

Native and European societies had significant beliefs about women's rights, though in both societies, men tended to have more rights and superiority than women. Many European societies believed that women were inferior to men, and some even promoted that men should get complete control over their wives. In some colonies, women were unable to maintain their own legal identity after marriage. However, gender relations in American Indian societies differed greatly than in Europe. Similar to in Europe, membership in a family defined women's lives, but in Native societies they also engaged in premarital sexual relations, which was not condoned in European society. Most Native societies were matrilineal, meaning that children become members of the mother's family. Indian women also were able to own property and tools, unlike in many European societies where they were unable to own land. Women also did most agricultural work in Native societies, since men were away hunting, whereas in European societies, women were expected to stay in the home and care for children.

European's interactions with environment in New World

Natural resources in New World, such as gold, served as incentives for colonization and were exported back to Europe. The introduction of the Columbian Exchange exploited natural environments and sent goods back to Europe. Also, Europeans brought disease to the New World.

Government in New Netherlands

New Amsterdam was basically a fortified military outpost governed by members of the West India Company. Didn't have an elected assembly or town council.

papal line of demarcation (1493)

Pope Alexander VI divided the new world between Spain and Portugal

Aztec Empire

Powerful American Indian empire conquered by Spanish. Europeans saw them as warriors who engaged in ritual sacrifice of captives and others and used that as a justification for conquest.

Popé

Pueblo religious leader who led an uprising against the Spanish

Describe religion in Europe (Pre-Columbian America)

Religion was closely tied to economic, political, and social classes, and it permeated nearly every aspect ofc European life. Every nation in Europe had a church that decreed which forms of religion were acceptable to practice, in some states dissenters faced persecution and condemnation by church authorities. Most European nations believed religious uniformity was essential to social order.

Slavery in Africa

Slavery in Africa occurred before Europeans arrived, though slaves tended to be criminals, war captives, or debtors. They worked within the households of their owners, and they had RIGHTS, such as having property and marrying. Some even acquired their freedom. The main difference was the rights and that slavery was not the basis of African economy, as it was the basis of the European economy.

Significance of early slavery in Africa and Europe

Slavery set the foundation for European and American colony. The slave trade and increase of importation of slaves to the Americas following colonization was significant because it created the basis of the economy of America. Also, people were mistreated, denied their rights, etc. As slavery continued, it also set the basis for years of race related conflict in America.

Freedoms in New Netherlands (list and describe them related to slaves, women, etc.)

Slaves could have "half freedom" where they were required to pay an annual fee and work when called upon, but they could also own land and marry. They also didn't work on large plantations. Women also had more independence, as they were allowed to have their own, separate identity after marriage. They could go to court, have property, etc. Men shared property with their wives. Also religious tolerance was a key Dutch principle that was applied to colonies as well at least to an extent.

Discuss the similarities and differences between the styles of conquest of Spain and France

Spain and France differed significantly in their styles of conquest in the New World, as France sought to preserve relationships with Natives whereas Spanish conquistadors enslaved Natives and treated them poorly. Both Spain and France were motivated to conquer by religious and economic factors. The Spanish wanted to spread catholicism and send valuable natural resources, such as gold, back to Spain. While the French were somewhat interested in spreading religion, they were more so motivated by economic factors, particularly the fur trade. Since France wanted to participate in the fur trade, their style of conquest focused on maintaining good relations with Natives, which was necessary because Natives played a significant role in the fur trade. At first, the French focused more on trade than settlement and gave Natives who converted to Christianity more freedoms than other colonies. However, in New Spain, the Spanish focused on the seizure of Native American towns and empires, such as the Inca and Aztec Empires, where they enslaved Natives and exploited natural resources. Their methods were much more violent, for example, Pizarro captured the king, demanded ransom, then killed the king anyway when he was conquering the Inca Empire.

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires

Hernán Cortés

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico. He arrived in Tenochtitlán in 1519 with only a few hundred men. However, due to their superior technology, he conquered the Aztec city. Brought new diseases (ex. smallpox) that decimated the society.

Causes of the Pueblo Revolt

Spanish priests and the government suppressed Native practices that were inconsistent with Christianity and they demanded labor from the Natives.

Spanish relations with American Indians

Spanish treated American Indians poorly and conquered their land (ex. Hernan Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, etc.) Spanish forced Indians to work in gold and silver mines and on large farms called baciendas. Spanish also tried to convert them to Christianity. 1514 - marriages between Indians and Spanish approved. The children of these marriages were called mestizos.

In what ways did the New World change after European conquest?

The New World changed significantly after European conquest. For example, the environment changed as Europeans introduced new technologies, crops, farming practices, and more. The establishment of the Columbian Exchange led to the introduction of new crops, diseases, and the intermixing of cultures, which led to marriages between Natives and colonists. For example, the mestizo class were the offspring of mixed marriages. Additionally, the natural resources of the New World were exploited by colonists and the resources were sent back to the Old World.

Significance of Pueblo Revolt

The Pueblo Revolt was significant because it was the largest and most successful Native American uprising in North American history. It was also an indication of the discontent of Pueblo Indians against religious and economic practices of Spanish and their style of colonization. Additionally, it demonstrated the power that Native Americans could have through collective resistance and organization of rebellions. Finally, Spanish sought to assimilate natives after the rebellion and give them more freedoms

Explain the Columbian Exchange

The columbian exchange was the transatlantic flow of goods and people. Plants, animals, and cultures were exchanged between the New and Old Worlds and were mixed and thrown together. However, Europeans also carried new germs to the Americas. Since natives hadn't encountered the illnesses before, they didn't have antibodies which led to a large decline in the native population. For example, the population of Mexico fell more than 90%. Potatoes and corn imported to Europe INCREASED the European population.

Significance of conquistadores

The conquistadores were significant for a number of reasons. First, they established Spanish influence in the New World, which led many other European nations to colonize America and challenge Spanish authority. Also, they caused a significant amount of harm to the Native population and were violent and cruel in their conquests. They were also significant because they brought new diseases, crops, and practices to the New World. Also, they sent gold and silver back to Spain.

New Spain Government

The government reflected the absolutism of rule back in Spain. Power flowed from King to Council Of Indies to viceroys, etc. Royal appointees generally from Spain.

Native American social principles

The idea of generosity was essential to American Indian societies. They believed those with wealth/power should share with others, and gift giving was considered important as well. Trade also was affected by this principle and was seen as more than an economic transaction, but as a way to join tribes through ceremonies.

Black Legend

The image of Spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer. It promoted the idea that Spanish conquerors tortured and murdered Indians, stole gold, and infected them with smallpox, leaving nothing of benefit. It provided a justification for other nations to go to the new world and challenge Spanish leadership there. De Las Casas's writings contributed to this image.

Protestant Reformation

The protestant reformation was a religious, political, and cultural reform that divided Catholic Europe in the 16th century. It began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but led to the creation of Protestant churches and set the stage for religious conflict between Europeans.

Native Americans of Eastern North America

There were many different tribes living in Eastern North America, and they warred with each other (mostly to obtain goods, seize captives, or for revenge) frequently. They lived on corn, squash, and beans, fishing, hunting, etc. They also conducted diplomacy and made peace.

Describe the European economy

They came to the New World for economic purposes, since they were looking for a route to trade in India. While they didn't quite achieve that goal, they found a New World rich with gold and other goods that they transported back to their home nations in Europe. Also, they established the Columbian Exchange.

Describe the Native American tribes' relations with one another

They didn't consider themselves as one group of people, but rather many different groups of diverse people the idea of the "American Indian" was created by Europeans. In Eastern North America, tribes frequently warred with each other over goods, seize captives, or take revenge over killing relatives. Native Americans also conducted diplomacy and made peace.

Native American politics

They didn't have much structure in the way of centralized authority, though people with religious talents, such as shamans and medicine men, held positions of power within the societies due to the influence of religion on the practices of Indian tribes. Societies were based on community and kinship.

French Economy

They wanted to participate in their fur trade, so they kept good relations with the Indians who hunted. They placed an emphasis on the fur trade rather than agricultural settlement.

Gender relations in Europe

Women didn't have many rights in most European colonies. For example, in English law, a married man owned his wife's property and she was not allowed to have her own legal identity.

Bartoleme de Las Casas

a Dominican priest who published an account of the decimation of the Indian population due to Spanish conquest. Called A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies. He denounced Spain for causing so much death and treating the Indians poorly and denying them freedom. He believed Spain should still rule, but should give Indians much more rights and treat them better. However, he also suggested importing slaves from Africa to protect the Indians' freedom.

Pueblo Rebellion

a coordinated uprising against the Spanish led by Popé that successfully drove the Spanish out temporarily. Indians united and cooperated to drive Spanish out, but soon warfare between Indians broke out and Popé died in 1690. In 1692, the Spanish reconquered New Mexico.

caravel

a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries.

Cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a commercial, governmental, and trading center for Native Americans and it was constructed on mounds overlooking the Mississippi River.

Boarderlands

areas of land on or near the borders between countries, colonies, or regions

European politics

believed they were superior to the natives. European politics based on religion and many European societies had governments loosely based on a monarchy

Tenochtitlán

capital of Aztec Empire with a population was about 250,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

describe the diversity of Native Americans and explain why it was important

each Native American tribe was different and they all had different beliefs, values, policies, and languages. This diversity played a role in a lack of unity when Europeans came in and conquered land. American Indians did not consider themselves as one group of people, as Europeans defined them, and had their own strained relationships and wars among tribes. Thus, it was difficult to present a united front when European settlers came and conquered these tribes.

Amerigo Vespucci

explored the coast of South America between 1499 and 1502 knew that he discovered a new continent and it was NOT India. He also realized that the "indians" weren't from India.

Describe the demographics of those who arrived in Europe during early colonization

most people arriving in Europe were explorers and their crews of men. As a result, there was many more men than women and these demographics weren't sustainable for longtime occupation of colonies.

When was the Peak of the Hopi and Zuni tribes?

peak of culture between 900 and 1200