AP US History II

This term refers to a series of government raids on alleged radical centers throughout the U.S. in 1920. Led by the U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, the raids resulted in the arrest of thousands of suspected radicals in more than 30 cities and the deportation of over 500 non-citizens. In the end, no evidence was found of illegal activity or revolutionary plotting.

Palmer Raids

During the cease fire, Allied leaders engaged in this meeting in 1919.

Paris Peace Conference

This federal agency was created in 1961 by President Kennedy and the U.S. Congress. Using volunteer college graduates as advisers, teachers, and health care workers, this agency provides assistance to developing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Peace Corps

In order to establish a larger military presence in the Pacific and create a refueling station for American ships, the United States negotiated a treaty with Hawaii in 1887 and built this naval base.

Pearl Harbor

This U.S. naval base was attacked by Japanese planes on Dec. 7, 1941. Most of the U.S. Pacific fleet was destroyed, and 2,400 soldiers were killed. The surprise attack on this base shocked Americans and unified them in support for war. The day after this attack, the U.S. government officially declared war on Japan. Thus, the attack marked the entrance of Japan and the U.S. into World War II.

Pearl Harbor

Garfield's assassination stimulated the federal government to pass this law in 1883.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

After the Spanish-American War, Filipinos rose up against the United States' occupation and annexation of the Philippines. Between 1898 and 1902, a brutal conflict called this occurred, which resulted in the deaths of about 4,000 American troops and over 20,000 Filipinos.

Philippine-American War

After Congress and President McKinley approved a declaration of war against Spain, the U.S. fleet sailed to this island chain in the Pacific and defeated a Spanish fleet. American ground troops and local rebel forces seized the islands from Spanish control.

Philippines

This conservative political activist opposed feminism and organized the "STOP ERA" campaign. She argued that the ERA would lead to drafting women into the military, an expansion of federal power, taxpayer-funded abortions, and same-sex marriage.

Phyllis Schlafly

The U.S. did not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War. However, with this legislative addition passed by Congress in 1901, the U.S. was able to hold power over the Cuban government.

Platt Amendment

In its ruling on this case in 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court established the "separate but equal" doctrine and validated segregation.

Plessy v. Ferguson

In September of 1939, German and Soviet troops invaded and divided this European country. Angered by Hitler's continued aggression, Britain and France abandoned appeasement and finally declared war on Germany. The invasion of this country marks the beginning of World War II.

Poland

This is the chief method by which political machines gained power.

Political machines aided immigrants and organized their political support.

This term refers to the political movement of farmers and laborers that occurred during the late 1800s.

Populist Movement (a.k.a. Populism)

Created in 1892, farmers created this national political party.

Populist Party (a.k.a. People's Party)

These were some of the main results of the Great Society.

Positive Effects: The programs reduced hunger and poverty, helped the elderly and poor to afford medical care, and improved racial justice in the U.S. Negative Effects: In the following decades, the costly programs contributed to bigger deficit spending and produced widespread doubts of the federal government's ability to solve social problems.

During this final wartime Allied meeting held in 1945, President Truman (FDR had died) was alarmed by Stalin's refusal to fulfill the Yalta-Conference agreement to allow free elections in Poland. Truman consequently abandoned FDR's trust of Stalin and objected to the Allies taking reparations from Germany. Ultimately, the leaders agreed to take reparations from their own occupation zone within Germany.

Potsdam Conference

This was how President Hoover responded to the Bonus Army.

President Hoover ordered the army to clear the veterans' campsites. General Douglas MacArthur led a force of infantry soldiers, mounted cavalry, and six tanks into the capital. The Bonus Army marchers with their wives and children were forcefully driven out, and their shelters and belongings were burned. This incident harmed Hoover's reputation.

This historic event occurred in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963.

President Kennedy was assassinated.

This intellectual leader of the early 1900s was the first African American to graduate from Harvard. He advocated immediate racial equality and believed that blacks' civil rights could be best advanced by the efforts and leadership of a black "talented tenth." He helped to found the NAACP in 1909.

W.E.B. Du Bois

This man was the first African American to graduate from Harvard and was the most prominent black civil-rights leader during the first half of the 20th century. Unlike Booker T. Washington who called for blacks to tolerate their inferior status and focus on gaining economic power, this leader advocated for immediate racial equality and the advancement of a black "talented tenth" who, as leaders, could help defeat racial injustice and inequality in America.

W.E.B. Du Bois

This is how the U.S. and United Nations responded to the 1950 invasion of South Korea.

President Truman hoped to contain the spread of communism and appealed to the United Nations. The U.N. authorized the deployment of U.N. forces. The U.S. Congress didn't declare war but instead authorized Truman to take military "police action" in Korea. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the defense of South Korea, with the United States providing 88% of the U.N.'s military personnel.

Immediately after taking over the government from Queen Liliuokalani, American sugar planters requested that the U.S. annex Hawaii. President Cleveland refused annexation but also chose (out of a fear of harming Americans) to not restore the Hawaiian monarchy. Five years later in 1898, this United States President supported annexation, and Hawaii became an official U.S. territory.

President William McKinely

Like Teddy Roosevelt and Taft, Woodrow Wilson is labeled a progressive president. While in office, he attacked what he called the "triple wall of privilege" (the tariff, the banks, and the trusts). These are some of President Wilson's progressive reforms and actions.

President Wilson: 1) lowered tariffs 2) created a more powerful antitrust law 3) created a banking reform law 4) attempted to outlaw child labor (He helped pass a federal child labor law, but the law was quickly ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.) 5) eventually supported woman suffrage and the Nineteenth Amendment

Occurring during the late 1800s and early 1900s in the United States, this broad reform movement sought to the solve the problems created by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and corruption in government. This movement consisted of many separate groups working for different reforms.

Progressive Movement (a.k.a. Progressivism)

This terms refers to the outlawing of alcoholic beverages. It also refers to the period from 1920 to 1933 in the U.S. when the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages was illegal.

Prohibition

These are some of the main principles of international conduct highlighted in Wilson's Fourteen Points.

Proposing specific international conduct to prevent future wars, the Fourteen Points called for: 1) open treaties and a reduction of arms 2) freedom of the seas and trade 3) national self-determination (the right of a people to be independent and determine their own form of government) 4) a League of Nations (an international organization for peace)

During this 1894 strike near Chicago, members of the American Railway Union walked off the job, paralyzed transportation in the western half of the U.S., and burned 600 freight cars.

Pullman Strike

This federal law banned ineffective and harmful foods and medicines. Like the Meat Inspection Act, it was created with the support of President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 in response to Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle.

Pure Food and Drug Act

This federal agency was created in 1932 by President Hoover and Congress. It attempted to stabilize the collapsing economy by providing federal loans to troubled banks, railroads, and businesses and loans for local governments to build public works projects. Ultimately, this agency failed to make a real impact, for it was was too strict with its loan requirements and didn't loan enough money out.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

This term refers to a panic in the U.S. during 1919-1920 in which many Americans feared radicals (communists, socialists, anarchists), economic instability, and revolution. These widespread fears resulted in new state sedition laws, public violence against radicals, aggressive governmental investigation, and injustice.

Red Scare

For most of his political career, Theodore Roosevelt was a member of this political party.

Republican Party

This is who won the presidential election of 1912 and why.

Republicans split their vote between Taft and Roosevelt, which allowed the Democrats (who were united) to elect their candidate, Wilson.

After Spanish forces on Cuba surrendered, the U.S. and Spain negotiated and signed this treaty that ended the Spanish-American War.

Treaty of Paris of 1898

In its ruling on this landmark case in 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that women have some constitutional right to terminate their pregnancies. The court established a trimester framework that prohibited states from regulating abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted regulations designed to protect a woman's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to prohibit abortion during the third trimester, so long as the health of the mother was not at risk. Note: In a subsequent ruling in 1992, the Supreme Court replaced the trimester framework with a viability framework which allows states to forbid abortions once the fetus is viable and the mother's health is not at risk. Prior to viability, states can regulate abortion but cannot pose an undue burden on a woman's right to an abortion.

Roe v. Wade

The peace treaty that was negotiated by the Allied leaders in 1919 and brought World War I to an end is called this.

Treaty of Versailles

In 1955, this civil rights activist in Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her bus seat to a white man and was arrested for violating a city segregation law.

Rosa Parks

During WWII, many women were drawn into the workforce to replace male workers who had joined the military. Most of these women were employed in service jobs and government bureaucracy, but some took industrial jobs making war weapons. Women's contributions to the war economy were promoted and celebrated by this fictional character who appeared on many government posters.

Rosie the Riveter

This U.S. volunteer regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt helped to defeat the Spanish forces on Cuba.

Rough Riders

About this many people were murdered in the Holocaust.

Roughly 11 million people were murdered (about 6 million were Jews).

In 1920, these two Italian immigrants were charged with murder and executed. Because of the widespread nativism in the U.S. and fear of radicals, the two immigrants were unfairly tried and convicted. Their trial is an example of the Red Scare and nativism.

Sacco and Vanzetti

President Truman believed that the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe violated the principle of self-determination and that all of Europe was in danger. In response, Truman announced this foreign policy in 1947 when he pledged to stop the spread of communism in the world and sent $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey.

Truman Doctrine (a.k.a. the policy of containment)

This was the 1925 criminal trial of a man in Tennessee who broke state law by teaching the theory of evolution to his students. The trial became a media circus as famous lawyers (William Jennings Bryan vs. Clarence Darrow) travelled to the small Southern town, joined the prosecution and defense, and argued over evolution and interpretation of the Bible.

Scopes Trial

This U.S. government agency was created during WWI to coordinate the purchase of war supplies. The organization set production quotas, helped to allocate raw materials, and encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency. To gain businesses' cooperation, this agency offered lucrative contracts and sometimes resorted to economic threats.

War Industries Board (WIB)

Created in 1933, this federal agency regulates the stock market by monitoring the trading on stock exchanges, tracking the activities of stock brokers and investors, and enforcing securities laws. This New Deal program helped restore confidence in the nation's stock markets.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

This is the decision-making body of United Nations. It is composed of fifteen member nations (five permanent members and ten nonpermanent members that are chosen by the General Assembly every two years). If at least nine of the members approve, this decision-making body can provide aid, impose economic sanctions, and organize military force.

Security Council

This federal law was created by Congress in 1918. It outlawed any disloyal or abusive language about the U.S. government, constitution, flag, or armed forces.

Sedition Act

To draft American men into military service, Congress passed this federal law in 1917. During the First World War, 3 million American men were drafted and 2 million American men voluntarily enlisted in the military.

Selective Service Act

In 1965, the SCLC conducted a protest campaign in this Alabama city. After several thousand blacks were arrested and one activist was killed, Martin Luther King, Jr. attempted to march with protesters from this city to the state capital, Montgomery. During their first attempt at this fifty-mile march, the protesters were attacked by police, and the violence was shown on TV. In response, President Johnson submitted a voting-rights bill to Congress.

Selma

Created in 1890, this federal law prohibits monopolies by outlawing any "combination or conspiracy" of businesses that restrains competitive trade or commerce. This law was not enforced until progressive presidents like Teddy Roosevelt and William Taft took office during the early 1900s.

Sherman Antitrust Act

This theory argues that people are inherently unequal and that competition ensures the survival of the fittest and a strong society. The theory was sometimes used during late 1800s and early 1900s to defend economic inequality, class systems, and imperialism.

Social Darwinism

Created in 1935, this New Deal law established an insurance program to provide aid for old-age retirement, disabled people, and families with dependent children.

Social Security Act

Formed in 1901, this U.S. political party advocated democratic socialism. During the Progressive Era, the party elected to office over seventy mayors, dozens of state legislators, and two members of Congress.

Socialist Party of America

This organization of black ministers and churches was founded in 1957 after the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Led by Martin Luther King, Jr., the group organized and led a number of highly publicized protest campaigns during the 1950s and 1960s.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

This government agency was created during WWII to convert factories and maximize war production. This agency also rationed fuel, rubber, metal, and plastics and organized nationwide drives to collect scrap iron and other recyclable materials.

War Production Board (WPB)

From 1492 until 1898, Cuba was owned and ruled by this European nation.

Spain

These were the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898.

Spain agreed to (1) free Cuba (allow it to become an independent country) and (2) give Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. The U.S. agreed to pay Spain $20 million.

In 1957, the Soviet Union launched this, the first space satellite, into orbit. This technological achievement alarmed Americans and prompted the U.S. government to encourage more science education in schools, fund more research labs, and speed up the nation's exploration of outer space. These developments led to the Space Race between the U.S. and Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s.

Sputnik

In 1948, a group of Southern conservatives who favored racial segregation and opposed Truman's civil-rights agenda left the Democratic Party and formed this political party. Despite the split of his own party, Truman out-campaigned his political opponent, Thomas Dewey, to win the presidential election of 1948.

States' Rights Party (a.k.a. Dixiecrats)

This African American became the chairman of SNCC in the late 1960s. He and other members became critical of Martin Luther King's leadership, adopted a black nationalist philosophy, and excluded white students from membership in the SNCC.

Stokely Carmichael

In 1969, police officers raided a gay nightclub in New York and began arresting its patrons. Gay onlookers taunted the police, and violence erupted. This riot marked the beginning of the gay liberation movement, as it helped to inspire the creation of new organizations like the Gay Liberation Front and the use of protest events like gay pride marches.

Stonewall riots (Stonewall Inn uprising)

This civil-rights organization, abbreviated SNCC, was formed in 1960 by college students. Members of this group participated in sit-ins, freedom rides, voter registration efforts, marches, and other forms of nonviolent protest.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

This was the biggest scandal of President Harding's administration. The Secretary of Interior (a member of Harding's Ohio Gang) took $400,000 in bribes in return for secretly leasing out emergency federal oil lands to private oil companies.

Teapot Dome Scandal

These are some reasons why Theodore Roosevelt was such a popular political leader.

Teddy Roosevelt: 1) was charismatic, energetic, and bold 2) was intelligent and highly educated 3) was a sportsman, outdoorsman, and conservationist 4) was independent in his politics (rejected being controlled by his party) 5) often worked to promote and defend common, working-class Americans

Created in 1933, this federal agency built dams along the Tennessee River in the South. This New Deal program aided people and stimulated the economy by creating jobs and generating inexpensive electricity.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 established this immigration system, and the Immigration Act of 1924 increased the restrictions of that system by setting these limits on immigration.

The Emergency Quota Act set up a national-origins quota system that set numerical limits on immigration based on the immigrants' country of origin. The Immigration Act of 1924 tightened the national origins formula. It limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from a country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States as of the 1890 census. These laws sharply cut the immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans to the U.S. The law also banned the immigration of Arabs and Asians. There was no limit on immigration from Canada and Latin America.

Just days after JFK's funeral, President Johnson organized this commission to investigate Kennedy's death. Named after the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who was appointed as its chairman, the commission announced in 1964 that investigators found no evidence of a conspiracy in JFK's assassination and concluded that Oswald fired the shots that killed JFK.

Warren Commission

This U.S. president served from 1921 to 1923. Hoping to return the nation to "normalcy," this Republican president favored pro-business policies and a small federal government which minimizes it own activities. His administration is associated with a number of scandals.

Warren G. Harding

In an attempt to counter NATO, the Soviet Union and seven Eastern European satellite nations formed this military alliance in 1955.

Warsaw Pact

In the summer of 1963, as JFK's proposed civil-rights legislation was held up in the Senate, the "Big Four" civil rights groups organized a massive demonstration in this city to pressure Congress to pass Kennedy's civil rights bill. Over 250,000 people participated in a protest march around the city, and Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech.

Washington, D.C.

The Kennedy Mystique was this.

The Kennedy Mystique refers to the widespread public fascination that developed around JFK during his presidency. JFK was charismatic, very intelligent, learned, and charming. He had a beautiful, fashionable wife (Jacqueline) and several young children. He was inspiring and represented a new generation in America. He offered hope and a commitment to better America ("ask not what your country can do...").

This is the long-term legacy of the New Deal.

The New Deal: 1) began the American welfare system 2) enhanced the power of the federal government and the presidency 3) increased the public's expectations of government 4) strengthened and shaped the Democratic party (The Democratic Party dominated 1930s-1940s and continued in its development as the party with a more liberal, progressive agenda and the belief in the growth and use of government.)

These were the positive accomplishments of the New Deal.

The New Deal: 1) provided public relief and stimulated economic recovery (although full recovery not achieved until WWII) 2) built roads, schools, airports, etc. 3) improved rural areas (dams, electricity) 4) established greater regulation of American banks and stock markets

This is the reason why Russia withdrew from World War I before the war's end and signed a peace treaty surrendering land to Germany.

The Russian Revolution of 1917 occurred. An uprising of Russian peasants, workers, and soldiers resulted in the removal of Czar Nicolas II from power and the creation of a communist government. Vladimir Lenin and other communist leaders viewed their nation's costly participation in WWI as an impediment to the creation of their new communist order and therefore sought peace with the Central Powers and withdrew Russia from the war.

This is how the United States entered a new phase of imperialism during the late 1800s.

The U.S. began acquiring overseas territories.

Like many U.S. politicians before and after him, TR believed that Latin America was a special "sphere of interest" for America. In 1904, President Roosevelt announced what has become known as the Roosevelt Corollary. This was his addition (corollary) to the Monroe Doctrine.

The U.S. had right to intervene in the affairs of its neighbors if they proved unable to maintain order and control.

This is how President Truman responded to the spread of communism in China.

The U.S. provided money and weapons to the nationalist government in power. However, because he wanted to avoid another world war, Truman was not willing to intervene militarily.

These were the clashing world views of the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War

The U.S. values democracy, capitalism (private property, economic freedom), limited government, many civil rights, and an emphasis on the individual. The U.S.S.R. valued communism, government control of property and the economy, strict rule, severely limited civil rights, and an emphasis on the state.

The Sixteenth Amendment made this change to the U.S. Constitution.

The amendment authorized the federal government to collect taxes on the incomes of individuals and corporations. It was a progressive reform because Congress, with this new power, immediately created a graduated income tax which requires wealthier citizens to pay a higher percentage of their income than poorer citizens.

This was the baby boom.

The baby boom was a spike in the national birth rate that occurred from the late 1940s to the early 1960s. The boom was caused by a popular desire for stability and family after years of disruption, economic hardships, and separation during the Great Depression and WWII.

This is how the Pendleton Civil Service Act reformed the patronage system.

The law created a Civil Service Commission which made appointments to federal jobs through a merit (exam) system.

This is how the Pendleton Civil Service Act negatively affected politics.

The law made politicians more reliant on campaign contributions from wealthy donors and corporations.

These were the main results of the Birmingham campaign.

The police violence against the demonstrators, which was shown on TV and reported in newspapers, shocked many Americans and increased public support for black civil rights. President Kennedy was compelled to submit to Congress a civil rights bill aimed at fighting segregation and discrimination.

This is why Germany was able to end the long stalemate along the Western Front and launch a massive offensive deep into France in 1918.

The withdrawal of Russia from the war enabled Germany to send its troops in the Eastern Front to the Western Front.

These were the reasons why teetotalers (supporters of the temperance movement) wanted to ban alcoholic beverages.

They argued that alcohol was the source of a number of harmful social problems, such as: 1) family violence 2) unemployment and poverty 3) disease 4) economic inefficiency Additionally, many Christian women argued that drinking alcohol led to the sin of drunkenness.

These were a few of the main arguments made by members of the anti-imperialist movement in the United States.

They argued that taking the Philippines: 1) was immoral (stealing property from the native people) 2) was anti-democratic and inconsistent with U.S. constitutional principles (natives not allowed self-rule, did not give their consent to be governed, denied their rights to liberty and property) 3) would be expensive and difficult to defend

This is how women gained the right to vote during the Progressive Era.

They created large organizations that: 1) gained popular support for women by publishing articles, delivering speeches, and organizing demonstrations 2) changed voting laws by lobbying and pressuring state and national governments

This is why "gold bugs" wanted the gold standard.

They hoped that a gold standard would prevent inflation, which would ensure that the loans they issued were paid back in valuable dollars.

This is why silverites wanted bimetallism.

They hoped that bimetallism would create inflation, which would raise crop prices and enable farmers to more easily pay off their debts (which did not increase with inflation).

This is how settlement workers felt about the theory of Social Darwinism.

They rejected the idea. Settlement house workers typically felt that people's development was primarily shaped by their environment not inherited traits.

This is how President Truman responded to the Berlin Blockade.

Truman had supplies airlifted into West Berlin for almost year. In 1949, Stalin lifted the blockade.

These were the Allies' post-war visions and hopes for Europe.

Truman wanted: 1) democratic governments in Eastern Europe 2) a unified Germany 3) moderate treaty to help Germany prosper Stalin wanted: 1) communist governments in Eastern Europe 2) Soviet control of Germany 3) heavy reparations from Germany

Ratified in 1933, this amendment to the U.S. Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and ended Prohibition. Supporters of this amendment argued that the legalization of alcoholic beverages would create jobs, provide governments more tax revenue, and help boost the economy.

Twenty-First Amendment

In the summer of 1950, U.S. and U.N. forces under the command of General MacArthur landed in South Korea and pushed back the Communist North Korean army. However, when U.S. and U.N. troops drove deep into North Korea and approached the Chinese border in the fall of 1950, this happened.

Two hundred thousand Chinese troops entered North Korea and quickly pushed U.S. and U.N. forces back to the 38th parallel, where a statemate ultimately developed in 1951.

During the late 1950s, the CIA began secret reconnaissance flights over the Soviet Union using U-2 spy planes. In 1960, this incident occurred during which the Soviets shot down an American U-2 plane, imprisoned the pilot Francis Gary Powers, and Khrushchev and Eisenhower exchanged accusations of spying and cancelled a planned peace summit. Although Francis Gary Powers was later released in a prisoner exchange, the incident helped to increase American-Soviet tensions during the Cold War.

U-2 incident

This attorney for the NAACP argued many important civil-rights cases, including Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. He was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court by President Johnson in 1967 and participated in many court decisions that extended civil rights in America.

Thurgood Marshall

This American battleship exploded and sank while docked in Havana Harbor (Cuba) in 1898. Yellow journalists quickly blamed the incident on Spain. The incident angered many Americans and was a factor in causing the Spanish-American war.

U.S.S. Maine

This is why "big business" wanted high tariffs.

Wealthy industrialists and business owners wanted higher tariffs to protect their industries from foreign competition. (i.e. Higher tariffs make foreign goods more expensive and thus push Americans to buy U.S. products)

During the Gilded Age, workers struggled to organize and promote their welfare. This is the main reason why workers made few gains during that era.

Wealthy, powerful corporations often used threats, espionage, and brute force to stifle workers' attempts to organize and strike. Big business typically had the support of lawmakers, courts, and government authorities.

This poem, written by the English writer Rudyard Kipling, promoted the duty of the United States and Western Europe to rule over and civilize other nations and ethnic groups. The poem was published in the U.S. in 1899 and was endorsed by many Americans who favored U.S. territorial expansion.

"White Man's Burden"

Expressing his support for expansion and war in 1898, the U.S. Secretary of State John Hay referred to the Spanish-American War as this.

"a splendid little war"

In his 1917 war speech to Congress, President Wilson urged for a declaration of war against Germany so that the U.S. could make the world this.

"safe for democracy"

These were periods of intense legislative activity during which FDR and Congress created most of the New Deal programs.

1) "First Hundred Days" (1933) (a.k.a. First New Deal) 2) " Second Hundred Days" (1935) (a.k.a. Second New Deal)

These were the main results of World War II.

1) 50 million people were killed (half were civilians) and millions were wounded, disabled, and homeless. 2) Europe and other areas were destroyed (physically and economically). 3) Allied forces occupied Germany, Japan, and other countries for years. 4) Axis leaders were put on trial for war crimes. 5) Many Jews who survived the Holocaust immigrated to Palestine, the U.S., and elsewhere. 6) The U.S. and Soviet Union rose in power and began a Cold War rivalry. 7) It fully revived the U.S. economy, expanded the U.S. government, and ended U.S. isolationism.

Another factor that helped create the economic expansion of the 1920s was the rapid development of advertising. These are some advancements in advertising of that era.

1) Advertising agencies began utilizing psychological marketing (ads attempted to identify products with a lifestyle) and catchy slogans, songs, and celebrities to sell products. 2) New forms of communication (radio, movies, and national magazines) made the advertising industry more effective and influential.

These were the unintended results of Prohibition.

1) Although the overall consumption (volume of alcohol) declined, most Americans still drank. The public's demand for liquor resulted in widespread violation of the Volstead Act. 2) In a number of U.S. cities, criminal organizations grew in size and power as they dominated the bootlegging of alcohol and the operation of speakeasies.

When World War I began, President Wilson urged Americans to remain neutral. These were two important ways our nation failed to remain strictly neutral.

1) American businesses sold the Allies war weapons and supplies. 2) U.S. banks loaned the Allies millions of dollars.

These are the main reasons why the U.S. rejected ratifying the Treaty of Versailles, signed a separate peace treaty with Germany in 1921, and never joined the League of Nations.

1) American opponents of the Treaty and the League believed that Article X of the Treaty of Versailles would enable the U.S. to be forced into unnecessary foreign wars. They argued that the U.S. Constitution gives Congress the power to declare war, not a League. 2) President Wilson had essentially given up all of his Fourteen Points at the bargaining table at Versailles with the exception of the creation of a League of Nations. Therefore, he refused to compromise with the Senate. 3) While travelling the U.S. in an effort to generate popular support for the Treaty and the League, President Wilson suffered a debilitating stroke.

These were the reasons why the U.S. declared war against Spain in 1898.

1) American sympathy for the Cuban revolt 2) yellow journalism 3) William McKinley was elected on an expansionist agenda and was pressured by imperialists. 4) publication of the de Lome letter 5) sinking of U.S.S. Maine

This is how various ethnic minority groups in the U.S. were affected by the war.

1) Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians joined military and fought in WWII. 2) Blacks were mostly segregated in the armed forces. 3) Some American Indians served in the military as "code talkers." 4) The need for labor (1) prompted the federal government to invite Mexican farm workers into the U.S. (bracero program) and (2) resulted in another mass migration of African Americans (continuation of the Great Migration) to industrial cities in the North and West. 5) The rapid growth of minority neighborhoods resulted in racial conflict (e.g. Detroit race riot of 1943, Zoot Suit Riots of 1943 in Los Angeles). 6) Japanese-Americans were imprisoned in internment camps.

These four Allied nations dominated the Paris Peace Conference.

1) Britain 2) France 3) Italy 4) United States

These are the reasons why the U.S. declared war on Germany in 1917.

1) British propaganda 2) U.S. trade and loans to the Allies 3) German unrestricted submarine warfare (sank the Lusitania and other European ships carrying American passengers, resumed submarine warfare in 1917 and sank several U.S. merchant ships) 4) Zimmermann Telegram

These provision set forth in the Platt Amendment were forced into the Cuban constitution and enabled the U.S. to have considerable power over Cuba during the early 20th century.

1) Cuba was not allowed to make treaties that permitted foreign powers (except the U.S.) to control any part of its territory. 2) Cuba was not allowed to go into debt. 3) The U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba to preserve its independence and property. 4) The U.S. reserved the right to buy or lease land on Cuba in order to establish American naval stations.

In response to the widespread fear of immigrants and radicals, the federal government created these two laws during the early 1920s. Both laws significantly limited immigration.

1) Emergency Quota Act of 1921 2) Immigration Act of 1924

During WWII, the Axis Powers and the Allies engaged in destructive, large-scale warfare in these two theaters (areas) of war.

1) European theater (Europe, Africa, Atlantic Ocean) 2) Pacific theater (Asia, Pacific Islands, Pacific Ocean)

These were the main causes of World War I.

1) Extreme nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and opposing alliances in Europe created an explosive situation. 2) War erupted after Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.

These were the key outcomes of the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

1) For over a year, blacks in Montgomery refused to ride the buses and instead walked and carpooled to work. 2) MLK and other boycott leaders were arrested. 3) During the boycott, civil rights leaders filed a lawsuit against the mayor of Montgomery. In 1956, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the city's bus segregation laws were illegal and ordered Alabama to desegregate its buses. 4) MLK received national public attention and began his rapid rise as a main leader of the Civil Rights Movement. 5) The boycott inspired other black activists to utilize nonviolent protest and aim for rapid, radical change.

These factors helped to produce a booming economy (an abundance of production, jobs, and spending) during the 1950s.

1) G.I. Bill 2) Americans spending their saved war pay and the returns and repayment of their war bonds 3) baby boom 4) growth of the suburbs 5) popularity of automobiles and television 6) TV advertising and consumerism

The Axis powers were the nations that fought against the Allied forces during the Second World War. The Axis powers included these three countries.

1) Germany 2) Italy 3) Japan

Many scholars consider 1968 to be the final year of the African-American Civil Rights Movement. These are the key events and developments of the late 1960s that fractured and weakened the movement.

1) In 1968, several important civil rights leaders were killed: MLK, Jr. was assassinated by James Earl Ray (which led to the worst urban rioting in U.S. history). Robert Kennedy was assassinated while campaigning for president. 2) During the late 1960s, new radical leaders like Carmichael tended to alienate whites and reduce the unity and power of the Civil Rights Movement. 3) During the late 1960s, a wave of inner city riots in black communities undercut support from the white community. Some of these riots, such as the Detroit Race Riot of 1967, were the result of blacks' frustrations with restrictive housing segregation and abusive police practices. 4) In 1968, the Vietnam War reached its height, and many Americans became more concerned with the war and the Peace Movement.

The two main candidates in the 1960 presidential election were John F. Kennedy (a young but experienced Democratic Senator) and Richard Nixon (a young Republican who was known for his role on HUAC and for his service as Vice President under Eisenhower). Ultimately, JFK won the presidential election by a very slim margin. These are two main factors that helped JFK win this election.

1) JFK's and Nixon's performances during the televised presidential debates 2) JFK's support of Martin Luther King, Jr.

In the 1930s, Japan conquered Korea. After Japan's defeat in 1945, Korea was occupied by the Allies in this way.

1) Korea was divided in half along 38th parallel. 2) Soviet forces occupied North Korea and installed a communist government. 3) American forces occupied South Korea and installed a democratic government.

These are reasons for Americans' popular love for automobiles during the 1950s.

1) Many Americans had not been able to afford a new car during the Great Depression. 2) During World War II, new cars were not made in the U.S., and gas and rubber were tightly rationed. 3) Many Americans had rising incomes and easy credit, and they were affected by persuasive advertising and widespread consumerism of the era. 4) Americans who had moved to the suburbs needed a car to commute.

These are some of the criticisms of the New Deal.

1) Many people argued that the New Deal didn't sufficiently challenge discrimination against minorities and women. 2) Conservatives argued that the New Deal overly expanded the size and power of the federal government, making it intrusive, costly, inefficient, and socialistic. 3) Socialists argued that the New Deal didn't go far enough, that it failed to adequately address economic inequality and harsh working conditions.

These were the "Big Four" civil rights organizations.

1) NAACP 2) CORE 3) SCLC 4) SNCC

These are a few of the jobs that Theodore Roosevelt held before becoming President of the United States.

1) New York legislator 2) Dakota rancher 3) NYC Police Commissioner 4) leader of the Rough Riders 5) New York Governor 6) U.S. Vice President

This is how the culture of the 1930s reflected the harsh realities of the Great Depression.

1) Paintings, music, and literature were most often somber, serious, and expressive of the era's hardships. 2) Movies and radio were very popular during 1930s because they offered many people an escape from harsh realities of life. People were especially attracted to stories about good times, adventure, romance, and justice.

These developments were viewed by activists as an indication that the time was right to start a civil rights movement.

1) President Truman's desegregation of the armed forces and banning of hiring discrimination in federal employment 2) Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education

In 1880, the Republican Party became divided over the issue of patronage. These two opposing groups emerged within the party.

1) Stalwarts (favored the traditional practice of patronage) 2) Half-Breeds (favored mild reform of patronage)

This is why President Taft eventually lost the support of both Progressives and conservative Republicans.

1) Taft angered conservatives in his own Republican party by busting trusts and supporting the Sixteenth Amendment. 2) Taft angered many Progressives by supporting higher tariffs (which made cheap foreign goods more expensive for poorer Americans) and allowing protected lands to be exploited.

These are the progressive reforms that Taft supported.

1) Taft busted more trusts than Theodore Roosevelt. 2) He also publicly supported the creation of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Amendments.

This was the hierarchical structure of a political machine.

1) The CITY BOSS was the head of a political machine. He had great influence over county committees and city councils and sometimes held a political office such as mayor. 2) Working for the city boss were WARD BOSSES, who directed the activities of precinct captains within their voting district or ward. 3) PRECINCT CAPTAINS built relationships with the residents of their ward. The captains did them favors and then mobilized them during elections.

These are reasons why the Populist Party collapsed soon after the 1896 election.

1) The Populists' morale was harmed after they joined with the Democrats and still lost the presidential election of 1896. 2) The Democratic Party adopted many Populist positions, so most Populists joined the larger Democratic Party. 3) Economic prosperity returned (after the Panic of 1893) in late 1890s, which weakened the need or urgency from some of their reforms like bimetallism.

These two developments of 1890-1891 threatened American sugar planters in Hawaii. They responded by staging a revolution and taking control of the Hawaiian government in 1893.

1) The U.S. began taxing imported Hawaiian sugar. 2) Queen Liliuokalani challenged the growing American control over her islands and promoted a "Hawaii for Hawaiians" agenda.

The Treaty of Versailles was a punishing treaty. President Wilson was able to get the Allied leaders to agree to only one of his Fourteen Points. These are the main provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.

1) The empires of the Central Powers were broken up, and nine new nations were established in Eastern Europe. 2) Germany was especially punished (colonies taken, limited military, pay $33 billion reparations to Allies, war-guilt clause). 3) The League of Nations was established.

These were the main economic difficulties of farmers during the Gilded Age.

1) The increase in farming during the late 1800s (advancements in farm technology, white settlement of the West) led to a drop in crop prices. 2) In response to falling crop prices, many farmers mortgaged their farms to buy more land. 3) Railroads charged high rates to transport crops. 4) Merchants charged high prices and interest rates for seeds and supplies. 5) The removal of greenbacks (Civil War currency) and the Coinage Act of 1873 (backed currency only by gold) created deflation, which made it harder for farmers to make their loan payments and store-credit payments. 6) Due to the reasons above, many farmers struggled financially, and during that era an increasing number lost their farms to foreclosure.

These are the five permanent member nations of the UN Security Council.

1) United States 2) United Kingdom 3) France 4) Russia 5) China

By the end of WWII, these two countries stood as the world's superpowers. Their military forces occupied much of war-torn Europe and Asia, and by 1949 both nations possessed nuclear weapons.

1) United States 2) Soviet Union

The Allies were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War. Although the Allied powers included more than 25 nations, these three countries provided the most leadership and resources.

1) United States 2) United Kingdom 3) Soviet Union

These were the two main candidates of the 1896 presidential election and the positions they took on the money standard.

1) William Jennings Bryan (Democrat) supported bimetallism. 2) William McKinley (Republican) supported the gold standard.

These were the three main presidential candidates and their parties in the election of 1912.

1) William Taft (Republican) 2) Teddy Roosevelt (After failing to win the Republican nomination, he started the Bull Moose Progressive Party.) 3) Woodrow Wilson (Democratic Party)

These were the two main arguments made by suffragists as to why women deserve the right to vote.

1) Women have natural rights, just as men do. 2) Women's virtue will help to reform politics and society.

These were the two main arguments made by anti-suffragists.

1) Women voting contradicts the natural order of civilization. 2) Women voting will harm society (corrupt women, destroy the home, increase divorce and child neglect).

These were the two main prohibitionists organizations of the Progressive Era.

1) Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) 2) Anti-Saloon League

These are the root causes of American imperialism during the late 1800s and early 1900.

1) a continuation of the popular belief of manifest destiny 2) the closing of the American frontier 3) a desire for natural resources and new markets 4) a desire for military strength (overseas naval bases) and international status 5) a belief in American cultural and racial superiority (better government and religion, Social Darwinism)

These terms refers to the illegal transportation of alcohol during Prohibition.

1) bootlegging (smuggling alcohol over land) 2) rum-running (smuggling alcohol over water)

These are main causes of the Great Depression.

1) crop prices fell after WWI and many farmers struggled during the 1920s 2) lack of diversification in the U.S. economy (focused on auto industry) 3) uneven distribution of wealth during the 1920s (workers wages were low) 4) buying on credit and high levels of private debt 5) stock speculation and buying on margin (resulted in a stock market bubble and crash) 6) widespread bank failures (many people lost their savings) 7) high tariffs and a decline in American spending (resulted in a drop in international trade and a worldwide economic depression)

These were the main issues that the Bull Moose Progressive Party of 1912 supported.

1) direct election of U.S. Senators 2) initiative, referendum, recall in all states 3) woman suffrage 4) workers' compensation and an eight-hour workday 5) outlawing child labor

The post-WWII prosperity in America was not evenly distributed. Although the booming economy helped to reduce poverty, in 1960 more than one-fifth of the nation lived in poverty. These were the main groups in the U.S. at the time who disproportionately experienced this poverty.

1) elderly Americans 2) African Americans, especially sharecroppers in the South 3) Hispanics, especially migrant farm workers 4) whites in rural Appalachia

These forms of corruption were typically utilized by city bosses.

1) election fraud 2) controlling political offices 3) controlling police forces 4) influencing courts 5) graft

These were the main difficulties the U.S. faced during the immediate post-WWI years (1919 to the mid 1920s).

1) ethnic intolerance and ultra-patriotism of the war years continued into the 1920s 2) economic slump after the war until 1922 3) workers angered and labor strikes occurred 4) African Americans frustrated (war efforts not recognized) 5) people became fearful of radical ideas (e.g. communism, anarchism), outsiders, and instability (revolution)

These are the three types of large-scale, national unions that emerged during the Gilded Age.

1) general unions 2) federated craft unions 3) industrial unions

This is how the popularity of cars affected the U.S. after World War II.

1) helped to expand the U.S. economy (car manufacturing, repairs, gas stations, etc.) 2) helped create a car culture (drive-in theaters, drive-thru restaurants, cruising, driving trips and motels) 3) helped stimulate the U.S. government to create interstate highways during the 1950s

The pro-business small-government philosophy of the U.S. presidents of the 1920s emphasized these policies.

1) higher tariffs 2) lower taxes 3) minimal government interference in American society and economy (no trust busting, didn't support labor laws or unions) 4) isolationism

These are some of the broad goals of the Progressives.

1) improve living and working conditions 2) change the nation's morality and behavior 3) curb corporate power and end business monopolies 4) stop political corruption and increase democracy

These are the main reforms which the Populist Party supported.

1) increase the money supply 2) a graduated income tax 3) nationalize the railroads 4) the direct election of U.S. Senators 5) an eight-hour workday

These were the main effects in America of the U.S. government's WWI propaganda.

1) intense patriotism and support for the war 2) intolerance, suspicion, and violence towards immigrants (especially German-Americans) and those who opposed the war, such as socialists and pacifists 3) laws that limited the freedom of speech

Besides muckrakers and a number of reform efforts led by women, these are other groups who worked to improve American society and helped to create the Progressive Movement.

1) labor unions and labor leaders 2) American socialists 3) African-American civil-rights leaders 4) progressive politicians

Formally known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, the G.I. Bill was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s). The goal was to provide rewards for World War II veterans and soften the effects of a postwar economic slowdown caused by the nation's transition away from war production and military employment. Instead of promising deferred cash bonuses like World War I, the G.I. Bill provided these immediate benefits.

1) payment of tuition and living expenses for veterans who attend high school, college, or vocational school 2) low-cost mortgages 3) low-interest loans to start a business 4) one year of unemployment compensation

These are difficulties which workers faced during the Gilded Age.

1) poor pay 2) long hours 3) repetitive, exhausting work 4) dangerous working environments 5) child labor

Blocked by a Republican-controlled U.S. Congress, President Truman was unable to win approval for several of his Fair Deal plans, including his civil-rights proposals. Doing what he could to promote civil rights, Truman exercised his presidential authority over the executive departments and order the end of these unjust racial practices.

1) racial discrimination in the hiring of government employees 2) racial segregation in the armed forces

These are the types of local self-help activities that members of the Grange and Farmers' Alliances engaged in.

1) shared farming techniques and knowledge 2) established cooperatives (mutually-owned supply stores, grain elevators, silos, and insurance companies) 3) hired negotiators to sell their grain 4) elected state legislators

These were the main methods the Nazi regime used to carry out what they called the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question."

1) starvation, disease, and exhaustion in concentration camps 2) mass shootings by mobile death squads 3) poison gas at death camps such as Auschwitz in Poland

These factors brought about the passage and ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.

1) the efforts of the NWP and NAWSA 2) women's contributions during WWI (selling bonds, working in factories, nursing wounded soldiers) 3) President Wilson's eventual support

These developments helped to stimulate the Women's Liberation Movement of the 1960s and 1970s.

1) the persistence into the late 20th century of the cult domesticity and women's social and economic inequality 2) JFK's Commission on the Status of Women (reported widespread discrimination against women in the workplace) 3) the Civil Rights Movement and the Peace Movement 4) the bestselling book The Feminine Mystique 5) the Civil Rights Act 1964 (banned gender discrimination in employment)

Lasting three months, the Spanish-American War occurred in this year.

1898

The Second World War occurred during these years.

1939 - 1945

China's civil war ended in this year, when Chinese Communist forces finally defeated the Nationalists and established a Communist government led by Mao Zedong.

1949

In this year, the Soviet Union successfully developed the atomic bomb.

1949

Created in the mid 1960s, this Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits the use of a poll tax (payment) as a requirement to vote in federal elections.

24th Amendment

The Great Depression was the worst economic collapse in U.S. history. The effects of the Depression lasted from 1929 to the early 1940s. The economic crisis involved a stock market crash, a rapid decline in the production and sale of goods, the closing of thousands of businesses and banks, the loss of homes and savings, and widespread hunger and emotional depression. At its peak in 1933, the unemployment rate in the U.S. reached this percent.

25% of all workers were out of work.

This is the difference between a general union, a craft union, and an industrial union.

A general union is open to all, allowing workers from various industries and skills to be members. A craft union only allows skilled workers to be members. An industrial union only allows workers in a specific industry (regardless of their skill level) to be members.

In 1942, the U.S. government declared a special "military area" along the West Coast and ordered all residents of Japanese ancestry to move several hundred miles inland. About this many Japanese Americans were imprisoned in internment camps for the remainder of the war. Most of these Japanese Americans were U.S. citizens, and their forced relocation and incarceration were gross violations of their constitutional rights. Furthermore, because they were given little time to relocate, many Japanese Americans were forced to sell their homes, businesses, and property for a fraction of their value.

About 110,000 of the 120,000 Japanese Americans living in the continental United States were imprisoned in internment camps during World War II.

This was the death toll of World War I.

About 22 million people died (more than half civilians) in World War I. This number includes 112,000 Americans who died as a result of the conflict.

Rising to power through his Nazi Party and taking the title "Fuhrer" (leader), this dictator ruled Germany from the early 1930s to mid 1940s. He attempted to create an expansive empire in Europe ("Third Reich") by building a massive military, launching the Second World War, and conducting the Holocaust.

Adolf Hitler

This is how President Roosevelt was eventually able to gain a lease on the land to build the Panama Canal. It's a good example of American overseas imperialism during the early 20th century.

After Colombia rejected a U.S. lease offer, President Roosevelt supported a revolt by Panamanian rebels. U.S. warships blocked sea lanes, which hindered Colombia's attempts to quickly send troops to put down the rebellion. Panama declared independence, and within days the United States recognized the new nation and signed a treaty with the new Panamanian government to lease the land to build the Panama Canal.

This is how the Soviet Union dominated Eastern Europe after WWII.

After WWII and the Potsdam Conference, Stalin installed pro-Soviet governments and suppressed political opposition in the Eastern European nations it occupied.

This is how the Civil Rights Movement changed during the mid- and late 1960s.

After the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the SCLC turned their attention to addressing de facto segregation in the Northern states and advancing African Americans' economic prosperity. As King struggled to make progress in these areas, and as our nation's focus shifted toward the worsening war in Vietnam, many blacks grew frustrated. Civil rights groups began to disagree over strategy, and there was a rise of new civil rights leaders and groups that advocated black nationalism and an abandonment of nonviolent protest.

Created in 1933, this federal agency attempted to help farmers by improving crop prices. It told farmers how much to produce and paid them (subsidies) for leaving some of their land idle.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

This Italian-American gangster of the Prohibition Era eliminated his competitors through violence. His criminal organization, known as the Chicago Outfit, controlled liquor, gambling, and prostitution in Chicago. The Outfit bootlegged from Canada, operated illegal breweries, and ran a network of 10,000 speakeasies.

Al Capone

In 1890, this American naval officer wrote the book The Influence of Sea Power upon History and urged for the growth of the U.S. navy and the acquisition of foreign territories and naval bases.

Alfred T. Mahan

This former U.S. government official was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950. At the time, his case seemed to lend substance to Americans' fears that communists had infiltrated the United States and the federal government.

Alger Hiss

This radical suffrage leader joined NAWSA during the early 1900s and began lobbying the federal government for a constitutional amendment to guarantee women's right to vote. When tensions developed between her and the leaders of NAWSA over her focus on a constitutional amendment, she cut ties with NAWSA and formed her own woman suffrage organization.

Alice Paul

During World War I, England, France, Russia, the U.S. and many other nations were collectively referred to as this group.

Allies

This American organization was founded in 1898 and was dedicated to opposing the annexation of the Philippines.

American Anti-Imperialist League

This official term refers to the U.S. armed forces sent to Europe under the command of General John J. Pershing in 1917 to help fight World War I.

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)

This was an alliance of craft unions formed in 1886 by disaffected members of the Knights of Labor. Samuel Gompers of the Cigar Makers' International Union served as its president for several decades. This grouping of skilled-workers' unions was the largest union organization in America during the early 20th century.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

This Native-American rights organization was established in 1968. To gain greater control of their tribal lands and draw attention to their poor living conditions and dependence on welfare, members of this organization engaged a number of protests during the late 1960s and 1970s, such as: 1) the occupation of Alcatraz Island 2) the "Trail of Broken Treaties" march in Washington, DC, and a 3-day sit-in at the Bureau of Indian Affairs building 3) the Wounded Knee incident (seized the town in South Dakota for 71 days, took hostages, traded gunfire with FBI) 4) sit-ins in federal courts armed with copies of old treaties

American Indian Movement (AIM)

This is how most of the large, costly labor disputes (strikes) of the late 1800s were resolved.

Armed troops (e.g. National Guard, U.S. Army, or Pinkerton's men) dispersed union strikers, took control of the factory, and protected new workers (strike breakers).

Joseph McCarthy's downfall came in 1954 when he began investigating suspected Communists and security risks in the U.S. Army. To investigate conflicting accusations between the Army and McCarthy, the U.S. Senate conducted these televised hearings, during which the American public witnessed firsthand McCarthy's unethical tactics. As a result of the hearings, the Senate condemned McCarthy of "conduct unbecoming of a senator," and McCarthy quickly declined in popularity. Without any support in the Senate, McCarthy became an alcoholic and died just three years after the hearings.

Army-McCarthy hearings

As president, Theodore Roosevelt believed that the federal government should ensure that all Americans are given a "Square Deal." These are some of President Theodore Roosevelt's progressive reforms and actions.

As president, Teddy Roosevelt: 1) engaged in trust busting (e.g. He broke up the Standard Oil Company and the railroad monopoly Northern Securities Company.) 2) supported organized labor (e.g. He forced owners to negotiate with workers during the 1902 Coal Strike.) 3) promoted public health reforms (e.g. He pushed for the creation of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act.) 4) engaged in conservation (e.g. He used his executive power to create protected forests and wildlife areas.)

This is why the Cuban Missile Crisis was called a crisis.

At the time of Kennedy's naval blockade of Cuba, Soviet ships were on route to deliver additional nuclear missiles to Cuba. Khrushchev warned the U.S. not to attempt to stop the Soviet ships. Kennedy warned the U.S.S.R. that the Soviet ships would not be allowed to cross the naval blockade. A naval battle or U.S. airstrikes on Cuba could have initiated a full-scale war between the U.S. and U.S.S.R., which may have involved the use of nuclear weapons.

Cesar Chavez co-founded and led this farm workers' union during the 1960s and 1970s.

United Farm Workers (UFW)

This document was created by Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill in 1941. With this document, FDR and Churchill agreed on a number of important principles and goals: the destruction of Nazi tyranny and the creation of a new world order of peace and freedom. Although FDR couldn't declare war, he pledged full assistance to the Allies. This document was quickly endorsed by other nations, became the basis of a more formal alliance document the Allied countries signed the following year, and was an inspiration for the creation of the United Nations organization at the end of the war.

Atlantic Charter

After a Nazi Party gained popularity and power there, German troops entered that country in 1938, and that country was absorbed into the Third Reich. The German annexation of that country is known as the Anschluss.

Austria

Formed in 1890 to represent coal miners, this labor union is an example of an industrial union (membership limited to a specific industry). Its main goals were to improve mine safety, develop mine workers' independence from the company town, obtain fair pay (in legal currency not company script), and end child labor.

United Mine Workers

Created in 1945, this international organization of countries seeks to maintain world peace, security, and cooperation. It replaced the ineffective League of Nations.

United Nations

During Japan's conquest of the Philippines in 1942, about 60,000 Filipino and 10,000 American prisoners of war were forced to endure this famous, sixty-mile march to Camp O'Donnell, a former military post the Japanese converted into a POW camp. During the march, the prisoners were subjected to physical abuse and thousands were killed. Similarly, conditions in the POW camps operated by the Japanese in the Philippines were characterized by malicious killings, cruel treatment, torture, forced labor, disease, and inadequate food and water.

Bataan Death March

The U.S. invasion of this small volcanic island in Pacific in 1945 was one of the most costly victories of the war. During this battle, U.S. Marines were photographed raising the American flag on Mount Suribachi.

Battle of Iwo Jima

With its victory in this battle in the Pacific in 1942, the U.S. halted Japan's eastward expansion toward the continental United States.

Battle of Midway

This was the last major battle of the war in the Pacific. In 1945, U.S. forces launched a massive amphibious assault on this populated Japanese island, which was only 350 miles from Tokyo. The battle lasted 82 days as Japanese military troops, kamikaze pilots, and hastily drafted civilian militia provided bitter resistance. During this battle, nearly 80,000 Japanese soldiers were killed. Additionally, tens of thousands of Japanese civilians died in combat with American troops, from unintended collateral damage, and by suicide.

Battle of Okinawa

This battle was the last major German offensive of World War II. During the winter of 1944-1945, 250,000 German troops launched a large counterattack along Germany's western border. Some U.S. forces were surrounded but did not surrender. After weeks of fighting and heavy losses, the Allies eventually drove back the German forces.

Battle of the Bulge

In 1961, 1500 U.S.-trained Cuban exiles landing at this location in Cuba in an attempt to start an anti-communist revolution. The assault was a failure (most of the exiles were taken prisoner) and an embarrassment for President Kennedy who authorized the attack. This event further harmed U.S.-Cuban relations during the Cold War.

Bay of Pigs

This was how war was averted during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Before the Soviet ships reached the U.S. blockade of Cuba, Khrushchev and Kennedy made a deal. The Soviet Union agreed to remove its missiles from Cuba, and the U.S. agreed to remove its nuclear missiles from Turkey and promised not to invade Cuba.

During the early 1920s, this Italian dictator rose to power through his Fascist Party and took the title "Il Duce" (the leader). He ruled Italy until the Allies invaded his country in 1943.

Benito Mussolini

Backed by big business, this politician defeated Grover Cleveland in the 1888 presidential election and, as President, helped to raise tariffs.

Benjamin Harrison

Joseph Stalin felt threatened by the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. In 1948, Stalin attempted to force Britain, France, and the U.S. out of the western half of this city by cutting off all access to it and preventing its 2 million residents from getting necessary supplies like fuel, food, and medicine.

Berlin

This feminist author and activist wrote the book The Feminine Mystique and helped to establish the organization N.O.W.

Betty Friedan

Theodore Roosevelt believed in military strength and the use of American power (both diplomatic and military) in the world. This is the nickname given to President Roosevelt's foreign policy.

Big Stick Diplomacy

This is why McKinley won the 1896 presidential election.

Big business contributed millions to McKinley's campaign.

In 1963, the SCLC organized and led local activists in this Alabama city to engage in marches and sit-ins. Many of the demonstrators were arrested, including Martin Luther King, Jr. who wrote a famous letter while in jail. During this campaign, the SCLC heightened the marches by persuading teenagers and school children to join in. The city's police attempted to stop the marches by attacking the demonstrators with dogs and with water from fire hoses.

Birmingham

This militant black organization was founded in Oakland, California, in 1966. The group advocated for self-defense, self-sufficiency, justice, and equality. Dressed in black leather, berets, and sunglasses, members formed patrols to monitor police and protect residents.

Black Panthers

Inspired by leaders like Marcus Garvey and Malcolm X, this radical black nationalist philosophy was popularized and promoted by Stokely Carmichael and others during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The philosophy generally emphasized racial pride, self-assertion, black cultural heritage, and, for some supporters, black separatism. Spokesmen of this philosophy, such as Carmichael, argued that blacks must lead their own organizations, organize themselves to gain political power (especially in areas where they constituted a majority), and possibly (if democratic processes are cheated) engage in violent revolution.

Black Power

This term refers to October 29, 1929, a day of panicked selling on Wall Street and the beginning of the Stock Market Crash of 1929.

Black Tuesday

This was the nickname given to the group of 20,000 WWI veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand early payment of their military bonus. After Congress rejected their demand, many of the veterans stayed in the city and built tent camps around the White House.

Bonus Army

This African-American leader of the late 1800s and early 1900s, established a black vocational school in Tuskegee, Alabama. He advocated for blacks to temporarily accept segregation and their inferior status and concentrate their efforts on attaining vocational skills, developing self-reliance, and becoming a valuable part of the American economy.

Booker T. Washington

This black civil-rights leader and educator was born into slavery and later wrote the book Up From Slavery. He established a black vocational school in Tuskegee, Alabama, and advocated for blacks to build themselves up by developing skills and self-reliance.

Booker T. Washington

During his presidency, FDR enlisted the aid of a group of professors, lawyers, economists, and journalists to help him shape the New Deal. This group of advisers was nicknamed this.

Brain Trust

In its ruling on this 1954 landmark case, the U.S. Supreme Court declared racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. Arguing that segregation in schools is psychologically damaging to black school children, Chief Justice Earl Warren ruled that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal and violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

This federal agency was formed to enforce the Volstead Act. Its investigators were called Prohibition Agents. Although some agents, like Elliot Ness who helped to bring down Al Capone, aggressively enforced the law, this agency was unable to successfully enforce Prohibition across the nation. It was under funded and some of its agents accepted bribes.

Bureau of Prohibition

This U.S. president served from 1923 to 1929. He assumed office when Warren G. Harding died in 1923. Like his predecessor, this president was a conservative, pro-business Republican. He once said, "the chief business of the American people is business."

Calvin Coolidge

This American woman was a radical member of the temperance movement during the early 1900s. She is particularly noteworthy for attacking drinking establishments with a hatchet.

Carrie Nation

After WWII began in 1939, the U.S. government revised the Neutrality Acts by creating this plan, which permitted Britain and France to purchase arms if they paid with cash and shipped the goods themselves.

Cash-and-Carry Plan

During the Progressive Era, this novelist became an active socialist and a muckraker. In 1905, he wrote an "investigative novel" called The Jungle about an immigrant who worked in a Chicago slaughterhouse. His book became a best-seller in the U.S. and helped stimulate the creation of several federal health laws. Referring to the public reaction to his novel, the author famously said, "I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach."

Upton Sinclair

Following its ruling on Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that communities must desegregate schools "with all deliberate speed." Unfortunately, many Southern school districts resisted desegregation. Perhaps the most famous example of this refusal occurred at this school in 1957.

Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas (White mobs blocked black kids from entering the school, and Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus supported the obstruction. In response, President Eisenhower sent Army troops to force compliance and escort the black students, known as the Little Rock Nine, to their classes.)

This federal agency collects information about foreign nations and conducts secret operations to protect U.S. national security. During the Cold War, this agency engaged in extensive espionage (spying) against the Soviet Union and conducted covert operations to weaken and overthrow unfriendly governments in Iran, Congo, Guatemala, Cuba, Indonesia, Vietnam, and other nations.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

During World War I, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire were collectively referred to as this group.

Central Powers

During the 1960s and 1970s, this Mexican-American civil rights activist and labor leader helped to organize migrant farm workers in California into a labor union. To force growers to recognize the farm workers' union and increase pay, he organized strikes and utilized nonviolent protest, such as a campaign that convinced consumers to boycott grapes.

Cesar Chavez

This mentally disturbed, Stalwart office-seeker assassinated President Garfield.

Charles Guiteau

To extend its territory and gain natural resources, Japan invaded this country in the 1930s. In response, the U.S. established a trade embargo against Japan.

China

This federal law prohibits segregation in public accommodations and bans discrimination in education and employment. A number of factors helped push this law through Congress, such as the March on Washington, the assassination of JFK, and the leadership of President Johnson. This law was originally proposed by President Kennedy but ultimately signed by President Johnson.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This was the last federal law of the Civil Rights Movement. Also known as the Fair Housing Act, this law prohibits racial discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. The law was the result of a number of developments: 1) Several fair housing protest campaigns were conducted in 1966 and 1967 by the SCLC, NAACP, and others in a number of northern cities. 2) A government report by the Kerner Commission on the 1967 race riots strongly recommended the creation and enforcement of a federal law that prohibits racial housing discrimination. 3) Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated.

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Created in 1933, this federal agency employed young men (aged 18 to 25) to build roads, develop national parks, plant trees, and create hiking trails. Most of the men's pay was automatically sent home to the workers' families.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

One of President Wilson's progressive reforms, this federal law created in 1914 prohibits specific monopolistic business practices, such as business mergers that substantially lessen competition. The law also declared that labor unions are not a monopoly and are therefore legal.

Clayton Antitrust Act

This U.S. government agency was created during WWI to boost popular opinion for the war and increase war production and the purchase of war bonds. The propaganda agency mobilized artists to design war posters, distributed millions of pamphlets, employed "Four-Minute Men" to give speeches, and organized huge parades and rallies.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

During the 1920s and immediately after World War II, China experienced a civil war between these two factions.

Communists vs. Nationalists (pro-democracy)

This civil rights organization, abbreviated CORE, was founded in 1942 by a group of pacifists who were inspired by Gandhi's teachings of nonviolent resistance. The organization is composed of local chapters, and its members played a key role in many campaigns and protests of the Civil Rights Movement.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

This is how the Tweed Ring defrauded the taxpayers of New York City.

Corrupt politicians allowed a construction company to overcharge the city for building a new courthouse. The excess money ($10 million) was then "kicked back" to the politicians.

Most of the fighting on land during the Spanish-American War occurred on this island in the Caribbean.

Cuba

In 1938, German forces invaded the Sudetenland, the western region of this European nation. Soon afterward, alarmed European leaders met with Hitler at what is known as the Munich Conference. European leaders agreed to allow Germany to keep the Sudetenland in return for Hitler's promise to go no further. Five months later, in 1939, Hitler broke his promise, and German forces seized the rest of this nation.

Czechoslovakia

This muckraking newspaper reporter published the article "The Treason of the Senate" in Cosmopolitan Magazine in 1906. His article exposed the widespread corruption in the U.S. Senate and helped generate support for the Seventeenth Amendment.

David Graham Phillips

Encouraging U.S. bankers and businesses to invest abroad, President Taft attempted to use money and economic involvement to exert diplomatic pressure on foreign nations and influence world affairs. Consequently, President Taft's foreign policy has been nicknamed this by historians.

Dollar Diplomacy

This U.S. general shared command of troops in Pacific. At the beginning of the war in the Pacific, he was the commander of U.S. troops in the Philippines and escaped the island shortly before American forces were defeated there. Vowing to return, he led U.S. forces in retaking several islands, including the Philippines, accepted the Japanese surrender on the USS Missouri, and supervised the postwar occupation and rebuilding of Japan.

Douglas MacArthur

This is a measurement of the stock prices of 30 large companies traded on the New York Stock Exchange. It is an important indicator of the overall performance of U.S. stock markets.

Dow Jones Industrial Average

Cognizant of the likelihood that the use of nuclear weapons and a third world war would result in their mutual destruction, the U.S. and Soviet Union never engaged in direct combat with each other during the Cold War. However, to intimidate and limit the power of the other, both nations did engage in these aggressive actions.

During the Cold War, the U.S. and Soviet Union: 1) exchanged threats 2) built up their armed forces and weapons 3) aided like-minded governments with money and weapons 4) entered foreign wars 5) engaged in espionage

This term refers to the region in the southern Great Plains that was devastated by drought and dust storms during Great Depression.

Dust Bowl

Aided by his WWII leadership fame and his tough stance on communism, this Republican won the presidential election of 1952. He served two terms as president.

Dwight Eisenhower

This American general served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe during World War II. Extremely popular after war, he was elected U.S. president in 1952.

Dwight Eisenhower

During the late 1800s and early 1900s, support for temperance grew in America, and many states and counties outlawed liquor. At the end of the Progressive Era, this amendment to the U.S. Constitution was created. Ratified in 1919, the amendment banned the production, transport, and sale of alcohol in every state.

Eighteenth Amendment

By 1945, Allied forces had invaded northern Italy and western and eastern Germany. In April of that year, Soviet troops began the final assault on Berlin. In early May, after Adolf Hitler committed suicide, German generals begin surrendering. News of the Allied victory in Europe reached the West on May 8, 1945, a date that Americans refer to as this.

Victory in Europe Day (a.k.a. VE Day)

On September 2, 1945, Japanese officials boarded the U.S. battleship Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay and signed the official surrender documents. This day is known in the United States as this.

Victory over Japan Day (a.k.a. VJ Day)

This was how President Roosevelt responded to the Supreme Court's rulings against some of his New Deal laws.

Emboldened by his decisive reelection in 1936, FDR proposed to overhaul the federal court system. He hope to add six new Supreme Court seats and appoint liberal justices who would support the New Deal. Ultimately, Congress rejected his "court-packing plan."

This proposed constitutional amendment would have required equal rights and protections for men and women. It was supported by NOW and in 1972 approved by the U.S. Congress, but the proposed amendment never became law because it failed to be ratified by three-fourths of the states.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

This federal law was created by Congress in 1917. It imposed a hefty fine and/or imprisonment for anyone convicted of obstructing the military, aiding the enemy, or mailing treasonous material.

Espionage Act

In 1935, Italy invaded this African nation. Focused on their own economic difficulties of the Great Depression, the international community provided little opposition to Italy. The League of Nations imposed economic sanctions against Italy, but the League abandoned those sanctions after eight months.

Ethiopia

This American socialist and labor leader helped to form the American Railway Union and, during the Pullman Strike, led a boycott in which the railway union members refused to handle trains with Pullman cars. While in jail, he read the works of Karl Marx and became a socialist. Later during the Progressive Era, he co-founded the Industrial Workers of the World and ran for the presidency five times as the candidate of the Socialist Party of America.

Eugene V. Debs

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. government perceived Japanese Americans as a threat to the nation. In 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt issued this order, which gave the War Department the authority to establish special military areas and limit the civil rights of Japanese Americans.

Executive Order 9066

This term refers to President Truman's domestic plans for continued liberal reforms like those of the New Deal. Specifically, Truman wanted to expand Social Security benefits, raise the minimum wage, continue public works projects, establish national health insurance, and provide civil-rights protections for blacks.

Fair Deal

Created in 1938, this New Deal law banned most child labor and established a minimum wage, a maximum workweek, and overtime compensation.

Fair Labor Standards Act

Created in 1933, this federal agency acts as an insurance company for banks. It originally guaranteed all bank accounts up to $5,000. This New Deal program helped end the banking panic of the early years of the Great Depression.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

In response to Americans' growing fear of communism, President Truman created this program 1947 to root out communism from the U.S. government. The program created a loyalty review board to investigate government workers and resulted in hundreds of federal employees being fired and thousands being compelled to resign.

Federal Loyalty Program

To address the nation's frequent banking panics and provide greater banking stability and supervision, Wilson and Congress created this central bank in 1913. Actually composed of twelve district banks, this central bank system was given the power to create rules for the nation's private banks and make loans to troubled banks.

Federal Reserve System

To help enforce the Clayton Antitrust Act, regulate big business, and protect consumers, President Wilson and Congress created this independent government agency in 1914. The agency has the power to investigate and prosecute instances of unfair competition.

Federal Trade Commission

This man led a revolution that overthrew the Cuban government in 1959, served as the principal leader of Cuba for the rest of the 20th century, and helped transform Cuba into a communist nation. After he redistributed land to peasants and nationalized the oil refineries on Cuba (which were owned by U.S. corporations), the U.S. imposed a trade embargo against Cuba and authorized the CIA to attempt to overthrow the Cuban government. These actions pushed this Cuban leader to ally with the Soviet Union.

Fidel Castro

This U.S. government agency was created during WWI to boost food production and food conservation. The organization promoted "wheatless" and "meatless" days, growing "victory gardens," and appealed to housewives to conserve food.

Food Administration

This Great Society program provides food-purchasing assistance for low-income people living in the U.S. During the mid 1960s, President Johnson and Congress expanded this anti-poverty program and made it permanent.

Food Stamp Program

When determining the settlement of the war at the Paris Peace Conference, Britain and France wanted revenge and compensation from the Central Powers. President Wilson wanted a lasting peace and at the conference promoted a set of principles that are known as this. President Wilson hoped that these principles would be included in the war's peace treaty.

Fourteen Points

This U.S. president served from 1933 to 1945. He was born into a wealthy, political family in New York. In 1921, at the age of 39, he was was stricken with polio, which cost him the use of his legs and put his political career on hold for several years.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

This term refers to the black and white college students who in 1961 rode buses through the deep South to challenge segregated seating on interstate buses and segregated facilities at the bus stops. Some of the riders were beaten by white mobs and many were jailed.

Freedom Riders (their 1961 protest campaign is sometimes called the Freedom Rides)

During this civil rights campaign that occurred during the summer of 1964, thousands of college students trained in nonviolent protest traveled to Mississippi to assist blacks in registering to vote. Some of these students were beaten and a few even murdered.

Freedom Summer

Inspired by black civil rights efforts, women's liberation, and other movements of the late 20th century, homosexuals in America began to organize and protest for equal rights in the late 1960s. This early movement for gay and lesbian rights is known as this.

Gay Liberation Movement

This is the main representative body of United Nations. Each of the UN member nations has a seat and a vote in this body, which meets once a year and during special emergency sessions. The representatives in this body debate and vote to make official recommendations to a more powerful, decision-making body of the the UN.

General Assembly

This is why President Truman relieved Douglas MacArthur of his command in 1951.

General MacArthur was angered that Chinese forces had joined the Korean War, and he wanted the U.S. to invade China and even drop atomic bombs on Chinese cities. President Truman did not want another world war and thus wanted to avoid an escalating conflict with China. Several times MacArthur criticized Truman's leadership and unwillingness to commit more force in Korea. As a result, in 1951 President Truman relieved MacArthur of his command in Korea.

When Cubans revolted against Spanish rule in the 1890s, Spain sent this general to crush the rebellion. In an attempt to stop the revolutionaries, he established concentration camps where thousands of Cubans died from disease and malnutrition. He was consequently nicknamed "the Butcher" by American journalists.

General Valeriano Weyler

This American general commanded U.S. tank forces that invaded and liberated North Africa and Southern Europe during World War II.

George Patton

This is how Germany was divided after World War II.

Germany was dividing into four occupation zones: 1) British, French, and U.S. zones were formed in western Germany 2) a Soviet zone was formed in eastern Germany 3) Berlin was divided just like above The occupying nation within each zone served as the supervising authority that provided order and aid after WWII.

Coined by Mark Twain, this term refers to the late 1800s in America. The difficult working and living conditions, monopolistic businesses, and political corruption of this era were often overshadowed by the enormous growth of technology, industry, and upper-class wealth.

Gilded Age

During WWI, over 400,000 African Americans (largely from South) moved to industrial centers in the North. This mass movement of blacks is referred to as this. Caused by the reduced labor supply during war (millions of American men had been drafted or volunteered for military service), this mass movement resulted in a rapid increase of black populations in a number of northern cities as well as a rise of racial tensions in those cities.

Great Migration (It is sometimes referred to as the First Great Migration, for another mass movement would occur during WWII.)

This term refers to President Johnson's domestic program with which he hoped to defeat poverty, end racial injustice, and improve the quality of life in the U.S.

Great Society

During his two non-consecutive terms, this U.S. President attempted to lower tariffs but was blocked by Congress and big business.

Grover Cleveland

This is why Guiteau murdered President Garfield.

Guiteau was turned down for a civil service job. Guiteau wanted Vice President Chester Arthur (a Stalwart) to be President.

This term refers to the African-American cultural movement of the 1920s. Centered in a black neighborhood of New York City, the movement involved the outpouring of literature, art, music, theater, and political thought. It was the first time that African-American literature and arts attracted attention from the nation at large and were taken seriously by mainstream publishers and critics.

Harlem Renaissance

When FDR died in April of 1945, this man assumed the presidency. He made the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan.

Harry S. Truman

On which Pacific islands did Americans began buying land and establishing sugar plantations in early 1800s. Later in the century, these wealthy planters staged a revolution and seized control of the islands.

Hawaiian Islands

President Hoover and Congress responded to the Great Depression by creating this law in 1930, which raised tariffs on imported goods. Although it was intended to protect American businesses and farmers from foreign competition, it had disastrous, counterproductive effects on the U.S. economy. Because the high tariff increased the prices on foreign goods sold in the U.S., fewer Americans purchased those goods. Foreign nations retaliated by raising their tariffs on American products, which caused a sharp decline in the sale of U.S. goods to foreign countries.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

This term refers to the labor demonstrations, a deadly bombing, and the subsequent trial of anarchist suspects that occurred in Chicago in 1886.

Haymarket affair

During the 1950s, millions of East Germans fled into West Berlin to escape communism. This migration weakened East Germany's economy and advertised the failures of communism and the Soviet-dominated government of East Germany. In response, Khrushchev took this action.

He had a wall built to divide East and West Berlin and stop the flow of refugees.

This is how Theodore Roosevelt ascended to the presidency.

He was elected Vice President in 1900 and became President after McKinley was assassinated in 1901.

Created in 1965, this Great Society program provides preschool for low-income children.

Head Start Program

This U.S. president served from 1929 to 1933, during the first years of the Great Depression. Due to his cautious response to the economic crisis and his harsh dispersal of the Bonus Army, this man became widely criticized and unpopular by the end of his presidency.

Herbert Hoover

This Japanese army general became prime minister of Japan during World War II. He was a key leader in Japan's attempts to conquer East Asia and the Pacific, and after the war he was arrested, tried, and hanged by an international military tribunal.

Hideki Tojo

After the Allies issued an ultimatum, to which Japan made no reply, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on this Japanese city on August 6, 1945. Three days later, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on this city. On that same day, August 9, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Japanese-occupied territory in northern China. Facing the possibility of further atomic bombings and a land invasion of the Japanese archipelago, Japan finally surrendered on August 15, 1945.

Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)

This term refers to the group of movie producers, directors, and screenwriters who appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947, refused to answer questions regarding their possible communist affiliations, and were imprisoned for contempt of Congress.

Hollywood Ten

During this 1892 strike near Pittsburgh, steel workers engaged in armed combat with several hundred guards from the Pinkerton Detective Agency.

Homestead Strike

Aimed at criticizing President Hoover, this was the nickname of shantytowns in American cities during early years of Great Depression.The term is an example of the public's frustration with Hoover's inability to fix the U.S. economy and reluctance to aid the poor.

Hooverville

This special committee of the House of Representatives was formed in the late 1940s to expose communist influence in American life and discredit the nation's Democratic leadership. The committee focused their "investigations" on the Hollywood movie industry.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

In 1956, revolutionaries in this Eastern European country revolted against Soviet control and called for a democratic government and the withdrawal of Soviet troops from their country. The Soviet Union crushed this uprising by sending tanks and additional troops into this country, killing over 30,000 people, and placing pro-Soviet leaders in power.

Hungary (The events was known as the Hungarian Uprising of 1957.)

A writer for McClure's Magazine, this muckraker wrote a series of articles about Standard Oil Company's monopoly in the oil industry and the strong-arm tactics of John D. Rockefeller. In 1904, she combined these magazine articles into a book entitled History of the Standard Oil Company.

Ida Tarbell

By ratifying the Treaty of Paris of 1898, the federal government annexed Puerto Rico as a U.S. territory. This is how the U.S. ruled over Puerto Rico.

In 1900, the U.S. passed the Foraker Act, which gave Puerto Rico limited popular government. The island was ruled by a governor and a legislature. The governor and the upper house of the legislature were appointed by the U.S. President. The lower house of the legislature was elected by the residents of Puerto Rico. Additionally, the economy of Puerto Rico was largely dominated American businessmen who purchased land and established large sugar plantations.

These are the results of the Korean War.

In 1951 a stalemate occurred around the 38th parallel, and fighting continued without any significant exchange of territory until 1953 when the warring sides signed an armistice. The armistice has established a cease-fire until a final peace settlement is achieved and has created a demilitarized zone to separate North and South Korea. To date, no lasting peace treaty has been signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war. Hundreds of thousands of military troops died in the Korean War, including about 54,000 Americans. Additionally, it is estimated that 2.5 million Korean civilians were killed or wounded.

This federal law was enacted to carry out the intent of the Eighteenth Amendment. Formally known as the National Prohibition Act, this law defined "intoxicating liquors" and provided penalties for making, selling, and transporting alcoholic beverages.

Volstead Act

Created in 1965 by President Johnson and Congress, this federal law prohibits unjust barriers to voting (literacy tests, poll taxes, intimidation, harassment) and empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration and elections. This law resulted in an enormous increase in the number of registered black voters.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

These were the main social and legal limitations for women at the turn of the twentieth century.

In many ways, women were treated like second-class citizens or minors: 1) Only a couple states allowed women to vote, hold office, and serve on juries. 2) They were mostly excluded from the professions and earned less than men. 3) Most colleges didn't admit women. 4) Once married, they had limited rights to their children, their finances, and divorce.

These conditions and challenges helped inspire Native American Indians to protest against federal Indian policies during late 1960s and 1970s.

In the U.S., Native American Indians had the highest rates of unemployment, poverty, suicide, and alcoholism and the shortest life expectancy.

Incidents of "radicalism" significantly harmed this during the Gilded Age.

Incidents of "radicalism" harmed popular opinion of labor unions. Shocked by the violence and destruction committed by workers and businesses, many Americans came to associate labor unions with anarchy and terrorism.

Founded in 1905, this radical labor union wanted to unite workers into one big union, take over industry, and share in the decision-making and profits of America's big businesses. Many of the union's members were socialists. This union favored strikes and sabotage over political action such as lobbying elected representatives.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

In the early 1950s, when this country nationalized its oil fields and a British oil boycott weakened this country's economy, the U.S. feared that this country would adopt communism and turn to the Soviets for support. In response, the U.S. and U.K. orchestrated a coup (government takeover) in this country in 1953. CIA agents bribed officials and thugs in this country to spread propaganda and stage demonstrations in favor of this country's Shah (king) who was pro-American. Ultimately, the Shah overthrew the democratically elected Prime Minister, greatly strengthened his monarchical rule, and entered this country into a close, controversial relationship with the U.S. for several decades.

Iran

The Seventeenth Amendment provided for this change to the U.S. Constitution.

It established the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote. (Originally, U.S. Senators were chosen by their state legislators, a method which resulted in corruption. In the past, legislators would often select puppet Senators who were expected to do the bidding of the legislators and powerful business owners.)

Article X of the Treaty of Versailles required this.

It required members of the League of Nations to preserve the territorial independence of other members, even to the point of taking joint action against aggression.

In 1962, the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba. Believing the weapons to be an act of aggression, President Kennedy took these steps.

JFK ordered a naval blockade of Cuba to quarantine the nuclear weapons and ordered the U.S. military to prepare airstrikes to destroy the Soviet missiles on Cuba.

Like his presidential predecessors, JFK opposed the spread of communism and Soviet power. However, he believed that the policy of massive retaliation was too limiting and impractical, especially when attempting to counter the spread of communism in Third World nations. Consequently, Kennedy developed this foreign policy.

JFK's foreign policy was known as flexible response. He attempted to respond to communist aggression with the use of conventional troops and Special Forces as well as through peaceful means like the Peace Corps.

This muckraker was a photojournalist for several New York newspapers. Using flash powder, he photographed the city slums at night and the dark interiors of tenements. He gave lectures with lantern slides to educate people about life for poor people in New York City. In 1890, he published the book How the Other Half Lives.

Jacob Riis

In 1880, this independent Republican was selected as his party's nominee and won the U.S. presidential election.

James Garfield

In 1889, this woman helped to found the Hull House, which was one of the first and one of the largest settlement houses in America.

Jane Addams

By the 1930s, this East Asian nation had created its own version of fascism. Over time, the country developed a totalitarian rule by a military elite, a radial interpretation of Shinto (the national religion) which promoted subservience to the state and complete loyalty to the Emperor, and a widespread commitment to imperialism and territorial expansion.

Japan

Often featuring brass instruments and improvisation, this was a new style of music of the 1920s. It originated in a number of American cities, such as New York and Chicago, and became immensely popular among the rebellious youth of the Roaring Twenties. This music helped inspire new dances like the Charleston.

Jazz

Created after Reconstruction, these laws and customs enforced white dominance over blacks in the South. These laws disfranchised most blacks, required racial segregation, and sanctioned job and housing discrimination. Most of these unjust rules remained in effect until the 1950s and 1960s when they were finally banned by a number of key federal laws and Supreme Court decisions.

Jim Crow laws

This Great Society program offers free education and vocational training to low-income young men and women ages 16 to 24.

Job Corps

This American was from a wealthy, political family in Massachusetts, graduated from Harvard, and became a naval hero during World War II. At the age of 29, this Democrat was elected to the U.S. Congress and in 1960 he was elected as U.S. president.

John F. Kennedy

In 1950, this U.S. Senator from Wisconsin made bold charges of communist subversion in the U.S. government and even claimed to have a list of communists employed in the State Department. Arguing that the Democratic Party had been soft on communism and "guilty of twenty years of treason," he was given the authority in the early 1950s to lead a special Senate subcommittee to investigate communism in the U.S. government.

Joseph McCarthy

This man was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1953. He agreed to a nonaggression pact with Hitler in 1939, but after Germany invaded the USSR in 1941, he joined the Allies.

Joseph Stalin

In 1953, these two Americans were arrested for passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union, found guilty of committing espionage, and executed. The couple's conviction increased the public's fear of communism in America and helped to fuel investigations into anti-American activities of U.S. citizens.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

This labor union was the largest labor organization in America during the 1880s. As a general union, membership was open to all workers. Its primary demands were for an eight-hour workday and legislation to end child labor.

Knights of Labor

In its 1944 ruling on this case, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that the internment of Japanese Americans was a military necessity during a national emergency and was thus constitutional. Although this case has not been explicitly overturned by a subsequent court ruling, in the 1980s the U.S. government formally apologized for its treatment of Japanese Americans and paid reparations to those who were interned.

Korematsu v. United States

This American racist organization experienced a huge resurgence during the 1910s and 1920s. Claiming to be a "protector" of Americanism, the organization opposed blacks, Catholics, Jews, and foreigners. Due to widespread nativism and fear of radicals in the U.S., this organization's membership grew to 4 million by 1924.

Ku Klux Klan

This American was arrested for murdering JFK but was shot and killed by a Dallas nightclub owner two days later.

Lee Harvey Oswald

By 1941, the American public began to feel directly threatened by the worsening war in Europe. England had survived the Battle of Britain but was still being bombed and was virtually bankrupt. German forces had invaded the Soviet Union and were rapidly approaching Moscow. In response to these developments, the U.S. government passed this law which further loosened the Neutrality Acts.

Lend-Lease Act (This law authorized the President to lend or lease weapons to nations that were "pivotal to the defense of the U.S." From 1941 to 1945, the U.S. supplied the Allies with vast amounts of war materials.)

This muckraker was a New York newspaper reporter who became editor of McClure's Magazine. In 1904, he published a collection of articles on city government corruption into a book entitled The Shame of the Cities.

Lincoln Steffens

In 1915, a German submarine sank this British luxury liner and killed over a thousand passengers, including 128 American citizens.

Lusitania

From humble Texas origins, this Democrat served in the U.S. Senate during the 1940s and 1950s and was known for his ability to persuade other Congressmen to support his bills. He served as Kennedy's Vice President and assumed the presidency immediate after JFK's death in 1963. He was reelected in 1964.

Lyndon B. Johnson

This civil rights leader became a prominent minister of an American religious movement known as the Nation of Islam. He argued that whites were inherently racist and evil, urged African Americans to embrace black pride and racial separation, and advised blacks to join the Nation of Islam in order to develop religious discipline and unity. In 1965, after disagreeing with his religious leader, Elijah Muhammad, and leaving the Nation of Islam, this leader was assassinated.

Malcolm X

This was the codename of the top-secret U.S. project to develop atomic weapons. The project began early in war, and by 1945 American and foreign scientists working in hidden sites in Tennessee and New Mexico successfully built several nuclear bombs.

Manhattan Project

This is why the patronage system was a problem.

Many appointees were not qualified for the job, and many used their position for personal gain (graft).

During and after China's civil war, the Chinese Communists were led by this man.

Mao Zedong

This Jamaican political leader was a proponent of Pan-Africanism, a movement that seeks to unify and uplift people of African descent. He lived in the U.S. for a decade and promoted black nationalism, separatism, and a Back-to-Africa movement. Although he was deported in 1927, this leader helped inspire racial pride and confidence among many African-Americans during the 1920s.

Marcus Garvey

This American woman was the leader of the birth control movement in the U.S. during the 1920s. At the time, it was illegal to talk about and use contraception in most states, and the federal government banned sending information about contraception through the U.S. mail service. This woman opposed those laws. By publishing articles, engaging in public debates, and forming the American Birth Control League, she helped inform people about contraception.

Margaret Sanger

In the immediate post-war years, American leaders believed that the war destruction and poverty in Europe made the continent susceptible to communism. In response, the U.S. adopted this economic recovery program in 1947, which pumped $13 billion of aid into Western Europe.

Marshall Plan

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was led by this local pastor.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

After losing her family and possessions and becoming angered by the social injustice in America, this woman became a labor leader and community organizer during the Progressive Era. She helped to lead labor strikes of the United Mine Workers and co-founded the IWW. She is perhaps most famous for leading a week-long march of stunted and mutilated child workers from Pennsylvania to New York in an effort to protest child labor.

Mary Harris "Mother" Jones

During the early 1950s, Joseph McCarthy waged an obsessive "witch hunt" for communists in the government. Historians created this term to describe the Senator's unfair tactics of bullying and accusing witnesses of disloyalty without providing any evidence.

McCarthyism

This federal law requires federal monitoring of the slaughter and processing of meat in the United States. It was created in 1906 in response to Upton Sinclair's book that detailed the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry. President Theodore Roosevelt played a key role in promoting this legislation.

Meat Inspection Act

This Great Society federal program provides health insurance for low-income Americans. It was created by LBJ and Congress in 1965.

Medicaid

Created in 1965 by President Johnson and Congress as part of LBJ's Great Society domestic agenda, this federal program provides low-cost medical insurance to Americans aged 65 and over.

Medicare

President Wilson's intervention in this Latin American country is an example of his Missionary Diplomacy. Wilson viewed the neighboring country's leader as a dictator and supported an opposition group with guns. However, after several incidents, many people in this Latin American country began to oppose U.S. intervention in their nation. Pancho Villa struck out against the U.S. by conducting raids into Texas and New Mexico. In response, President Wilson sent U.S. Army troops on an unsuccessful nine-month incursion into this Latin American country to capture Pancho Villa.

Mexico

President Woodrow Wilson believed that America had the duty to advance democracy and moral progress in the world. He attempted to oppose Latin American governments that he viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, and hostile to U.S. interests. President Wilson's foreign policy has been given this nickname by historians.

Missionary Diplomacy (a.k.a. Moral Diplomacy)

This secret society of Irish-Americans was associated with violence in the coal mines of Pennsylvania.

Molly Maguires

Outraged by Rosa Park's arrest, and inspired by her defiance and the federal government's support for black civil rights, the black community in Montgomery launched this event to protest the city's bus segregation law.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

This woman suffrage organization was formed in 1890 by a merger of two suffrage groups. During the 1890s, the organization was led by Susan B. Anthony, and during the early 1900s it was led by Carrie Chapman Catt. This women's rights organization focused on changing state laws by lobbying politicians and holding parades and street rallies.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Founded during the early 1900s, this organization works to improve the civil rights and living conditions of African Americans. In its early years, the organization concentrated on providing legal services and using the courts to overturn Jim Crow laws. Slowly, this legal strategy yielded important victories that ultimately helped to enable and inspire the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Below are a few key court rulings on cases filed and argued by this organization. 1915: grandfather-clause exemptions for literacy tests ruled unconstitutional 1930s-1950: a number of rulings allowed blacks into colleges and required equal, desegregated college facilities 1946: segregation of interstate buses and trains ruled unconstitutional 1954: segregation in public schools ruled unconstitutional

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

This African-American civil rights organization was founded in 1909 by W.E.B. Du Bois and a number of other reformers. The organization concentrated on using the courts to overturn Jim Crow laws.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Created in 1933, this federal law guaranteed workers the right to unionize and created the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which could set prices and wages and establish industrial standards. However, because this law granted an executive agency (the NRA) the ability to make regulations having the force of law (making laws is a power normally reserved for Congress), the U.S. Supreme Court declared sections of this law unconstitutional in 1935.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

Created in 1935, this federal law strengthened the labor union provisions of the NIRA. This New Deal legislation protects workers' right to join a labor union and engage in collective bargaining (negotiations between employers and union representatives). The law also created the National Labor Relations Board to investigate unfair labor practices.

National Labor Relations Act (a.k.a. Wagner Act)

Founded by Betty Friedan and other activists in 1966, this is the largest, most influential women's organization in the U.S. During the Women's Liberation Movement of the 1960s and 1970s, members of this group engaged in marching, lobbying government, and disseminating information to create changes in sexist attitudes and behavior and create legal reforms for equal educational opportunities, equal pay and employment opportunities, and legalized abortion.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

This woman suffrage organization was co-founded and led by Alice Paul. It focused on gaining an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would enfranchise women. To accomplish this, the organization used more aggressive tactics, such as non-stop picketing of White House, hunger strikes in jail, and directly criticizing President Wilson.

National Woman's Party (NWP)

This radical ideology was promoted by Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party from the 1920s to 1945. This racist brand of fascism emphasized: 1) the superiority of Aryans (pure Germans) 2) hatred toward other races (especially Jews) 3) the belief in an Aryan destiny of world domination 4) all the general characteristics of Italian fascism (e.g. dictatorial rule, extreme nationalism, propaganda, militarism)

Nazism (a.k.a. National Socialism)

In response to the growing military aggression in Europe and Asia during the mid 1930s, the U.S. government created a series of federal laws called this. These laws attempted to prevent the U.S. from being drawn into another costly European war by prohibiting Americans from selling arms or issuing loans to nations at war. These laws demonstrate the popular support by Americans for isolationism during the 1930s.

Neutrality Acts

This term refers to President Franklin Roosevelt's domestic policies to alleviate and end the Great Depression. The numerous laws, programs, and agencies created by FDR and Congress focused on three goals: relief, recovery, and reform.

New Deal

In 1960, John F. Kennedy used this term to confidently describe America's prosperity, technology, and potential for new levels of progress. Historians sometimes use this term to refer to President Kennedy's proposed goals, such as creating medical care for the elderly, rebuilding poor urban areas, aiding education, increasing defense and international aid, and advancing the space program. Although Congress supported many of his plans related to the Cold War, Republicans and Southern Democrats blocked many of JFK's social plans.

New Frontier

After a brief economic recession that followed WWI, the U.S. experienced a long period of economic expansion. The booming economy of the 1920s involved increasing industrial production, high employment and consumer spending, products of convenience, and rising incomes for the middle and upper classes. This economic expansion was mainly caused by this.

New technology and products (e.g. affordable automobiles, air travel, radios, motion pictures, and home appliances) stimulated business creation, job growth, production, and spending.

This was the leader of the Soviet Union during 1950s and early 1960s. He was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the U.S.S.R. (eliminated the cult of personality, Gulag labor-camp system, and dictatorial rule). However, he believed that communism was a superior system that would triumph over capitalism. He was the leader of the U.S.S.R. during several tense Cold War developments, such as the nuclear arms race, the Hungarian uprising, and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Nikita Khrushchev

Ratified in 1920, this amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees women the right to vote.

Nineteenth Amendment

Stalin's Berlin Blockade convinced the U.S. and its Western European allies that further Soviet aggression was likely. To guard against future Soviet attacks and territorial expansion, the U.S., Canada, and ten Western European nations formed a defensive alliance in 1949 called this. The members of this alliance pledged that an attack on one would be an attack on all.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

In 1950, after most of the Allied forces had left Korea, this invasion occurred.

North Korean troops invaded South Korea in an attempt to unify the nation under a Communist government.

These German anti-Semitic laws were created in 1935. They defined Jews and Aryans and outlawed marriage and sexual relations between those groups. Subsequent racial laws barred Jews from obtaining government and university jobs, attending public schools, and visiting many public places.

Nuremberg Laws

During these criminal trials in Germany after WWII, a number of Nazi leaders were tried for waging aggressive war and committing war crimes (killing prisoners, plundering) and crimes against humanity (extermination, slavery). Most of the Nazis placed on trial were found guilty and were either imprisoned or executed.

Nuremberg Trials

This government agency was created during WWII to fight inflation by freezing wages, prices, and rents. Additionally, this agency rationed scarce foods like meat, coffee, and sugar.

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

This is the nickname of President Harding's cabinet (advisors), who were mostly his poker-playing friends. Some of them used their governmental positions to profit and were caught taking bribes.

Ohio Gang

During the Great Depression, thousands of farmers in the Dust Bowl packed up their belongings in their cars, abandoned their farms, and moved west to the Pacific Coast states. These migrants were commonly called this nickname.

Okies

The acquisition of the Philippines in 1898 increased U.S. interest in trade with China, but American merchants struggled to gain full access to Chinese markets. This was due to the fact that a number of European nations had carved up China into "spheres of influence" where they monopolized trade and investment. In response, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the world's major powers and proposed this policy, which pledged to keep China open to trade with all countries. Although the major powers never formally accepted Hay's request and foreign competition for trade in China continued, the policy demonstrates the U.S.'s growing role as a world power and economic competitor at the turn of the 20th century.

Open Door Policy

Women's clubs in America played this role in the Progressive Movement.

Originally, women's clubs were established to provide middle- and upper-class women an intellectual and social outlet. However, by the turn of 20th century, these clubs became less concerned with cultural activities and more concerned with discussing reform efforts. During the Progressive Movement, women's clubs helped build support for reforms like child labor laws, worker safety laws, accident compensation, pure food and drug laws, and woman suffrage.

This politician was the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the political machine that dominated New York City and state politics during the late 1800s.

William "Boss" Tweed

Elected in 1908, this man succeeded Teddy Roosevelt as president of the United States but only served one term.

William H. Taft

This lawyer and former presidential candidate was an ardent supporter of Christian fundamentalism. In 1921 he sparked a drive to ban the teaching of evolution in public schools. Several states in the South enacted such laws.

William Jennings Bryan

This is why the Populists didn't nominate their own presidential candidate in 1896 but instead supported the Democratic candidate, William Jennings Bryan.

William Jennings Bryan helped to convince the Democratic Party to adopt the goal of bimetallism.

This man served as the British prime minister during WWII. His courage and resolve helped to strengthen the British people during the war.

Winston Churchill

During WWII, about 15 million men were either drafted or volunteered for military service. Additionally, about 150,000 women volunteered for service in this female branch of the U.S. military that was created during WWII. These women served in noncombat positions, such as nurses, radio operators, and secretaries.

Women's Army Corps (WAC)

This is how laborers attempted to match the power of big business during the Gilded Age.

Workers formed large national unions.

Created in 1935, this was the largest and most ambitious New Deal agency. It employed millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects, such as the construction of schools, hospitals, courthouses, parks, roads, and bridges.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

This global military conflict lasted from 1914 to 1918. The war began in Europe but quickly spread to Africa, the Middle East, and the seas. The participants' use of modern war weapons resulted in tremendous destruction of people and property.

World War I (originally called the Great War)

During this Allied meeting in the Soviet Union in 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin discussed their different visions for post-war Europe and made these compromise agreements: 1) Germany would be temporarily divided into occupied zones 2) Germany would pay reparations, including forced labor 3) Free elections would take place in Poland 4) USSR would join the war against Japan

Yalta Conference

In 1917, British agents intercepted and decoded this secret German telegram and gave it to U.S. officials. In the message, Germany proposed a military alliance with Mexico and promised to assist Mexico (if the U.S. declared war) in conquering the U.S. This telegram, which was released to the media, angered many Americans.

Zimmermann Telegram (a.k.a. Zimmermann Note)

In a number of ways, President Kennedy attempted to promote civil rights for African Americans. He issued several executive orders that banned racial discrimination in government housing and by government contractors. He utilized federal troops to force Southern governors to allow blacks into college. Ultimately, President Kennedy's most important and impactful contribution to improving civil rights in America was his proposal of this in 1963.

a civil rights bill aimed at outlawing segregation and discrimination

One of the best examples of President Roosevelt's "Big Stick Diplomacy" involves his actions to secure this from Colombia in 1903.

a lease on land in Panama to create a shipping canal

This term refers to the policy of favoring minorities in hiring, promotion, college admissions, and the awarding of government contracts. Initiated by JFK and further expanded by his immediate successors, this policy was originally intended to force defense contractors, like Boeing and General Electric that were paid with taxpayer revenue, to end their overt practices of racial discrimination. Over time, the intent of this policy has widened. Proponents of the policy argue that it creates more opportunities for minorities, remedies the effects of past discrimination, and creates more diverse, educational college settings.

affirmative action

This economic event further harmed western farmers, as well as much of the rest of the nation, and helped to make the country's money standard the central issue of the 1896 presidential election.

an economic depression known as the Panic of 1893

This term means to incorporate a territory into an existing political unit such as a country or state.

annex

This term refers to the diplomatic practice of making political or material concessions to an enemy in order to avoid conflict. European leaders engaged in this with Adolf Hitler during the late 1930s.

appeasement

During the summer and fall of 1918, the Central Powers began collapsing. Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire were all overpowered by Allied forces. When the U.S. and the Allies finally pushed the German army back to the German border, German generals initiated this, which is basically a cease fire.

armistice

In response to the Soviet Union developing atomic weapons, the U.S. quadrupled its defense spending and began developing more powerful weapons like the hydrogen bomb. These efforts sparked a competition, often referred to as this, between the U.S. and the Soviet Union to develop more powerful weapons to intimidate the other.

arms race

These were "gold bugs," and this is what they wanted.

bankers and businessmen who wanted the gold standard

Centered in artistic communities in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, this was a small movement in America that opposed the social conformity of the 1950s. Participants of this movement shunned the era's emphasis on materialism and consumerism, regular work and dress, traditional religion and suburban family life, and the growing military-industrial complex. These participants sometimes read free-verse poetry aloud in coffeehouses.

beat movement (Followers of this movement were often called "beatniks" or "beats".)

From the late 1940s until the mid 1960s, the Hollywood Ten and hundreds of other actors, writers, directors, and producers with "suspicious loyalty" (i.e. suspected of communist sympathy or membership in the Communist Party) were placed on this list and banned from employment in movie industry.

blacklist

Fearing nuclear war with the Soviet Union, many Americans built these in their basements and backyards during the 1950s and 1960s.

bomb shelters

This is the risky practice of buying stocks on credit. In effect, brokerage firms allow investors to borrow money and purchase large quantities of stock. Investors utilize this practice with the intent of quickly selling the stock at a higher price, repaying the loan, and making a profit. The practice increased stock speculation and helped create a massive bubble in stock prices, which led to a stock market crash and the Great Depression.

buying on margin

This ideology was practiced and promoted by the Soviet Union. It emphasized: 1) the rejection of capitalism 2) the goal of economic equality (a classless society) 3) strict rule by a one-party state 4) government control of all property and planning of the economy 5) nationalism and conformity

communism

During WWII, millions of Jews and other groups died in these crowded camps, where SS guards exercised unlimited power.

concentration camps

This term refers to a popular enthusiasm and obsession with buying products, particularly items that are for convenience and pleasure. During the 1920s, this enthusiasm for buying became widespread and helped to fuel the booming economy.

consumerism

This term refers to the popular habit of spending lots of money on goods and services that are often for luxury and convenience. This attitude and habit became a hallmark of middle-class culture of the 1950s. Americans eagerly purchased cars, televisions, home appliances, and the like, often in an attempt to "keep up with the Joneses."

consumerism

Upon declaring war in 1917, the U.S. took immediate action on the seas. American naval forces aided the British navy to assault German U-boats and laid mines in the North Sea to bottle up German ports. To protect merchant vessels delivering weapons and supplies, the U.S. practiced this system, in which U.S. naval ships surrounded and escorted merchant vessels across the Atlantic.

convoy system

This term refers to the popular attitude of the 19th century that a woman should be pious, pure, domestic, and submissive. The proper role for women in society should be limited to a domestic "sphere" of maintaining the home, serving her husband, and raising the children.

cult of domesticity

This 1898 letter from a Spanish minister in Washington, D.C., was stolen by a Cuban spy and published in U.S. newspapers. In the letter, the author criticizes President McKinley as a "weak...low politician." The letter angered many Americans and was a factor in causing the Spanish-American war.

de Lome letter

This is the government policy of spending more money than the government receives in revenue. In other words, the government borrows money (sells bonds) and goes into debt. It was used to help fund the New Deal programs.

deficit spending

American soldiers who fought in Europe during WWI were nicknamed this. The fresh, enthusiastic American troops boosted the spirits of the demoralized, battle-weary Allies, helped halt the 1918 German offensive, and pushed the armies of the Central Powers along the Western Front back to German border.

doughboys

As president, Eisenhower followed a social and economic policy he called this. Favoring nuclear deterrence and covert operations, Eisenhower reduced America's conventional forces and trimmed the defense budget following the Korean War. Although he cut domestic spending, he kept many New Deal reforms and approved an increase in Social Security.

dynamic conservatism

The settlement house movement, woman suffrage movement, and temperance movement were largely supported and led by this type of woman.

educated, middle-class, Christian women

These were "silverites," and this is what they wanted.

farmers and laborers who wanted bimetallism

This radical ideology originated in Italy during the 1920s and was promoted by Mussolini and his political party. It emphasized: 1) strict rule by a dictator 2) repression of opposition 3) subservience to the state (government) 4) extreme nationalism and unity 5) propaganda 6) militarism and territorial expansion

fascism

This term refers to an awareness of women's oppression and the belief that women should have equal rights and opportunity. It was the basis of the modern Women's Liberation Movement of the 1960s and 1970s.

feminism

After daylight high-altitude precision bombing of Japan proved ineffective, the U.S. switched to this bombing tactic of major cities in 1945. Although the tactic killed more than 100,000 people, Japan refused to surrender.

firebombing

This term refers to FDR's friendly public speeches which he gave over the radio during the Great Depression. He used these speeches to explain his New Deal programs and to help build public confidence in the economy and in his administration.

fireside chats

These young, modern women of the 1920s rejected the rigid, traditional norms for women. They bobbed and dyed their hair, wore more revealing dresses, adopted liberated attitudes, smoked and drank in public, listened to Jazz, and danced the Charleston.

flappers

This term refers to a government's strategies and practices in dealing with other nations.

foreign policy

The Cold War was a period of distrust and rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. It occurred during these years.

from the late 1940s to about 1991

Hoping to shield their communities from the social and cultural changes of the Roaring Twenties, many people in rural towns in the U.S. turned to this Christian movement that emphasized a literal (strict) interpretation of Bible. They believed that all of the details in the Bible are true and rejected Darwin's theory of evolution.

fundamentalism

Many Jews who lived in countries that were conquered by Germany were forced to move into closed-off areas within cities called this.

ghettos

Bimetallism is a money standard in which paper currency is backed up (i.e. could be exchanged for in a bank) by this.

gold and silver

This is the use of political power for personal gain. It typically involves taking bribes and kickbacks.

graft

This clause (written into many Southern state constitutions) allowed an exemption from literacy tests and poll taxes to voters whose ancestors were eligible to vote prior to Civil War. This clause enabled illiterate, poor whites to avoid the voting barriers that were intended to disfranchise blacks.

grandfather clause

These were poor, homeless Americans who traveled around the U.S. looking for work, adventure, and escape during the Great Depression. They often rode on railroad boxcars.

hobos

Cold War showdowns like the Cuban Missile Crisis helped to make President Kennedy and Khrushchev aware of the potential for nuclear war and mutual disaster. As a result, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. in 1963 established a direct phone connection, which was often called this, between the White House and the Kremlin. This phone line was intended to enable fast communication and avoid future crises.

hot line

This is a system of ideas and ideals that form the basis of a nation's government and economy.

ideology

This term refers to the military, political, or economic domination of one nation over another nation.

imperialism

This type of legislation is proposed by the people (petitioners) and voted on (enacted or rejected) by voters at the polls. It was a progressive reform because it enabled voters to circumvent corrupt, unresponsive legislatures and create progressive laws.

initiative

When purchasing products like furniture, clothes, appliances, and cars, many people during the 1920s used this method of financing, which involves putting a small amount down and making payments over an extended period of time. The widespread use of this method helped to create consumerism and the booming economy of the 1920s. Unfortunately, it also resulted in tremendous personal debt and the overproduction of goods.

installment plan

While visiting the U.S. in 1946, Winston Churchill gave a speech about the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and the growing threat of communism. He famously claimed that Europe had been divided in half by a Soviet-made "____" and urged the U.S. to stand against Soviet expansion.

iron curtain

This foreign policy, which involves pulling away from involvement in world affairs, was practiced by the U.S. government during the 1920s. Many Americans favored this policy because they were fearful of outside influences and costly foreign entanglements like World War I.

isolationism

Meaning "divine wind" in Japanese, this term refers to the suicide attacks by Japanese air pilots during the last months of World War II. These suicide attacks sank about forty U.S. ships.

kamikaze

This was a method used by the Southern states to disfranchise blacks. It required voters to demonstrate their ability to read and write and assessed their knowledge of government. Typically, many of the required tasks and questions were unnecessarily difficult, and the examinations were unfairly scored and judged.

literacy tests

This term refers to the foreign policy and military strategy that the U.S. would, in the event of an attack from an aggressor, strike back with overwhelming, disproportionate force. The aim of this strategy was to make it public knowledge and thus deter communists nations from initiating attacks. This policy, which was based on the threat of mass destruction, helped motivate the U.S. to develop the hydrogen bomb and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).

massive retaliation

These investigative journalists and writers of the Progressive Era helped to reveal social injustice, expose political and business corruption, and shape a climate favorable to reform. They were given this nickname by President Theodore Roosevelt.

muckrakers

This is the attitude and practice of favoring native residents over immigrants. During the immediate post-WWI years, anti-immigrant feelings grew in the U.S.

nativism

With this agreement, which was signed just before the start of WWII, Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to remain neutral with one another if war occurred in Europe. In 1941, Hitler broke this agreement and invaded the USSR.

non-aggression pact (officially called the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Treaty)

Although a UN resolution can be passed with at least nine "yes" votes in the Security Council, it only takes this to veto and block a proposed resolution.

one "no" vote from a permanent member nation of Security Council

This was the goal of the temperance movement.

outlaw alcoholic beverages (a.k.a. prohibition)

This is the practice of giving civil service (government) jobs to people who helped a candidate get elected.

patronage (a.k.a. spoils system)

This type of organization often controlled city politics during the late 1800s.

political machine

This was a method used by the Southern states to disfranchise blacks. In order to vote in elections, people had to pay a tax at polling places. Because most blacks in the South were poor, this method prevented many blacks from voting.

poll tax

This term refers to any message or idea that is directly aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of people, rather than impartially providing information. It was utilized by the U.S. government during WWI to boost war support and war production.

propaganda

Since the 1970s, many affirmative action programs have been legally challenged and limited. For example, in the case Regents of University of California v. Bakke in 1978, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that this type of affirmative-action admissions policy is unconstitutional. Additionally, in the last few decades, a number of states (through ballot initiatives) have banned public affirmative action policies that give preferential treatment to groups, and the U.S. Supreme Court has further narrowed the use of race as a factor in college admissions.

racial quotas (a fixed number)

This is the power of voters to call for an immediate election and possibly remove an elected official from office.

recall

This type of legislation is proposed by a state legislature but referred to the voters, who then enact or reject it at the polls. It was a progressive reform because it enabled cautious politicians to make reform laws but avoid angering conservatives (since voters enact or reject these proposed laws, not the legislators).

referendum

This musical style originated in America during the 1950s. Typically featuring instruments like the electric guitar and drums and lyrics about youthful love and having fun, this style of music was immensely popular among teenagers.

rock 'n' roll

This term refers to President Hoover's belief that people succeed best by their own efforts and that government welfare would weaken Americans' self-respect and work ethic. This philosophy led Hoover to responded cautiously to the Great Depression.

rugged individualism

This term refers to the communist nations surrounding the U.S.S.R. These nations acted as a military buffer zone for the Soviet Union, provided economic benefits to the U.S.S.R., and expanded Stalin's power and communist ideology.

satellite nations

This is the social and legal practice of separating blacks and whites. It includes residential separation (white and black neighborhoods) as well as separate public accommodations (schools, restaurants, bathrooms, drinking fountains, hospitals, churches, bus seating, etc.) In the South, this separation was required by law (de jure segregation). In many Northern communities, racial separation happened "by fact" (de facto segregation), meaning by tradition and habit rather than by legal requirement.

segregation

These community centers were set up to provide services to the urban poor, especially immigrants. They typically provided education (language, skills), child care, health care, and employment assistance. By 1910 there were about 400 of these community centers in America.

settlement houses

These are units of ownership in a corporation. They are traded (bought and sold) on stock markets for profit.

shares of stock

This system is characterized by the social (government) ownership and control of the economy in an effort to achieve a more equal distribution of wealth.

socialism

This was a hidden saloon or nightclub where people drank liquor during era of Prohibition.

speakeasy

During the 1920s, it became increasingly popular for investors to engage in this activity in U.S. stock markets. It involves buying stocks for a quick profit and ignoring risks. It helped create a massive bubble in stock prices, which led to a stock market crash and the Great Depression.

speculation

These residential communities located on the edge of cities were enormously popular during the 1950s and were rapidly built by developers like William Levitt. Homes in these communities were typically inexpensive and offered a level of security, space, and neighborhood community that was appealing for people wishing to raise a family.

suburbs

In the 1964 presidential election, President Johnson ran against the Republican Governor Barry Goldwater, who favored U.S. military intervention in Vietnam and threatened to use nuclear bombs to stop the spread of communism in Cuba and Asia. During his election campaign, LBJ stated that he would not sent U.S. troops to Vietnam and ran this famous TV commercial.

the "Daisy Spot" (a.k.a. the "Daisy Girl" advertisement)

These were two self-help organizations that farmers established during the 1860s and 1870s.

the Grange Farmers' Alliances

This was the systematic murder of millions of Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, religious dissidents, communists, disabled individuals, and others by the Nazi regime and their collaborators during WWII. It was part of Adolf Hitler's plans for "racial purification" in his Third Reich.

the Holocaust

The U.S. acquisition at the turn of the 20th century of this island chain (which consists of over 7,000 islands and at the time over 7 million people) caused significant controversy and debate in the United States.

the Philippines

In this region of the U.S., where the power and control of political parties were relatively weak, progressive politicians had the most success passing state and local reform legislation.

the West

In her bestselling book The Feminine Mystique, which helped to ignite the Women's Liberation Movement, Betty Friedan analyzed the dissatisfaction of many middle-class housewives with the role forced on them by American society. Friedan used the term "feminine mystique" to describe this.

the false notion of femininity in America during the mid-20th century that women's highest value in life and only commitment should be as a wife, mother, and homemaker

On June 6, 1944, as Allied forces were fighting northward through Italy and westward through Eastern Europe, Allied troops launched a massive seaborne invasion along this coast of western Europe. Sometimes referred to as D-Day, this successful attack provided a foothold for the Allies to land troops, vehicles, and equipment and opened a western front against Germany.

the invasion of Normandy (northern coast of France)

The term disfranchise (sometimes spelled disenfranchise) mean this.

to deprive someone of the right to vote

This is the name used to describe a president who attempted to stop the dangerous accumulation of corporate power.

trustbuster

To harm British trade and inhibit merchant ships from reaching Britain, Germany engaged in this war tactic.

unrestricted submarine warfare

To pay for the costs of war, these certificates were sold by the U.S. government during our nation's involvement in WWI. Investors who purchased these certificates were later paid back their money with interest.

war bonds (patriotically called "Liberty" bonds and "Victory" bonds)

Members of the Industrial Workers of the World were often called this nickname.

wobblies

This term refers to women's right to vote and hold office.

woman suffrage

This term refers to the exaggerated, biased style of reporting used by many American newspapers to attract readers during the turn of the 20th century. This sensationalistic reporting helped create American support for war against Spain.

yellow journalism