AP World 9.5 Calls for Reform and Responses

Women's March on Washington

500,000 demonstrators stood up for women's rights on the day after Donald Trump's election. 5 million people around the world stood together representing a global solidarity for women's rights.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A 1948 UN document that asserted basic rights and fundamental freedoms for all humans, no matter their race, color, sex, language, religion, political opinion, etc.

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

A 1979 meeting that outlined women's rights to vote, hold office, freely choose a spouse, have the same education as men, access family planning, and access birth control.

How did South Africa become a pariah state?

During Nelson Mandela's imprisonment, people called for his release. Countries imposed sanctions against South Africa and the UN expelled South Africa due to apartheid in 1974.

Tiananmen Square Massacre

On June 4, 1989, a few thousand unarmed civilians were killed by the Chinese army in a mass protest. The Chinese government denied all deaths, prohibited people from learning about it, and imprisons anyone who commemorates June 4.

Green Belt Movement

A Kenyan movement founded by Wangari Maathai in 1977 that helped women work together to plant trees to improve soil and collect rainwater. It counteracted environmental degradation from the colonial experience.

UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund)

A UN organization founded in 1946 to provide food for children in Europe who were suffering after WWII.

Civil Rights Act of 1965

A US law that banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A US law that banned discrimination in voting.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)

A court-like body established in South Africa that sought to restore trust in the country. It organized public hearings designed to expose the human rights violations of apartheid but granted amnesty to apartheid officials.

Earth Day

A day (April 22) created in 1970 for people to focus on environmental awareness (recycling, alternative energy, etc.)

International Court of Justice

A judicial body (also known as the World Court) organized by the UN that settles disputes over international laws, often border disputes and treaty violations.

Negritude Movement

A movement in French West Africa that emphasized pride in "blackness," the rejection of French colonial authority, and the right to self-determination. Léopold Sédar Senghor, Richard Wright, and Langston Hughes wrote poems about the beauty and uniqueness of African culture and "blackness."

Léopold Sédar Senghor

A poet from Senegal who wrote about the beauty and uniqueness of African culture. He became the first president of Senegal.

World Fair Trade Organization

An organization created in 1989 to counterbalance the strictly commercial interests of the WTO. It opposes child labor, discrimination, environmental degradation, etc.

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to ending white domination in South Africa led by Nelson Mandela. It led peaceful protests that were violently crushed by the government.

Greenpeace

An organization founded in 1971 that became a multinational agency. It fights deforestation, global warming, the killing of whales, and overfishing. It is known for its direct actions.

How did South Africa respond to Nelson Mandela's release from prison?

Apartheid remained law until a series of reforms abolished it in the 1990s. Police violence was common. The African National Congress won the majority of the seats in Parliament and the Government of National Unity was established. Mandela became president in 1994.

Human Rights

Basic protections that are common to all people.

How did liberation theology spread?

In Nicaragua, the dictator was overthrown and a socialist government was instituted. In Venezuela, Hugo Chávez was influenced by it. In 2013, the Roman Catholic Church selected Pope Francis (from Argentina), who reversed the Vatican's opposition to it.

Context of the Tiananmen Square Massacre

In spring 1989, pro-democracy activists organized a public event mourning the death of a sympathetic high official and demanded to speak with leaders, who refused. Then they staged sit-ins, refused to attend class, and began hunger strikes. On June 4, 1989, hundreds of thousands of people met in Beijing's Tiananmen Square.

How/when did women gain the right to vote in the US, Britain, India, and Australia?

In the US, white women gained it in 1920 and all women gained it in the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In Britain, 1928. In India, 1947. In Australia, white women gained it in 1894 and all women gained it in 1962.

How did the Chinese Communist Party resist opposition? Why was it able to do this?

It censored news, controlled what students were taught, and required all NGOs to register with the government. It was able to do this because the government owned or controlled all industries and killed or imprisoned its opponents.

How does the UN protect refugees?

It works through sub-agencies like NGOs and the UNHCR to provide food, medicine, and temporary shelter. The earliest refugees it helped were Palestinians in 1948.

Pass Laws

Laws during apartheid that required black South Africans to carry identity documents when entering areas set aside for whites.

Apartheid

Racial segregation in South Africa instituted in 1948. Apartheid reserved good jobs for the white minority, banned blacks from living in certain areas, banned mixed marriages, and classes were only taught in Afrikaans.

How did India combat caste discrimination?

The 1949 constitution outlawed discrimination against Dalits (untouchables). Pakistan's constitution did the same. However, discrimination continued. India's government implemented the Caste Reservation System, which guaranteed that a small percent of public jobs and higher education were set aside for low-caste people.

Nelson Mandela

The ANC leader who was imprisoned for resisting apartheid. He inspired a global movement to end apartheid and was released from prison in 1989, then became president of South Africa in 1994.

Liberation Theology

The combination of socialism with Catholicism that spread through Latin America and interpreted the teachings of Jesus to include freeing people from economic and political abuses as well as redistributing some wealth. Military dictators often killed liberation theologists.

How was apartheid a reflection of colonialism?

The government was white-dominated because the Dutch and British colonized South Africa, but Desmond Tutu and Nelson Mandela demanded more rights for blacks.

How did women gain more equality?

The percentage of literate and educated women increased during the 20th century and women won the right to vote everywhere except Vatican City. However, they are not always allowed to exercise their vote.

F. W. de Klerk

The president of South Africa who negotiated with Mandela, who was imprisoned at the time, in 1986 and then freed him.

How did minorities in China protest for more rights?

Tibetans called for more independence. Uighurs complained of discrimination in Xinjiang. Mongolians protested the Han Chinese occupation of Inner Mongolia because it disrupted the pastoral way of life.