AP World- Ch. 15-18 Test
How did nation-states contribute to the spread of imperialism?
- Imperialism was the processes of nation building that required the acquisition of new territories, often overseas. - Rulers measured national strength not only by their people's unity but also their economic power and the conquest of new territories. - By developing their industries and seizing new territories, Germany, Frace, the U.S, Russia, and Japan challenged Britain's leadership in overseas trade. - Imperial rule facilitated a widespread movement of labor, capital, commodities, and information. simple explanation: - nation-states wanted to show off their power and gain economic power by imperializing other countries for their raw materials
What was the tactic used by the British in the Anglo-Boer War?
- In response, the British instituted the concentration camp where they held 155,000 captured men, women, and children in camps surrounded by barbed wire. - They rounded up Afrikaners and Africans who they feared would side with the "anticolonial" Dutch descendants. (- War's origins lay in the discovery of gold in the Transvaal - the idea that it could make Afrikaner republics the powerhouse in southern Africa was more than British imperialists could accept. - Afrikaners waged a war that would last three years and cost Britain 20,000 soldiers and 200 million British pounds. )
How did India's traditional trade pattern change?
- India became an importer of British textiles and an exporter of raw cotton, a reversal of its past where India had been an important textile manufacturer. - Elites in India could not resist the appeal of cheap British textiles, and as a result, India's industrial sector declined. - The import of British manufacturers caused unfavorable trade balances that changed India from a new importer of gold and silver to an exporter of these precious metals.
After Britain split Bengal into a Muslim and Hindu side, what was India's import and export situation?
- Indian militants into the streets to urge the boycott of British goods. - Activists formed voluntary organizations called Swadeshi Samitis to champion indigenous enterprises for manufacturing soap, cloth, medicine, iron, and paper, as well as schools for imparting nationalist education. - The efforts reflected the nationalist desire to assert Indians' autonomy as a people.
Why was there internal migration?
- Industrialization was becoming very big and as more job oppurtunities occurred, people began moving into urban cities. - Also wanted a better life - (was not in the book) People also could have been kicked off their land with the building of railroads and factory smoke
How did the British change their approach to ruling India after 1857?
- Parliament abolished company rule and the company itself while responsibility for governing of India was transferred to the crown. - Queen Victoria issued a proclamation guaranteeing religious toleration, promising improvements, and allowing Indians to serve in the government. - She promised to honor the treaties and agreements with princes and chiefs and to refrain from interfering in religious matters. - The British resumed the work of transforming India into a modern colonial state and economy, but the desire for radical alternatives and traditions of popular insurgency did not vanish.
What were the beliefs of Social Darwinists and the survival of the fittest?
- People began to take Darwin's ideas and apply them to humans. - They claimed it was natural for strong nations to dominate the weak, or justifiable to allow disabled persons to die- something Darwin rejected. - A set of beliefs known as Darwinism legitimated the suffering of the underclass in industrial society. - Europeans also claimed that they had evolved more than Africans and Asians. - They also came to believe that nature had given them the right to rule others. - DARWIN DIDN'T BELIEVE THESE THINGS. ONLY FOR ANIMALS
What is the significance of popular culture?
- Popular culture emerged and delivered affordable and accessible forms of art and entertainment to the masses. - press was a major form of popular entertainment and information because publishers offered different wares to different classes of readers and because more people could read. - The change derived mainly from new urban settings, technological innovations, mass education, and increased leisure time. - Middle-class art lovers eagerly purchased mass-produced engravings; millions attended dance halls and vaudeville showers. - Sports also began to attract mass followings for the first time. Soccer in Europe, baseball in the United States, and cricket in India had wildly devoted middle and working class fans.
Why did Chinese immigrate to the Americas and Oceania?
- Population pressure, a shortage of cultivable land, and social turmoil drove 800,000 Chinese to seek new homes - Industrial changes also caused millions to migrate within their own countries or to neighboring ones in search of employment.
Describe new forms of popular culture that emerged in this period and explain their significance.
- Production and consumption of the arts, books, and sports changed dramatically. - Popular culture emerged and delivered affordable and accessible forms of art and entertainment to the masses. Middle-class art lovers eagerly purchased mass-produced engravings; millions attended dance halls and vaudeville showers (not just for the rich). - Sports also began to attract mass followings for the first time. - The press was a major form of popular entertainment and information because publishers offered different wares to different classes of readers and because more people could read.
What was an unintended consequence of the partitioning of Africa (Berlin Conference)?
Nearly 70% of the newly drawn borders failed to correspond to older demarcations of ethnicity, language, culture, and commerce- for Europeans knew little of the landmass beyond its coast and rivers.
Why did people migrate to urban areas?
People migrated to urban areas because of the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution created new jobs and opportunities, so they moved to cities.
made this at 2 am for yall :))
what if i just left yall hanging for the next quiz...lol im jk...or am i?? anyways i tried to make this one a bit fun because its long text me on remind @apwhquiz if you have any questions
Why was Tecumseh's message feared by white officials?
- Tecumseh helped circulate the message of Native American renaissance among Native villages. - He wedded his brother's visions to the idea of an enlarged Native American confederation. - Tecumseh preached the need for Native American unity and insisted that they resist any American attempts to get them to sell more land. - In response, thousands of followers renounced their ties to colonial ways and prepared to combat expansion of the U.S. - American officials deemed him more dangerous than his brother because of his charismatic organizational talents.
How did Otto van Bismarck defuse socialism activism?
- defused the appeal of socialism by enacting social welfare measures, insuring workers against illness, accidents, and old age and establishing maximum working hours.
Compare Indian and Latin American intellectuals and identity.
- A tiny minority of Indians gained influence through their access to the official world and their familiarity with European knowledge and history. - This elite group used their knowledge to develop modern cultural forms. - They turned colloquial languages into standardized, literary forms for writing novels and dramas. - Voluntary association in big cities had united to establish a political party, the Indian National Congress. - Indian intellectuals turned to the past and rewrote the histories of ancient empires and kingdoms. - The nationalists claimed that Indians might not be a single race but were at least a unified people because of their unique culture and common colonial history. - In this way, Indian intellectuals promoted the idea of India as a nation-state. - In Mexico, many parades celebrated Aztec grandeur, creating a mythic arc from the greatness of the Aztec past to the triumphal story of Mexican independence. - Although the government glorified Aztecs with pageants, statues, and pavilions, it continued to ignore modern Aztec descendants.
What did nationalists believe?
- All nationalists believed that governments should represent the "people" and that each person should have a state of their own. - Each nationalist movement drew backers from the liberal aristocracy and the well-educated, commercially active middle class. - Unable to win political power, the movements' leaders instead pursued educational and cultural programs to arouse and unite their nation for eventual statehood.
What is the significance of anarchism?
- Anarchists were people who opposed the government all together. - They believed that society should be a free association of its members, not subject to the government, laws, or police. - They do not want rules. - Not laissez-faire where they do not want government involvement, they did not want a government in general. - Can do what they want without the government - This was a bad idea because without a government, the nation would fall apart. continue reading for baby explanation: - no want government because no government= no rules= do whatever they want - bad idea because without government, people get sick and get explosive diarrhea from eating at restaurants without FDA inspection
What new social group appeared as a result of industrialization?
- As new goods flowed from ever more distant corners of the globe, immense fortunes grew. - To support their enterprise, traders needed new services in insurance, bookkeeping, and the recording of legal documents. - The new cities of the commercial revolution provided the homes and flourishing neighborhoods for the growing of men and women known as the bourgeoisie: urban businessmen, financiers, and other property owners without aristocratic origins.
What happened during the 1907 Financial Crisis in America?
- Between 1890 and 1893, 550 American banks collapsed and only the intervention of J.P Morgan prevented the depletion of the nation's reserves of gold that stood behind the dollar. - A panic on Wall Street led to a run on the banks. J.P Morgan rescued the American economy from financial panic by compelling financiers to commit unprecedented funds to protect banks and trusts against depositors' panic. - The U.S Congress ratified the Federal Reserve Act, creating boards to monitor the supply and demand of the nation's money. - The crisis of 1907 showed how national financial matters could quickly become international affairs as panicked American investors withdrew their funds from other countries, many of which relied on American capital. simple breakdown: - People started withdrawing their money from banks and so J.P Morgan convinced financiers to say that if the people did actually lose their money, they would get up to $250,000 of it back. - Banks set aside these amounts in case it happened
What was Britain's goal in the late 19th century (1800s)?
- Britain's goal in India was to maximize profit and trade. - Raj was the period of British sovereignty after the sepoy rebellion. - It was when Britain set out to make India a more secure and productive colony after ruling was given to the British crown instead of the East India Company. - The British modernized transportation and communications to have political control over India by imperializing India. - Engineers built dams across rivers to tame their force and to irrigate lands. - Workers installed a line of telegraph lines that opened communication to distant parts of the region.
How did foreign pressures (Europeans, U.S, and Japan) lead to the decline of the Qing dynasty?
- China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War was humiliating - European powers demanded that the weakened Qing government grant them specific areas within China as their respective "spheres of influence." - The U.S argued for maintaining an "open door" policy in China that would keep access available to all traders, while supporting missionary efforts to spread Christianity. - Boxer Uprising began with the peasantry who violently resisted European meddling. Jesuit missionaries began to try to convert commoners. Qing then joined the uprising - A foreign army of 20,000 troops crushed the Boxers. - Half of them came from Japan while the rest were from Russia, Britain, Germany, France, and the United States. - The victors forced the Chinese to sign the Boxer Protocol which required the regime to pay a compensation in gold (about twice of the empire's annual income) for damages to foreign life and property. - It also authorized western powers to station troops in Beijing.
What questions challenged Chinese intellectuals?
- Conform to modernity or continue with Chinese tradition
What was the reason for the American Revolution?
- Economic reformers argued that unregulated economies would produce faster economic growth. - They called for free trade without tariffs, quotas, and fees and free, unregulated markets. - They also wanted paid labor instead of slave labor. - They insisted that these freedoms would yield more efficient societies and would benefit everyone in the world.
What was the importance of electricity in the industrial revolution?
- Electricity permitted factories to arise in areas with plenty of skilled workers and also slashed production costs. - Could use conveyor belts instead of humans
Describe Europeans goal by making Africa a functioning place (legitimate trade).
- Europeans aimed to raise the Africans' standards of living by substituting trade in produce for trade in slaves. - West Africans exported palm kernels and peanuts as well as vegetable oils to lubricate machinery, make candles, and produce soap. - By becoming export societies, Europeans hoped Africans would earn the wealth to profitably import European wares.
How did the lives of women improve under colonial control (hint: they really didn't)
- Europeans criticized the veiling of women in Islamic societies, the binding of women's feet in China, widow burning in India, and female genital mutilation in Africa. - These were not acts of Christianity so their colonies will not do these things - Europeans believed that prohibiting such acts was a justification for colonial intervention. Bad stuff that have nothing to do with the question - As male workers headed into the export economy, women were left with the work of formerly shared agricultural work. - African women often lost landholding and other rights that they had enjoyed before the European's arrival because the chiefs who collaborated with colonial officials consistently favored men.
Who was Frederick Winslow Taylor?
- Federick Winslow Taylor proposed a system of "scientific management" to make human bodies perform more like machines to maximize the efficiency of workers' movements. - However, workers did not want to be managed or to cede control of the pace of production to employers so it led to numerous strikes. - They also felt like machines and did not like that
Compare the goals and methods of revolutionary and reform movements in Latin America (especially the Mexican Revolution) and China (especially the Boxer Uprising) during this era.
- Fueled by the unequal distribution of land and by disgruntled workers, the Mexican Revolution erupted in 1910 when political elites split over the succession of General Porfirio Diaz after decades of his strong-arm rule. - In the name of providing land for farmers and ending oligarchic rule, peasant armies defeated Diaz's troops and proceeded to destroy many large estates. - In Brazil, the army mercilessly suppressed a peasant movement in the northeastern part of the country. - In Cuba, the Spanish and American armies crushed tenant farmers' efforts to reclaim land from sugar estates. - In Guatemala, Mayan Indians lost their land to coffee barons. - The Boxer Uprising began with the peasantry did not want to convert to Christianity - The Boxers attacked Christian and foreign symbols and persons. They harassed and sometimes killed Chinese Christians, destroyed railroad tracks and telegraph lines, and attacked owners of foreign objects like lamps and clocks. The Boxers besieged foreign embassy compounds where diplomats and their families cowered in fear. They also reduced the Southern Cathedral to ruins and then besieged the Northern Cathedral, where more than 3000 Catholics and 30 French and Italian marines sought refuge. - The Manchu court began overhauling the administrative system and the military in the aftermath of the Boxer Uprising. - Old elites grumbled and the new class of urban merchants, entrepreneurs, and professionals regarded the government as outmoded. - Peasants and laborers resented the high cost of the reforms, which seemed to only help the rulers. - A mutiny, sparked by the government's nationalization of railroads and low compensation to native Chinese investors, broke out.
What happened in the Herero Revolt?
- Germany established colonies in Southwest Africa, Cameroon, Togo, and East Africa. - The Herero and San people resisted the Germans in German Southwest Africa, and in German East Africa, the Muslim Arab peoples rebelled. - Fighting in Southwest Africa escalated to such an extent that the German commander issued an extermination order against the Herero population.
What were the results of the war between Germany and France?
- Germany took the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine and its victory destabilized France. - The government signed a humiliating peace treaty and the Germans left a weak provisional French government. - Refusing the negotiated peace, furious Parisians vented their rage and established their own government, proclaiming the city a utopia for workers. - It lasted until the provisional national government's army stormed Paris a few months later where at least 25,000 Parisians died. - France saw increasing conflict between classes and the rise of anti-German nationalism.
Describe Charles Fourier's plan for phalanx.
- He believed that the thoroughly corrupt world was on the brink of giving way to a new and harmonious age and he was the oracle. - His system envisioned the reorganization of human communities into phalanxes that had 1,500 to 1,600 people where diversity would be preserved but efficiency maintained and all work would be enjoyable. - Everyone would get paid, even if someone did not work at all - Longing for social and moral reforms that would address problems such as prostitution, poverty, illegitimacy, and the exploitation of workers, some women saw a high form of Christian communalism in Fourier's ideas. - Women helped make Fourier's work more respectable to middle class readers.
How did Sun Yat-sen feel about different racial or ethnic groups IN CHINA?
- His message was Chinese (Han) nationalism. - He blasted the feeble rule by outsiders (Manchu) - After Qing downfall, Chinese changed the flag to just red because Sun had reservations about the multiracial flag, believing there should only be one Chinese race. - He believed the existence of different groups in China was the result of incomplete assimilation- a problem that the modern nation now had to confront.
What did Karl Marx and Engels believe would be the outcome of captialism?
- History moved through stages: from feudalism to capitalism to socialism (or communism). - believed more and more people would fall into the working class as industrialization proceeded and that the masses would not share in the rising prosperity that capitalists monopolized. - predicted that there would be overproduction of goods that would lead to lower profits for capitalists - would consequently result in lower wages or unemployment for workers which would spark a proletarian revolution and the end of private property. - If capitalism is gone, exploitation would case and the state would wither away. - published The Communist Manifesto, calling on the workers of all nations to unite to overthrow capitalism. - Marx and Engels were sorely disappointed and exiled by the revolutionary crackdowns.
What is the significance of Hong Xiquan?
- Hong thought that God was now sending him to rid the world of evil. - Hong began to preach his doctrines openly, baptizing converts, and destroying Confucian idols and ancestral shrines to testify his conviction that he was carrying out God's will. - His message of revitalization of troubled land and restoration of the "heavenly kingdom" appealed to the subordinate classes caught in this flux of social change. - The Taiping Rebellion claimed to herald a new era of economic and social justice. - Those whose anger at social and economic dislocations caused by the Opium War was directed at the Qing government. - The movement identified the ruling Manchus as the "demons" and as the chief obstacle to realizing God's kingdom on earth. - Taiping policies were strict: they prohibited the consumption of alcohol, the smoking of opium, or any indulgence in sensual pleasure. - Men and women were segregated for administrative and residential purposes. - Hong's movement amassed a following of over 20,000, giving Qing rulers a cause for concern.
What happened in Pan-Islamism?
- Intellectuals and political leaders begged their fellow Muslims to put aside their differences and unite under the banner of Islam in opposition to European incursions. - Jamal al-Din al-Afghani called on Muslims worldwide to overcome their Sunni and Shiite differences so that they could work together against the West. - Afghani called for unity and action, for an end to corruption and stagnation, and for the acceptance of the true principles of Islam. - Most decided to work within the fledging nation states of the Islamic world, looking to a Syrian or Lebanese identity as a way to deal with the West and gain autonomy. broken down explanation: - West (Europe and U.S) were becoming more influential in Islamic society and to stop this, Muslims wanted the two Sunni and Shiite groups to come together - This made them even more confused because they didn't know if they should work under Afghani or the Ottomans
Why did King Louis XVI call the Estates General?
- King Louis XVI spend huge sums to support the American rebels and overloaded the state with debt. - To restore his credit, Louis raised taxes on privileged classes by convening the Estates-General, a medieval advisory body that had not met for over a century. - French nobles argued that taxation gave them the right of representation. The delegates of the clergy (First estate) and the aristocracy (second estate) hoped to vote by estate and overrule the delegates representing everyone else (third estate). - Delegates of the Third Estate declared themselves to be the "National Assembly," the body that should determine France's future.
What happened during the Maji-Maji Revolt?
- Kinjikitile Ngwale began to move among various ethnic groups in German East Africa to spread a message of opposition to German colonial authorities. - He claimed that by anointing his followers with bless water, maji, he could protect them from European bullets and drive the Germans from East Africa. - Although German officials executed Kinjikitile, they could not prevent the Maji-Maji Revolt. - The Germans suppressed the revolt and killed between 200,000 to 300,000 Africans.
How did Americans justify expanding westward?
- Manifest Destiny maintained that it was God's will for the United States to "overspread" North America and American whites pushed their territorial claims and boundaries westward. - They acquired territories via purchase agreements and treaties but also via warfare and treaties with diverse Native nations and Mexico.
What is the significance of King Menelik II (not to be confused with Belgian king Leopold II)?
- Menelik II of Ethiopia successfully repulsed the Europeans by buying weapons from the French, British, Russians, and Italians. - He also had a united, loyal, and well-equipped army. - His troops beat the Italian forces at the Battle of Adwa. - This creates motivation and hope for other African tribes
What did modernism reflect?
- Modernism in arts and sciences replaced the certainties of the Enlightenment with the unsettledness of the new age. - Modernists challenged claims to provide complete, coherent explanations and representations of all kinds. - With growing doubts about civilizing missions or urban and industrial "progress," artists and scientists struggled to understand a world in which human reason seemed inadequate. simple definition: - bye bye established ideas from the Enlightenment - hello new theories and art forms that look nothing like people
What is the significance of modernism?
- Modernism was the sense of having broken with tradition. - During the Renaissance, most art was about Jesus but with modernism, art was meant to serve as a message. - Modern art was now replacing the learnings of the Enlightenment period. Realistic art was left behind. Continue reading for baby explanation: - modernism completely disregarded everything people found during Renaissance - art becomes more shaped like shapes and open to interpretation
Describe Mohammad Ibn al-Wahhab's Islamic reform movement (Wahhabism).
- Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab galvanized the population by attacking what he regarded as lax religious practices. - Abd al Wahhab demanded a return to the pure Islam of Muhammad and the early caliphs. - He railed against the polytheistic beliefs that had taken hold of the people, complaining that in defiance of Muhammad's tenets men and women were worshiping trees, stones, and tombs and making sacrifices to false images. - He stressed the absolute oneness of Allah and severely criticized Sufi sects for extolling the lives of saints over the worship fo God. - Wahhabism threatened the Ottomans' hold on the region and gained a powerful political ally in the Najdian House of Saud.
What is the significance of Shanghai Schools?
- Painters from the lower Yangzi region, known as the Shanghai School, adopted elements form both indigenous and foreign sources. - Although classically trained, they appropriated new western techniques into their art. - Fantasy novels drew on both western science and indigenous supernatural beliefs. - Some experimental writers explicitly addressed Chinese-western relations. - New Era celebrated conventional military themes but also introduced western inventions such as electricity-repellent clothing and bulletproof satin. - Even as Chinese intellectuals recognized new modes of knowledge, many of the elite insisted that Chinese learning as the principal source of all knowledge.
What is the significance of pan movements?
- Pan movements sought to link people across state boundaries. - The grand aspiration was the rearrangement of borders in order to unite dispersed communities. (Islam) - Jamal al-Din al-Afghani called on Muslims worldwide to overcome their Sunni and Shiite differences so that they could work together against the West. - Afghani called for unity and action, for an end to corruption and stagnation, and for the acceptance of the true principles of Islam. (Germany) - Pan Germanism found followers across central Europe, where it often competed with a pan-Slavic movement that sought to unite all Slavs against their Austrian, German, and Ottoman overlords. - German elites began to feel increasingly uneasy as Slavic nationalism became more popular.
Compare the challenges to the West posed by the pan movements and Sun Yat-sen.
- Pan movements sought to link people across state boundaries. - Afghani called on Muslims worldwide to overcome their Sunni and Shiite differences so that they could work together against the West. - They wanted autonomy from the West. - Sun Yat-sen wanted China to not be ruled by outsiders (Manchu) - He was mostly okay with the West as long as they were not ruling over China - established an organization based in Hawaii to advocate the Qing downfall and the cause of republicanism. - His message was Chinese (Han) nationalism. - He blasted the feeble rule by outsiders and trumped a sovereign political community of true Chinese.
Identify different understandings of the term progress in Europe and the United States. What did the term mean and what were its sources for competing social and political groups? What were the views of progressive reformers, anarchists, and syndicalists.
- Progress in the United States was improving the cities and land - Progressive reformers created parks to guide people away from prostitution houses, gambling, and drinking - President Theodore Roosevelt created the National Forest Act to preserve the land - Progress in Europe was improving working conditions to prevent strikes - Syndicalists were labor unions who tried to get more benefits for labor workers such as healthcare - Anarchists wanted to get rid of the government all together to not have rules - Otto van Bismarck increased rights of workers to prevent socialism
What is the significance of progressive reformers?
- Progressive reformers attacked corrupt city governments that had fallen into the hands of immigrant dominated political machines. - They also attacked gambling, drinking, and prostitution which were associated with industrialized, urban settings. - They hoped building parks would cause people to go there instead of to prostitution houses or gambling. gen-z explanation (pov: you're a progressive reformer- PR): PR- No! You can't go gambling! Random man: Why not? I can do what I want! PR- There's a nice park over there. Why don't you go there instead? It can be a city's new lungs. (what i imagined in my head- not historically accurate but not so untrue)
Why was there tension between the concept of nation-state and colonial empire?
- Publications and products from the "mother country" circulated widely among indigenous elites, yet colonies were seen as subordinate to the mother country and were given little to no representation in home governments. - After the Spanish-American War, the U.S sent troops to many Caribbean and Central American countries to turn these regimes into dependent states rather than making them part of the United States or converting them into formal colonies. - Refused to educate colonized because they deemed them unfit to rule themselves.
Why was Russia's expansion in Asia different?
- Russians conquered the highland people of the Caucasus Mountains to prevent Ottomans and Persians from encroaching on Russia's southern flank. - They battled the British over areas between Turketstan and British India, such as Persia (Iran) and Afghanistan. - The new provinces were multiethnic, multi-religious communities that were only partially integrated into the Russian nation.
Upset traditional racial hierarchies (I didn't know how to make this a question)
- Sexual relations between European colonizers and indigenous women- and their mixed offspring- had always been a part of European expansionism, but as racial identities hardened, many saw racial mixing as harmful to the superior white races. - Debates about whether Jews- defined by religious practice or ethnicity- could be fully assimilated into European society. - Even though they gained rights as citizens in most European countries, powerful prejudices persisted. - The racial hierarchy saw further disruption by the emigration of poor European immigrants; they flooded into prospering Latin American countrysides or into booming cities.
What prevented the abolition of slave trade in North America?
- Slavery did not end for several decades because of the continued profitability of cotton in southern U.S, sugar in the Caribbean, and coffee in Brazil. - Some European and American revolutionaries argued that slave labor was inherently less productive than free wage labor and ought to be abolished. - Another group insisted that the traffic in slave trade was immoral. - To enforce the ban of slaves, Britain posted a naval squadron off the coast of West Africa to prevent any slave trade above the equator and compelled Brazil's emperors to end slave imports.
Describe social and political instability in China and Africa.
- Social and political instability occurred in China after the Qing government failed to win the Opium War. - This caused many angry Chinese and ultimately led to an uprising called the Taiping Rebellion to overthrow the government and convert Chinese to Christians. - In Africa, Shaka had his Mfecane movement which caused political instability because he ruled with terror and incorporated defeated nations into his.
Why were Chinese leaders worried about railroads during the Self-Strengthening movement?
- Some worried that railways would facilitate western military maneuvers and lead to an invasion - Others complained that the tracks disturbed harmony between humans and nature. - They began to build railroad tracks but then tore them up
What trade products were traded to Western Europe?
- Sugar and silver were the pioneering products but other staples such as tea joined the long-distance trading business. I - Its leaves came from China, the sugar to cut its bitterness from the Caribbean, the slaves to harvest the sweetener from Africa, and the ceramics to serve the tea from the English midlands. (i don't think my answer is right for the original question of trade products to western europe)
What is the significance of syndicalism?
- Syndicalists were labor activists. - created unions to help workers by trying to shorten the work hours so that the worker can have time to receive more education and training. - The unions fought for increased hourly wage, workmen's compensation if they workers get hurt while working, some childcare benefits, healthcare benefits, and more breaks throughout the day. - Syndicalists supported capitalism but not at the expense of the laborers. simple definition: - people who helped workers get more rights in the workplace
What happened because of the loss of European descent in the U.S?
- Talk of the end of white America field support for more restrictive immigration policies. - The government initiated new forms of racial discrimination where old forms had broken down. - In the American West, animosity toward Chinese workers led to the 1882 Exclusion Act. - In the American South, where most of the nation's 7 million African Americans resided, a system of "Jim Crow" laws upheld racial segregation and inequality. - Even more threatening were darker peoples who were colonial subjects in the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. simple definition: - made more restrictive immigration policies because they started being scared after the slaves they brought in so many years ago had rights now and were afraid that any new citizens would take their jobs
How was Tenskwatawa similar to Hong Xiquan?
- Tenskwatawa was unsuccessful in his first thirty years (Hong Xiquan failed civil service examination 4 times). - he fell into a trance and experienced a vision where he encountered a heaven where the virtuous enjoyed the traditional Shawnee way of life and a hell where evildoers suffered punishments. - He stitched these together as a new social gospel that urged disciples to abstain from alcohol and return to traditional customs. - He exhorted Natives to avoid contact with outside influences and to reduce their dependance on European trade goods and to sever connections with Christian missionaries. - He preached that Native Americans killed in conflict with colonial intruders would be resurrected while evil Americans would depart from the country west of the Appalachians.
What was the cause of the Great Rebellion of 1857 in India?
- The "greased cartridge controversy" sparked the Rebellion of 1857. - The British army had many Hindu and Muslim recruits (sepoys) and they introduced a new Enfield rifle which required soldiers to bite the cartridge open. - Rumors circulated that cow and pig fat were used to grease the cartridge which violates Hindu and Muslim religious traditions. - The sepoys became convinced this was a plot to defile them and to compel their conversion to Christianity, so a wave of rebellion spread among the 270,000 Indian soldiers, who greatly outnumbered the 40,000 British soldiers employed.
Describe Tsar Nicholas I's absolute rule method.
- The French Revolution disallowed the tsars from justifying their absolutism by claiming that enlightened despotism was the most advanced form of government, since a new model, rooted in sovereignty and the concept of the nation, had arisen. - Nicholas became tsar and brutally suppressed the insurrectionists. - To maintain absolutist rule, Russian tsars portrayed the monarch's family as the ideal historical embodiment of the nation with direct ties to the people. - Nicholas himself prevented rebellion by expanding the secret police, enforcing censorship, conduction impressive military exercises, and maintaining serfdom. - He also introduced a conservative ideology that stressed religious faith, hierarchy, and obedience.
What is the significance of the Mexican Revolution?
- The Mexican Revolution was fueled by unequal land distribution and disgruntled workers. - people wanted freedom to rule their own land. - Pancho Villa led northern peasants, farmers, and other rural workers to topple Diaz's regime - Emiliano Zapata led the south. - revolution lasted for ten years and killed almost 10% of the population. - Peasant armies defeated Diaz's troops and proceeded to destroy many large estates in the name of providing land for farmers and ending oligarchic rule. - lasting legacy was the creation of rural communes, called ejidos, for Mexico's peasantry. - It spawned a set of new national myths based on the heroism of rural peoples, Mexican nationalism, and a celebration of the Aztec past. - Zapata wanted land and liberty (tierra y libertad). - Government sent soldiers to kill Zapata and tried to look for Pancho but could not find him until someone snitched on him. (both got pew pewed)
What were exceptions to the migration rules of the U.S and Europe?
- The United States allowed entry to everyone except prostitutes, convicts, and lunatics, - But in 1882, racist reactions spurred legislation that barred entry to almost all Chinese. - Travel within Europe required no passports or work permits, foreign-born criminals were subject to deportation, but that was the extent of immigration policy.
What were the results of the Mexican Revolution?
- The fighting lasted for ten brutal years, during which almost 10 percent of the country's population perished. - The revolution's most lasting legacy was the creation of rural communes for Mexico's peasantry. - These village holdings, called ejidos, looked back to a precolonial heritage. - The revolution spawned a new set of new national myths based on the heroism of rural peoples, Mexican nationalism, and a celebration of the Aztec past. - Pancho and Zapata got pew pewed (killed) by the government
Accumulation of capital needed and new industries (changes in economic industry- ex: new materials, companies)
- The period witnessed major technological changes with the arrival of new organic sources of power (like oil) and new ways to get old organic sources (like coal) to processing plants. - These freed manufacturers from having to locate their plants close to their fuel sources. - Electricity permitted factories to arise in areas with plenty of skilled workers and also slashed production costs. - Steel was now cheaply produced because of technical innovations and became essential for shipbuilding and railways. - Large banks were now large providers of funds. - Limited-liability joint-stock companies were as wildly successful in raising capital on stock markets as they were in the United States.
What were some successes from the Mexican Revolution?
- The revolution's most lasting legacy was the creation of rural communes for Mexico's peasantry. - These village holdings, called ejidos, looked back to a precolonial heritage. - The revolution spawned a new set of new national myths based on the heroism of rural peoples, Mexican nationalism, and a celebration of the Aztec past.
Significance of Prince Pedro declaring Brazil a constitutional monarchy.
- The royal family willingly shared power with the local planter aristocracy, so the economy prospered and slavery expanded. - Pedro, the son of the king, declared Brazil an independent state and established a constitutional monarchy. - Local elites embraced Pedro's rule and cooperated to minimize conflict.
Why was Usman dan Fodio inspired to reform Islam?
- Usman dan Fodio's movement sought inspiration in the life of Muhammad and demanded a return to early Islamic practices. - It attacked false belief and urged followers to wage holy war against unbelievers. - Dan Fodio blamed local leaders for what he saw as their failure to respect Islamic law and won the support of devout Muslims in the area. - He gained the backing of Fulani tribes and many Hausa speaking peasants who had suffered under the rule of the Hausa landlord class. - This resulted in the overthrow of Hausa rulers and the creation of a confederation of Islamic emirates.
Politically, who were the American "the people?"
- White men with property owners (had voting rights) - not women, not slaves, not Amerindians, not poor white men without property
What were the exceptions for men versus for women?
- Women were supposed to have more domestic responsibilities such as cooking and child rearing - men were meant to make money for their families. - If one was a lady, they were meant to be proper. - As economic developments created new jobs for women and greater access to education, women increasingly found work as teachers, secretaries, typists, department store clerks, social workers, and telephone operators.
What is the significance of Sun Yat-sen?
- dreamed of a political community reshaped along national lines. - After the Qing rejected his offer of service to the Chinese cause, he became convinced that China's rulers were out of touch with times. - He established an organization based in Hawaii to advocate the Qing downfall and the cause of republicanism. - His message was Chinese (Han) nationalism. - He blasted the feeble rule by outsiders and trumped a sovereign political community of true Chinese. - China was soon reconstituted and Sun's ideas especially those regarding race played a central role. - They changed the flag to just red because Sun had reservations about the multiracial flag, believing there should only be one Chinese race. - Sun believed the existence of different groups in China was the result of incomplete assimilation- a problem that the modern nation now had to confront.
What were the reactions to the British and Germans colonies abuse?
- exceptions to what people who favored European imperialism considered to be enlightened rule. - portrayed Africans as either accepting subjects or childlike primitives. - Europeans redoubled their efforts to impose colonial order because they thought that they had not tried hard enough to bring civilization.
What entertainment appealed to the masses?
- increase in entertainment was mainly from new urban settings, technological innovations, mass education, and increased leisure time. - Middle-class art lovers eagerly purchased mass-produced engravings; millions attended dance halls and vaudeville showers. - Sports also began to attract mass followings for the first time. - Popular culture emerged and delivered affordable and accessible forms of art and entertainment to the masses. - The press was a major form of popular entertainment and information because publishers offered different wares to different classes of readers and because more people could read.
What is the significance of the Boxer Uprising?
- started within the peasantry. - peasants wanted to resist European meddling because they did not want to convert to Christianity - Red Lanterns were Chinese teenage girls and women who wore red garments and pledged loyalty to the uprising. - The Red Lanterns were important in counteracting the influence of Christian women and the belief of their magical power provided critical assistance in their uprising. - Qing government joined the Boxers and the empress dowager declared war against foreign powers in 1900 to get the foreigners, especially British, out of China. - Boxers and Imperial Guards attacked Christian and foreign symbols, harassed and killed Chinese Christians, destroyed railroad tracks and telegraph lines, attacked owners of foreign objects like lamps, besieged foreign embassies and the Northern Cathedral, and reduced the Southern Cathedral to ruins. - Russia, Britain, Germany, France, the United States, and Japan all joined together to defeat the Boxer Rebellion. - Japan joined because they had goals of imperializing China - The Boxer Protocol required the Boxer Rebellion to pay a compensation in gold for damages to foreign life and property. - It also authorized western powers to station troops in Beijing.
