AP World Cumulative Study Guide

Portuguese Trade Ports

"Trading Post Empire;" included Zanzibar, Goa, Melaka, Macao

Battle of Omdurman

"battle" between British and Sudanese people. British had machine guns and killed almost every person there.

Viceroyalty

"in place of the king" - colonial economics run by mother state

Hejira

"the flight" of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE

The Americas

(***only the brown and dark green areas***) region

Great Zimbabwe

(1000s to 1400s) had another Bantu-speaking empire in the South with trade through the port city of Sofala. This powerful empire had impressive structures that were not discovered by Euros until 1871 and still stand; specialized in gold until the mines began to dry up and the land had been over-used by grazing and farming

Kamakura Shogunate

(1200-1333) - first major Shogunate of Japan

Ottoman Turks

(1300s-1918) held hegemony over the Middle East and North Africa for centuries (disrupted by Timur); fall of Constantinople in 1453; feared in Europe until 1700s; tolerated ll religions, but discriminated against Arabs (jizya); at its peak under Suleiman the Magnificent; rivaled China in wealth/power; after 1685 started slow decline

Copernicus (On the Revolution of...)

(1473-1543) Polish clergyman and mathmetician; 1543, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, was published on his deathbed (too dangerous for him to publish while alive); heliocentric theory

Safavid Empire

(1500-1800) Shi'ite empire; dynasty founded in 1501 in Persia (today Iran/Iraq); leaders took the title of "Shah;" restored a sense of Persian identity separate from Muslim neighbors

Hernan Cortes

(1519) arrived from Spain w/ 600 men to the Aztec Empire and killed/captured Montezuma w/ superior weaponry (disease), by 1521, Spanish ruled Central America

Babur

(1526)a conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor

Mughal Empire

(1526-1761) didn't rule all of India; founded by Babur; Turkic Muslims from Central Asia; used cannon to control most of India (northern 2/3rds); throughout trade, the Mughals spread Islam into SE Asia and Indonesia; Golden Age occurred during ruling of Akbar

Francisco Pizarro & Incas

(1532) searched for El Dorado (city of gold) and defeated the Inca Empire which led to completed Spanish control over Americas

Galileo Galilei (Starry Messenger)

(1564-1642) used math and experiments to challenge Aristotle's laws of motion; used telescope to study stars and planets; The Starry Messenger was published in 1610; helped popularize the new theories; ended up being imprisoned for heresy; put on trial; served house arrest until he died

Johannes Kepler

(1571-1630) German; proved the heliocentric theory mathematically, except w/ elliptical orbits

Isaac Newton (Prinicipia)

(1642-1727) Published his laws as The Principia in 1687; Built on earlier findings and discovered the 3 rules for all motion; "Natural Laws," gravity, and inertia; reduced all movement on Earth and in the universe to precise math formulas; "a clockwork universe"

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1912) In 1644, Manchus from Manchuria conquered Ming; took a Chinese name (for help from mandate of heaven); to preserve social superiority, passed new laws: Chinese men had to wear the queue, no intermarriage (btw. Chinese/Manchus); Manchus stayed isolated from Chinese culture; but mandarin actually supported Manchus; 2 emperors: Kangxi, Qianlong

Voltaire

(1694-1778) brilliant/influential; argued for tolerance, reason, legal justice, and free speech; a verbose man; over 70 witty books (Candide, 1759); thought organized religion caused fanaticism and intolerance; preferred Deism

crimean war

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea, Ottomans win because they are backed with European support

Gupta Dynasty

(320 to ~ 600 CE) started a Golden Age in India marked by a strong scientific & literary tradition; Great achievements in literature, mathematics, astronomy, & medicine

Muhammad

(570-632 CE), a Bedouin merchant in Arabia, starts Islam in Mecca in 622

Umayyad Dynasty

(661-750) marks the start of a religious split between Shi'ite and Sunni; they continued to expand, but allowed non-Muslims to follow their own faith as long as they paid a tax, the jizya; as Muhammad was a merchant, trade and commerce are seen as honorable activities

Abbasid Caliphate

(750-1250s) marks a Golden Age of Islam, centered in the capital city of Baghdad; this period is marked by great advances and a sophisticated civilization

Gold-Salt Trade (Silent Trade)

(Africa) kings grew wealthy by taxing all exchanges and other traders who passed thru their region; they also provided protection for merchants

Pachacuti

(Inca) succeeded to the throne and became ruler; he greatly expanded the empire, conquering some, persuading others to join because of the advantages they offered in trade and protection; allowed defeated enemies to keep their customs in exchange for tribute

Indus Civilization

(about 2500-1500 BCE)—another of the 4 original "Cradles of Civilization"; located in India

Mediterranean Sea

(circled sea)

Yellow (Hwang He) River

(highlighted river)

Kamikaze

(in World War II) a Japanese aircraft loaded with explosives and making a deliberate suicidal crash on an enemy target; named after the storms which saved Japan from defeat

Ghost Dance Ceremonies

(millenarian) 1890, performed by native Americans because they wanted their old way of life back; a superstitious/magical ceremony; thought their world was falling apart and wanted to fix it

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement, 1857, South Africa

(millenarian) a superstitious/magical ceremony enacted after prophecy in 1856-1857 that was believed to help restore greatness to this African kingdom

Hindu Kush

(mountain range in this area-- a little south of red area)

Alps

(mountains)

Andes mountains

(mountains)

Himalayan Mountain range

(mountains)

Rocky Mountains

(mountains)

Ural mountains

(mountains)

Arctic Ocean

(ocean with X in it)

Atlantic Ocean

(ocean with X in it)

Indian Ocean

(ocean with X in it)

Pacific Ocean

(ocean with X in it)

Suleiman the Magnificent

(r. 1520-1566); one of the best rulers of Ottoman Empire; stretched deep into Austria (siege of 1529); almost took over Europe

Akbar

(r. 1558-1605) centralized gov; started a Golden Age of art, philosophy, religious cooperation; won support of Hindus (4:1 ration, H:M); eliminated jizya; married a Hindu and put Hindus in gov; unsuccessfully outlawed suttee

Tokugawa Ieyasu

(r. 1603-1616) finished unifying Japan; built capital at Edo (Tokyo); began the Tokugawa Shogunate; enacted Alternate Attendance Policy (all nobles live in the city); no guns allowed; only samurai could own weapons

Louis XIV

(r. 1643-1715) centralized French gov. (swore to never be under control of nobles); undercut power of nobles; absolute monarch; Palace at Versailles; set style for ruling and culture in Europe; 1685 he revoked the Edict of Nantes (tolerated Huguenots) which led many talented Protestants to leave, making France weak

Kangxi

(r. 1661-1722) successful Manchu emperor during Qing Dynasty

Qianlong

(r. 1736-1796) successful Manchu emperor during Qing Dynasty; only emperor to retire (didn't want to rule longer than his grandfather, Kangxi); China prospered; economic and population growth; 1740, 140 million; 1800, 300 million; complex bureaucracy, but only 5000 officials

Frederick the Great

(r. 1740-1786) Prussian; improved gov/military; reduced power of nobles and cut personal freedoms; continued serfdom after it had died out in Western Europe

Central America

(region colored black)

Eastern Asia

(region highlighted yellow)

Central Asia

(region)

Eastern Africa

(region)

Eastern Europe

(region)

Middle East

(region)

Northern Africa

(region)

Southeast Asia

(region)

Southern Africa

(region)

Southern Asia

(region)

Western Africa

(region)

Western Europe

(region)

Tigris River

(river to the East)

Euphrates River

(river to the West)

Amazon River

(river)

Indus River

(river)

Mississippi River

(river)

Nile River

(river)

Yangtze River

(river)

Arabian Sea

(sea highlighted red)

Caspian Sea

(sea highlighted red)

Baltic Sea

(sea)

Caribbean Sea

(sea)

North Sea

(sea)

Shang Dynasty

(~1500 BCE-~1027 BCE) first historical dynasty in Chinese history; oracle bones & tortoise shells indicate that their written language of pictographs existed then

Epic of Gilgamesh

(~1800 BCE) the first work of literature, in the oral tradition first, but later written down; emphasis on positive traits of culture to pass on to children

Liberal nationalism

*'liberty, fraternity and equality' *the right of all nations to self-determination. The right to self-determination is entrenched as a norm within the governance, and the desire to determine one's own territorial boundaries remains an immensely powerful driving force within international relations. *firm opposition to imperialism grounded upon mutual respect amongst sovereign nations. *social progress driven by the "general will" of the people.

conservative nationalism

*nationalist feeling must be consistent with the fundamental conservative objective of social harmony. *nations are in possession of a national spirit which reflects continuity with the past. *an organic view of society. Nations emerge from a primordial need to bond with those whom we share common characteristics. The formation of a nation is a bottom-up process rather than imposed from above on some abstract and untested notion.

ASEAN

- "Association of South Eastern Asian Nations" - Formed in 1967 to promote economic growth and defense in case of attack - fairly effective in economics, it includes Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines

Imbalance of Wealth

- 1500: all nations about equal in standard of living - 1900: Western nations about 25 times higher than the rest of the world - Since 1980: some shifts occurring

Korean War

- 1900 to 1945, Japan occupied Korean peninsula - 1945, divided at the 38th parallel; the US and USSR held joint control - 1948, 2 separate nations created, North Korea and South Korea - North Korea communist, South Korea "democratic," backed by US - June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, supported by USSR; moved quickly into South Korea in a few days - as part of containment policy, US stepped in with UN support - Primarily a US effort headed by General Douglas Mac Arthur - front lines moved back and forth first year - then 2 years stalemate along 38th parallel - cease fire finally signed in June 1953

Apartheid/Danial Malan

- 1931: Republic of South Africa became officially independent from England (1910, self-rule) - Dutch descendants gradually took over political control from Brit descendants - 1948: they were the political majority - elected Daniel Malan President - Government set up a strict policy of racial segregation: apartheid - designed to preserve a "pure white race" - a "pigmentocracy"; entire population classified by skin color - whites: only 17%, but had all the power

Marshall Plan/US Prosperity

- 1945, many in the US feared a return to depression - instead, US entered a 25-year period of unparalleled economic growth Causes: - the war years created a pent-up desire to spend - Marshall Plan: an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $13 billion to help rebuild - Cold war spending and increase in middle class

Shah of Iran

- 1953, CIA overthrew popular socialist leader (Cold War fears) - Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, returned to power - US Puppet/repressive dictator (abused human rights) - a hated leader; created long-term resentment toward US - 1978: revolution and coup d'etat

Geneva Accords

- 1954, French Indochina became 4 nations (Laos, Cambodia, Northern Vietnam, and Southern Vietnam) - NV and SV divided at 17th Parallel (govt. decision) - US promised free elections to unify nation - later canceled elections b/c they realized communists would win

Suez Crisis

- 1956, Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal - claimed the canal as Egypt's property despite GB and FR control for decades - US and USSR sided w/ Nasser (shows how far England and France have fallen)

Common Market/EU

- 1957, 6 Western European nations formed the "Common Market" to enhance trade, eliminate tariffs, and prevent wars - 1994, it was renamed European Union (EU) and included a parliament, common currency (Euro), and a central bank by 199 - Economics united Europe - 2016: BREXIT, Great Britain left EU (sign of nationalism)

Ghana/Kwame Nkrumah

- 1957, Gold Coast (British) won independence from GB - democracy; renamed Ghana; Kwame Nkrumah, prime minister - 1961, declared "President for Life" (dictator) - 1963, helped found Organization of African Unity (OAU) for "Pan-Africanism" - overthrown in 1966

Bantustans/Homelands/Townships

- 1959 policy: all blacks had to live on 10 "homelands" (bantustans) - terrible land far from cities and jobs - 70% crowded onto 13% of the land - later started "townships" near cities - horrible slums developed

Sharpeville Massacre/Umkonto We Sizwe

- 1960, an ANC protest against pass laws - police intervened with violence - led to rioting; 69 blacks killed, 200 wounded, 18,000 arrested - Aftermath: harsh laws imposed (jail without trial, ANC outlawed) - ANC went underground; convinced non-violence wouldn't work -developed militant wing: Umkonto We Sizwe = Spear of the Nation

Copper in Chile/Salvatore Allende/Augusto Pinochet

- 1960s: Chile's economy dependent on copper; imported food - copper prices dropped sharply and led to food shortages - 1970: elected Salvatore Allende - tried to turn Chile towards socialism - Nationalized copper mines, angering US businesses - also nationalized land, which angered wealthy elite - a coup d'etat replaced him with General Augusto Pinochet (backed by CIA) - led a military takeover, and Allende was killed in the fighting - Pinochet set up military dictatorship w/ no political parties, constitution, or freedoms - thousands of Allende's supporters arrested, tortured, or murdered - also he restored copper mines to US corporations - returned land to wealthy (US supported him until 1990)

Mobutu Sese Seko

- 1965-1997, the reign of Mobutu - after the overthrow of Patrice Lumumba, Mobutu changed his name and the name of the country (Zaire) - 1967: one-party dictatorship - controlled all media - enemies executed or tortured - all done with tacit approval of US and also financial assistance because he wasn't a communist - eventually economy deteriorated - government called "kleptocracy" - built palaces and bank accounts - corrupt elections

Six-Day War

- 1967, Egypt invaded Israel - Israel had very powerful military and defeated Egypt in six days - expanded borders - USSR supported Egypt and US supported Israel - US has been an ally every since - Hated for Israel = hatred for US

Post Industrial Age

- 1970s, Japan and West Germany became economic powers; US entered recession - many factories moved to Latin America and Asia - economy rebounded in 1980s with computer industry - national debt became a problem in 1980s; continues today - women's movement in the west (mid-'60s); greater opportunities and options for careers - Information Revolution - materialism and mass consumerism has greatly expanded - began to influence the rest of the world

Uganda/Idi Amin

- 1971, Idi Amin led a military coup d'etat - Repressive for 8 years - "The Butcher of Uganda," killed 300,000 - overthrown in 1979 - 200,000 of Amin's followers killed (begins cycle of killing)

Bangladesh

- 1971: East Pakistan tried to break away (economy suffering) - believed all industry positions of power going to West Pakistan - India sided with East Pakistan and they won independence - Republic of Bangladesh

October/Yom Kippur War

- 1973, Israel and Egypt went to war; eventually a draw - US supported Israel - This angered OPEC, which led the oil embargo on US

Oil Embargo of 1973

- 1973, October/Yom Kippur War - Angered, OPEC placed an embargo on US, cut oil production, drove up prices - In US, prices quadrupled; serious gas shortages - ME became much more powerful

Soweto

- 1976, a township near Johannesburg held a riot of 1 million Blacks - peaceful protest against making Afrikaans official language - police cracked down ruthlessly - young people responded with violence - 575 killed in weeks of violence - afterwards, government began arbitrary arrests, torture of prisoners

Stephen Biko

- 1977, an ANC activist, was arrested and beaten to death - became a world-wide martyr

Iran-Iraq War

- 1980, Iran busy with US hostage situation - Iraq invaded to take over oil lands - US (President Reagan) aided Saddam as an enemy of Iran - sold him a powerful arsenal (which would eventually be used for weapons of mass destruction) - war ended in 1988; both sides exhausted; over 1 million died

Desmond Tutu

- 1984, won Nobel Peace Prize for non-violent fight against apartheid in South Africa

Frederik W. DeKlerk/End of Apartheid

- 1989, elected president of South Africa - vowed to end apartheid - 1990: lifted ban on ANC, released Mandela - 1992: majority of whites voted to end apartheid

State of Israel

- After 1945, world sympathy for Jews; more moved to Palestine - Lots of conflict (Palestinian Arabs afraid about becoming a minority from the Jews) - Brits turned area over to the UN - 1947, UN planned for division based on the majority in an area - Jews reluctantly agreed but Arabs said they would fight to prevent it - May 14, 1948, British left as promised - Jews declared the new nation of Israel - talented immigrants, prosperous nation

Jawaharlal Nehru/Non-Alignment Movement

- After the Partition of India, he headed India as leader - Prime minister from 1947-64 - pursued policy of "Non-Alignment" in the Cold War - emerged as leader of "Third World" - also constant battles with China and Pakistan over borders

Gulf War, 1991

- After war w/ Iran, 1980-88, Saddam needed money - August 1990, using US weapons, he took over oil-rich Kuwait - President Bush (1st one) intervened because US needed Kuwait's oil - Operation Desert Storm proceeded - US led a coalition of 28 nations (UN, NATO) - even ME nations helped - *US set up military base in Saudi Arabia (controversial) - Angered many extremists (like Osama bin Laden) - February 1991, US won easily (a few days) - Hussein remained in power, but his army and weapons were gone - US inspected for weapons, 1991-98, all of his weapons and factories were found and destroyed - Hussein and Iraq no longer a threat

Invasion of Kuwait

- After war with Iran, 1980-88, Saddam needed money - August 1990, using US weapons, he took over oil-rich Kuwait beginning the Gulf War

Che Guevara

- Argentinian Marxist revolutionary military intellectual who was second-in-command to Fidel Castro during his dictatorship - big influence of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 - disliked by US for being communist - back by USSR

Iran-Hostage Crisis

- Ayatollah Khomeini, an anti-US, fundamentalist Muslim, returned from exile - November 1979, Iranian students rioted - he seized 52 diplomats and held them hostage for 444 days, until January 1981 - President Jimmy Carter negotiated the hostages release

Nelson Mandela

- Before 1960 peaceful and non-violent; inspired by Gandhi - led by the ANC; protests: marches, petitions, boycotts - 1950s, a new leader emerged: Nelson Mandela - became an outlaw hero to many - A guerrilla fighter; lived on the run - 1962, arrested with other leaders - 1964: sentenced to life in prison at Robbin Island - soon forgotten by the public - later on in 1993, he was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize - 1994: elected president of South Africa - credited with peaceful transition of power to Blacks - never sought revenge, never reacted with hatred, simply pursued a peaceful solution to racial problems - died in 2013, an international hero and symbol

Pass Laws

- Blacks (70%), "colored" (mixed race, 10%), and Asian (3%) - no personal freedoms or vote - couldn't work, travel, or live where they wished - "Pass Laws": Blacks had to carry a pass book at all times

Japanese Business Growth/Sheishin

- By 1970s, caught up with the West; especially in automobiles, steel, and electronics - much growth came from US market - oil embargo of 1973 led many Americans to look for more fuel-efficient cars - a small number of large companies subsidized by government - other companies sacrifice to help the success of the big ones - a matter of national pride - Sheishin: group more important than the individual

Cambodia/Sihanouk/Pol Pot

- During the Vietnam War, the Vietcong used Cambodian land to transport supplies along the Ho Chi Minh Trail - US pressured king/ruler Norodom Sihanouk to stop the supplies, but he couldn't - US helped to overthrow him in 1970, but disrupted the nation so much that the communist group, Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, was able to seize control - Pol Pot was a brutal totalitarian dictator who murdered thousands and forced people to leave the cities to work on collective farms - an estimated 2 million out of 8 million died under his rule from executions/starvation - finally overthrown in 197

Indonesia/Sukarno/Suharto

- Dutch East Indies were occupied by Japan from 1942-1945 - In 1945, they declared their independence - They won in 1949 with Sukarno as new president -A difficult country to unify; it has 18,000 islands and dozens of languages/ethnicities - today it is 80% Muslim (largest Muslim population in the world) - like Nehru, Sukarno pursued a policy of Non-Alignment until the 1960s when he became friendlier w/ the communist party of Indonesia - His authoritarian rule was resented so much that he was overthrown (1967) by the army and conservative Muslims in a civil war that killed 500,000 in 1965-67 - succeeded by another military dictator named Suharto, who was supported by the US despite his human-rights abuse (anti-communist) - Suharto ruled until 1998

Indian Ocean Trade

- East African empires along the coast, such as Great Zimbabwe maintained trade in Indian Ocean until Europeans began to conquer and colonize lands - after the fall of Constantinople (1453), sea trade became exceptionally more important and efficient

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

- February 1947, GB announced they would grant Indian independence - Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Muslim refused to be part of a Hindu-dominated nation - wanted "Pakistan" = "land of the Pure"; violence broke out, Hindu vs. Muslim

Ho Chi Minh

- Fought against French as a political leader in Vietnam's War for Independence (1945-54) - 1954-75, Civil War - Communists in NV - a popular dictator (led fight against Japan in WWII) - many communists also in SV (called Vietcong) - made the war confusing because the enemy wasn't clear - fought guerrilla war (underground tunnels; stored goods) - supported by USSR and China

USSR/Afghanistan/al-Qaeda/Osama bin Laden

- In 1979, the USSR invaded Afghanistan (Muslim nation) - tried to repress religion - some Muslims saw it as a war against Islam - Flocked to the area to fight the Soviets - the name "al-Qaeda al-Sulbah" - the base - financing came from Osama bin Laden - one of the many heirs to a huge fortune - Because of Cold War, US gave covert aid to al-Qaeda - CIA helped train them to use terrorism against Soviets - 1989, USSR withdrew from Cold War - al-Qaeda debated what to do with the skills and resources they acquired - decided to use al-Qaeda to fight for pure form of Islam (fundamentalism and Shar'ia) - at first, targets were Muslim countries - During Gulf War in 1991, US based their troops in Saudi Arabia and attacked Muslims - Angry, al-Qaeda started to attack Americans (World Trade Center, American Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania)

Arab-Israeli Conflict

- Jews declared the new nation of Israel in 1948 and 6 Arab nations attacked - war ended in 1949, cease fire - Israel (the Jews) won, but a center of controversy ever since - after 6-Day War, US has been hated by all those who hate Israel

Kashmir

- Kashmir: a hotspot - Pakistan wants it (75%); India won't give it up (China also claims part) - Both now have nuclear weapons, threaten to use them - Rapid growth in computer technology, MC - But using an increasing amount of oil and energy - 80-90% of people living in poverty

Vietnam War

- LBJ sent troops to Vietnam to end communist threat - Gulf of Tonkin, August 1964: US lied about "attack" - Tonkin Gulf Resolution passed by Congress - US began bombing raids - January 31, 1968: Tet Offensive: Turning point of war - Vietcong and NV attacked every city in SV (lasted for weeks) - US military victory (45,000 dead enemies compared to 3,000 US/allies) - but US public turned against the war (college students, media) - Nixon promised to end war quickly (1969-1974) - January 1969 - had reasonable peace offer: pull out US troops and communists wouldn't attack for an agreed upon time - Nixon refused offer, instead tried "Vietnamization" - reduced # of troops to appease protesters, but greatly increased bombing (agent orange) - last troops removed January 1973 (same deal as 1969, but 25,000 Americans died) - April 1975, Saigon fell to communists, Vietnam united

Fidel Castro/Bay of Pigs/Operation Mongoose

- Late 1950s, Fidel Castro and Che Guevara led a socialist revolution - January 1959, dictator Fulgencia Batista fled - Castro improved education, economic equality - also nationalized businesses to keep profits in Cuba - US put pressure on him, so he turned to USSR - declared Cuba a communist nation - US determined to remove him - April 1961: CIA invasion plan failed - "Bay of Pigs": a fiasco - "Operation Mongoose" also failed

Taliban

- Mid-1990s, bin Laden in Afghanistan; linked up with new government: the Taliban (has strict laws against women) - Afghanistan government shared extremism - al-Qaeda linked to numerous attacks in 1990s

Indira Gandhi

- Nehru's daughter (little nepotism) - Prime minister off and on from 1966 to 1984 - 1st woman to lead a democracy - Sikhs wanted their own nation in Punjabs; she used brutal force to control rebels - 1984: killed by Sikh body guards

Kim Family Rulers

- North Korea ruled by Kim Il Sung (1948-1994) - his son Kim Jong Il (1994-2011) - grandson, Kim Jong-un as communist dictator - the capricious Kim has nuclear weapons, threatens to use them - South Korea was an autocratic, military dictatorship supported by the US because of Cold War fears - since 1990, they have developed a more liberal democracy

Shinjinrui/Karoshi

- Shinjinrui: the younger generation of Japan - karoshi: working yourself to death - "The shinjinrui worried about karoshi" - Japanese Schools: teach filial piety, sheishin, loyalty - attend classes 240 days/year

War on Terror/Bush Doctrine

- Since 9/11, 2001-2002, US destroyed al-Qaeda Headquarters in Afghanistan - didn't get Osama - 2003, President Bush (second) shifted focus from Osama and al-Qaeda to a war against Saddam Hussein and Iraq - the "Bush Doctrine": attack terrorists before they attack us - argued there were 2 reasons to attack Iraq: 1) Saddam had WMD 2) Saddam aided al-Qaeda during 9/11 - UN inspections in Iraq found no WMD - CIA unable to find WMD or links to 9/11 - Bush administration looked at evidence selectively

Iraq War, 2003-2011

- UN and NATO opposed invasion - US ignored them; decided to invade with few allies - March 2003, US launched preemptive attack - Iraq military was largely destroyed in 1991, so US won easily - But a much bigger job remained - US stuck in lengthy war, 2003-2011 - Aftermath: US withdrew from Iraq in 2011; never found WMDs or links to al-Qaeda - but 9-year occupation was expensive (over $800B while taxes were being cut) - 4500 Americans killed; 32000 wounded - 172,000 Iraqis killed (mostly civilians) - *created power void, civil war; Islamic State (ISIS, ISIL) formed in Iraq - anti-Americanism; Iraq war seen by many as unnecessary; used of torture by US - US reputation suffered world-wide

Occupation of Japan/Douglas MacArthur

- US occupied Japan from 1945-52; Douglas MacArthur - new constitution (parliamentary government with Diet) - US rebuilt and defended Japan in Cold War - Japan spent its money on research, industry and technology

Philippines

- US promised independence during WWII and they received it peacefully in 1946 - while India and the Philippines were given independence by their colonial rulers, most of the other SE Asian nations had to fight for freedom

New Agreements with Cuba, Iran

- US reputation improved under President Obama (Nobel Peace Prize, 2009) - Iran treaty, Cuban negotiations helped - Osama killed May 2011 - but war in Afghanistan continues - "Arab Spring" 2011-2014 - Led to violent crackdown, especially in Syria

Rwandan Genocide

- When US Cold War money began to run out, President Habyarimana began to change from a military govt. to a civilian, multi-party one - a privileged elite of Hutus opposed this, especially when he entered peace negotiations with the Tutsis and indicated that he would share power with them - the hard-liners and the army started a propaganda campaign that demonized Tutsis as foreigners (using colonial myth) - extremists began to call for killing of ALL Tutsis - trigger event: April 6, 1994, a plane carrying Habyarimana and the president of Burundi was shot down (prob. by Hutu extremists); both died - Hutu extremists first killed Hutus opposing mass slaughter, then killed all remaining Tutsis - about 800k killed in 2 months (3 time faster than Nazis and w/ machetes) - UN peace keepers took no action; US did nothing - exiled Tutsis groups (RPF) and defeated the Hutu govt. in July 194 - 2 million Hutus fled to Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, and Zaire

Yasir Arafat

- a Palestinian political leader who lived from 1929 to 2004 - 1964, started the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) - wanted to force the Jews out of Palestine/Israel

Baby Boom

- a temporary marked increase in the birth rate, especially the one following World War II - an increase in production of baby products, schools, homes, etc. - supported the economic prosperity after WWII

September 11, 2001

- about 3000 killed - al-Qaeda aimed for symbols of US power at the same time - World Trade Center, business (Twin Towers) - Pentagon, military - White House, political - Reasons: wanted a united Muslim world sharing Osama's fundamentalist version of Islam - Saw the US and Western culture as impediments to achieving this goal - couldn't keep out internet and cable TV - most Muslims condemn both al-Qaeda's religious views and their terrorist methods

Partition of India/Pakistan

- after complaints from Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslims in India, two separate nations created in August 1947 - India headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Pakistan, Jinnah - Pakistan divided into 2 parts 1000 miles apart - As Hindus moved to India and Muslims to Pakistan, centuries of anger erupted - mass violence resulted - over 500,000 died - both sides implacable, even Gandhi unable to stop hatred and violence - January 1948, Gandhi shot by Hindu extremist upset by Gandhi's attempts to get rid of the caste system

Hatred of West

- because US sided with Israel, all of Israel's enemies were then US's enemies - also because of the constant intrusion of Western nations, many fundamentalists despised US and GB

Hutus and Tutsis

- before 1500, a social hierarchy emerged which divided the people into 2 groups: Tutsi rulers and the Hutu subordinated (peaceful coexistence) - at the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885 Rwanda and Burundi were part of the territory given to Germany (later Belgium after WWI) - both Euro nations worked through indirect rule, governing through existing Tutsi leaders - Euros saw Tutsis (minority) as "less" African and smarter than the Hutus (majority) - Euros created hatred between these groups that did not exist beforehand - Tutsis took preferred positions as civil servants, businessmen, and landlords (education) - Hutus were usually exploited peasants, forced to work hard and pay heavy taxes - in 1959, the Hutus, in the majority, revolted and destroyed the Tutsi monarchy; also killed hundreds of Tutsis - in 1962, both countries received independence from Belgium - with the Hutus in control in Rwanda and conducting periodic massacres, hundreds of thousands of Tutsis fled to neighboring countries (Uganda, Zaire, Burundi, and Tanzania) - Tutsis called themselves the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) invaded several times but were repelled - In 1965, Tutsis seized control of the Burundi govt. and murdered thousands of Hutus - In Burundi in 1972, an attempted uprising by the Hutus was crushed with genocidal slaughter (~200k dead) - each incident of wholesale murder generated a similar response in the other country - in 1973, General Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu, seized power of Rwanda, set up military dictatorship - by the late 1980s, the region was in a crisis; the economy was in shambles, unemployment high, and violence continued

Decolonization in Africa

- between 1950s and the 1980s, all African nations won independence - a mournful history followed - dictators and constant internal warfare - Cold War interference made things worse - almost no peaceful transfers of power - AIDS also a huge problem - the process started w/ Egypt in 1952 - most of North Africa soon followed, but it was more complicated in Sub-Saharan area

Environmental Movement

- concern for environment has increased ever since the end of WWII - some find the US opposition to these efforts unjustified

Patrice Lumumba

- elected first prime minister of Congo - popular leader, but leftist - worked to help the common people (schools, hospitals) - but had no money, all money went to Western nations - Belgian army helped rebel groups against Lumumba - he asked UN and US for help - they did little - Belgian troops remained and he turned to the USSR; this angered US (Cold War fears) - 1961, US supported a coup d'etat (CIA) led by Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu - Lumumba imprisoned, finally executed in secret - US feared communist takeover (selfish idealism) - civil war continued until November 1965 - Mobutu became dictator (ruled until 1990s)

Ayatollah Khomeini

- fundamentalist Muslim - set up theocracy based on Shar'ia (virtually a dictator) in Iran - anti-modern and anti-US - allowed no dissent; killed hundred (cult of personality) - caused Iran-Hostage Crisis

OPEC

- in 1960, 6 nations formed Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - created to control oil prices - other nations soon joined - By 1970, all had nationalized oil industry to keep profits - a few got rich, but most stayed poor

Belgian Congo/1st Republic

- in 1960, Belgian government just left - gave Congo complete independence - but, businesses and military stayed (all of the money is leaving) - no preparation for self-rule - 16 million people, only 16 college graduates - 1960-65, period of chaos and civil war - Patrice Lumumba elected first prime minister

Computers/Information Revolution

- introduction of a new media after WWII - increase in production and use of TVs and technology - introduction of computers helped fully bring about the Information Revolution

Saddam Hussein

- military dictator of Iraq from 1979 to 2003 - seized power in 1978 - wished to unite ME under his rule - not religious, but called for jihads frequently - hated by fundamentalists (Khomeini, Osama bin Laden)

Algeria

- one of the first African countries to decolonize - it took a bloody war to be free from France (1954-1962)

"Third World"

- originally a term for the countries not involved in the Cold War (specifically India, Non-Alignment) - now used to describe under-developed countries

Gamal Abdel Nasser

- second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death - led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year - 1956, nationalized the Suez Canal w/ support of US and USSR - tried to create the United Arab Republic with the Pan-Arabism movement (never got very far)

Shooting An Elephant

- short story written by George Orwell in 1936 - discusses the issues with imperialism and "white man's burden" from a dual-citizenship POV

PLO

- the Palestinian Liberation Organization - created for the "liberation of Palestine" by Yasir Arafat - pursues goal through violent struggle mostly aimed at Israeli citizens

African National Congress

- the Republic of South Africa's governing social democratic political party

Zaire

- the official country name for the 1st Republic of the Congo; existed from 1971 to 1997

Shar'ia

- the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition - It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam

Nazi Party

-1919: Nazi party started in response to the Weimar Republic -Government blamed for TOV, inflation, and depression of the early 1920s -tried to rebuild party in '24, but economy was good, so no people were mostly satisfied -depression gave party an opportunity -feed off of fear, hate, and blame

Causes of the Great War: Secret Alliances

-Germany allied with Russia, friendly with England, to isolate France -wilhelm II_> broke with Russia -Russia secretly allied w/ France -France w/ English ○ Bismarck skillfully worked for "balance of power," 1860s to 1890

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

-June 28, 1914, Sarajevo, Bosnia: Archduke Franz Ferdinand, hier to Austria-Hungary throne, assasinated -by Gavrilo Princip "Trigger event" ***

Nationalism

1) wanted cultural unity: their own country 2) wanted independence from an empire

Race and Space

1. Race: Germans were the master race; all others, esp. Jews, Slavs, and gypsies, inferior 2. Space: TOV an outrage; he vowed to regain the lost lands i. Germany crowded, needed more Lebensraum (living space)

Great Schism in Christian Church (Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox)

1054 CE

Great Schism (1)

1054 permanently divided the two branches of Christianity; Pope and Patriarch excommunicated each other over the use of religious icons; after this, Orthodoxy influenced EE and the RCC, WE

Norman Conquest of England

1066 CE

Battle of Manzikert (Seljuk Turks over Byzantine)

1071 CE

First Crusade

1095 CE

Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologica)

1200s in which he attempted to prove the existence of God by using rationalism and logical arguments; shows that reason was returning to Europe after the Dark Ages, but that those ideas were still limited to religion

Ghengis/Chinggis Khan begins Mongol conquests

1206 CE

Mongols sack Baghdad, end of Abbasid caliphate

1258 CE

Marco Polo's travels

1271-1295 CE

Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty in China

1279-1368 CE

Iron Age

1300 BCE

Aztecs

1300-1500s; estd. an empire over much of central & southern Mexico; a military culture of conquest and constant warfare; they ruled by fear and intimidation, demanding tribute from conquered neighbors, leading to growing hostility; built a good system of roads that enhanced trade in all directions

Little Ice Age

1315-1850 a period of colder, wetter weather that included the Irish Potato famine and Black Plague

Mansa Musa's pilgrimage/hajj

1324 CE

travels of Ibn Battuta

1325-1349 CE

Bubonic plague in Europe

1347-1348 CE

Ming Dynasty

1368-1644 CE

Woodrow Wilson

14 points, wants to avoid future war

Wang Yangming/Confucianism

1400s this Chinese man wanted to make simplified Confucianism more accessible to ordinary people; Popular Middle Class (included the Mandarin) fiction such as The Dream of the Red Chamber (1700s) caught on in cities; Opposed by conservative Confucianists as trivial; believed this was diluting the purity of Confucianism

Zheng He's 7 Voyages

1405-1433 CE

Rise of Inca Empire

1438 CE

Printing Press in Europe (Gutenberg)

1450s CE

Ottomans capture Constantinople

1453 CE

Fall of Constantinople

1453, Ottoman Turks overcame this important Byzantine capital; this forced trade prices to rise and Europe was effectively cut off from the goods they desired; therefore, Europe needed to find new routes to the Indies and took up sea travel

Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope

1488 CE

Christopher Columbus

1492 CE

Christopher Columbus lands in the Caribbean / The Reconquista Concludes

1492 CE

Reconquista (Spain)

1492 CE

Vasco da Gama

1497-99, Portuguese explorer; 1st European to travel to India; took route around southern tip of Africa

Vasco da Gama lands in Calicut

1498 CE

Phoenicians

1500s BCE to 300s BCE (peak, ~ 1100 BCE); built a trading empire in the Mediterranean with over 300 colonies (including Carthage); purple dye from snails ("Royal Blue or Purple")

First African Slaves to Americas

1502 CE

First African slaves to the Americas

1502 CE

Luther posts 95 Theses

1517 CE

Martin Luther posts 95 Theses/Protestant Reformation

1517 CE

Cortez conquers the Aztecs

1519-1521 CE

Hernán Cortés conquers the Aztec Empire

1521 CE

Magellan circumnavigates the Earth

1521-1523 CE

First unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna (Suleiman the Magnificent)

1529 CE

New France/Canada

1530s; the northern most region of North America was claimed by the French and gradually moved south along the Mississippi River; couldn't develop farming (too cold) so it focused on the fur trade

Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca Empire

1533 CE

Pizarro topples the Inca

1533 CE

Anglican Church Established

1534 CE

Battle of Lepanto (Ottoman naval defeat)

1571 CE

First Manila Galleon (~GLOBAL~ trade of silver)

1571 CE

Spanish Armada

1588 CE

Battle of Sekigahara (beginning of Tokugawa shogunate)

1600 CE

Dutch East India Company

1600s, Dutch had the largest navy in Europe; well-armed merchant ships; strongest colony: Indonesia, which already had a large Muslim presence; nutmeg, cloves, and cinnamon; natives forced to grow cash crops or they were faced with violence and starvation; Dutch grew rich from this monopoly, but the Spice Islands fell into poverty

New Amsterdam/New York

1600s; this northern region was claimed by the Dutch in 1624; not interested in converting natives; focused on fur trade; eventually defeated by British in 1664 and renamed

Tokugawa Ieyasu becomes shogun of Japan

1603 CE

Foundation of Jamestown

1607 CE

The English establish Jamestown

1607 CE

Thirty years war

1618-1648 CE

Galileo publishes Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems

1632 CE

The Thirty Years' War ends

1638 CE

The Qing Dynasty begins

1644 CE

Cape Town colony founded (Dutch)

1653 CE

Ottoman siege of Vienna

1683 CE

Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna (Mehmet IV)

1683 CE

Newton publishes Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

1687 CE

The Glorious Revolution

1688 CE

Glorious Revolution/English Bill of Rights

1689 CE

Locke publishes Two Treatises of Government

1689 CE

Enlightenment (Age of Reason)

1700s: Hoped to apply the Scientific Method to all of society's problems; the goal: improving the world by finding "natural laws" for man and society; reason accepted more; people trying to fix world issues

Seven Years War (French and Indian War)

1756-1763 CE

Brit. East India Co.

1760, Mughal Dynasty collapsed; 1850, this company had virtually completed the conquest of the India subcontinent; 1858, British govt. made India an official colony; it soon became the most valuable possession of the British empire ("the jewel of the crown")

The French and Indian War ends

1763 CE

Stamp Act

1765- was developed to help pay for French and Indian war. Taxes placed on all paper.

Invention of the Spinning Jenny (using machines to manufacture)

1767 CE

New Zealand

1769, Captain James Cook claimed this for GB; missionaries followed in 1814 to convert the natives; Maoris; 1893, 1st nation to give (white) women the right to vote; also enacted minimum wage and retirement pensions; mostly white, NZ given independence in 1907

Early Settlement, Aust.

1770, James Cook claimed this area for GB; it was used as prison camp by GB; 1800s, free settlers set up sheep ranches and wheat farms

Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" (capitalism)

1776 CE

Declaration of Independence (American Revolution)

1776 CE

French Revolution begins

1789 CE

French Revolution

1789 Rebellion in which the French people overthrew their monarchy and made the country a republic

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

1789- declared equality, freedom, and natural rights, focusing on enlightenment ideals. French Revolution

Lord McCartney

1793, GB tried to end trade restrictions in China using this person; immediate cultural dispute: this person refused to perform the kowtow ceremony; Qianlong wrote to King George asserting superiority of Chinese

Jenner's smallpox vaccine

1796 CE

End of Pax Romana

180 CE

end of Pax Romana

180 CE

Spheres of Influence

1800s, Area where one nation had exclusive trading rights; 1900, US signed "Open Door Policy" w/ Eur. (more foreign intrusion); stated that all ports for trade to all nations (China doesn't have say)

Haitian independence

1804 CE

British abolish Trans-Atlantic slave trade

1807 CE

Janissary Revolt

1807-1808 CE

Abraham Lincoln

1809-1865, the 16th president of the US; fought for the freedom of slaves; Emancipation Proclamation Act, etc.; assassinated in 1865

Independence in Latin America

1820s CE

Latin America After Independence

1830-1900; Bolivar's dream of a united Latin America never materialized; most former Spanish colonies became "republics," but actually remained poor (debt peonage); by late 19th century, US gained economic control over many areas; US worked w/ caudillos to use Lat. Amer. for raw material (esp. fruit, coffee, and sugar) and for markets; also in late 1800s, as slavery came to an end in one nation after the other, many of the plantations began recruiting indentured servants from Asia (China, Japan, SE Asia) to work on plantations

Treaty of Nanking

1842, after this was enacted, these things happened: 1) China had to pay for the opium cargo of GB that was thrown in the ocean 2) more ports opened in China 3) Extraterritorial Rights for GB 4) Long-term lease for Hong Kong granted

Marx & Engles' "The Communist Manifesto"

1848 CE

European Revolutions

1848-1849 CE

Taiping Rebellion

1850-1864, Religious group led by a teacher (Hong Xiuguan - failed test, believed he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ); spread into general; 20-30 million died

Matthew Perry

1853: this US Commodore forced Japan to trade; other nations soon followed, forced unfair trade agreements

Sepoy Mutiny or Rebellion/Indian Revolt

1857, sepoys (led by Mangal Pandey) revolted; started because of a cultural clash; rifle cartridges coated w/ animal fat (pigs, cows) - a sin to Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims; millions joined the rebellion; 14 months of heavy fighting to end it

British Colony in India

1858-1947, After rebellion, the British govt. took over direct control of India (British East India Company out); the part under Brit control called "The Raj;" often ruled through local rajahs ("puppet rulers")

US Civil War

1861-1865, The violent conflict between Union and confederate forces over states rights and slavery.

Alaska

1867, US bought this area from Russia as part of manifest destiny

Das Kapital

1867- written by Karl Marx as a critique of political economy

Meiji Restoration

1868-1912, some feared becoming a colony of the West; 1868, a group of samurai overthrew the shogun, ended feudalism; They controlled the 15-year-old emperor, Mutsuhito ("puppet ruler"); but samurai promoted him as leader, while they were really in control; he adopted the name Meiji, or "Enlightened Ruler"; samurai were disarmed

Meiji Restoration/Mutsuhito

1868-1912, some feared becoming a colony of the West; 1868, a group of samurai overthrew the shogun, ended feudalism; They controlled the 15-year-old emperor, Mutsuhito ("puppet ruler"); but samurai promoted him as leader, while they were really in control; he adopted the name Meiji, or "Enlightened Ruler"; samurai were disarmed

Porfirio Diaz

1876-1910, Mexico was ruled by this person, a caudillo who stayed in power by cooperating w/ the rich landowners, business men, and Western investors; his gov. benefited only the wealthy elite; in 1911, he was overthrown and a complex civil war raged for the next decade

Satsuma Rebellion

1877, last resistance (samurai, guerrilla war); afterwards modernized to compete w/ the West (this occurred around the same time period as Custard's Last Stand and the Battle of Islandwana)

Indian National Congress

1885, the Indian people began to fight back; upset by the way Brits were treating them (became 2nd citizens in their own country); they formed this group; Muslims felt out of place in this and left to form Muslim League

Wounded Knee Massacre

1890, a massacre of native Americans that ended all resistance towards American offenses

Sino-Japanese War

1894, China lost against Japan; this further eroded confidence in Qing because Japan was thought to be much more weak than China ("Middle Kingdom")

Dreyfus Affair

1894- when a Jew was accused of treason in France out of spite for his success.

Spanish-American War

1898, US fought against Spain in Cuba; won easily; ostensibly to help win Cuban freedom, but kept control over victory; gained Puerto Rico

Hawaii

1898, US made this set of islands a territory as part of manifest destiny

Boxer Rebellion

1900, a rebellion of Chinese martial artists against Qing; also known as "Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists;" ended by Western armies

Banana Republics

1900-30s, US corporations owned many Latin American companies (coffee, fruit, chocolate); used this insulting nickname for those countries

White Australia Policy

1901 Australian act, barred non-whites (mainly Asians) from entering

Russo-Japanese War

1904-1905, Beforehand, Japan argued w/ Russia over control of Korea and Manchuria; then Japan destroyed Russia fleet and won the war, didn't win Manchuria, but greatly influence the area with Japanese colonies, factories, and bribery of the govt.

Republic of China

1912, Qing Dynasty overthrown by Dr. Sun Yat-sen and the KMT; a period of civil war began shortly after, where there was no firm leader; full control was never established and war lords governed local areas; in 1919, nationalist protests erupted during the May 4th Movement in Tienanmen Square; communist party (CCP) formed in 1921 as a result

Sun Yixian/Yat-sen

1912, this person started a republic and led China after fall of Qing Dynasty; faced impossible problems

Balfour Declaration

1917, Arthur Balfour, British foreign minister, wanted Jews and Arabs to help fight the Ottomans (they didn't like each other); he issued this declaration that stated: GB "favored a Jewish homeland in Palestine, but not at the expense of the Arabs;" this allowed both sides to believe they were getting a new nation; in 1920, GB took control of Palestine as a mandate, and both Jews and Arabs pushed for control over it; Arabs angered by introduction of Jews, but by 1939, 25% of population was Jews; GB stayed to prevent violence

Lawrence of Arabia

1918-1920; British man who led an Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire during WWI in order to keep Turks from helping Germany; he promised that Arabs would receive independence after the war (GB never followed through)

Amritsar Massacre

1919, a religious celebration in an enclosed soccer field; unknown to Hindus, General Reginald Dyer (British) had recently banned all public meetings; he arrived with an army and fired into the crowd (379 killed and 1200 wounded); an outrage to Indians and led to attacks on British govt. offices; eventually led to unification over movement of swaraj; Gandhi pleaded for non-violence

Comintern

1919, the "Communist International" set up by Lenin to spread communism

Salt March

1930, Gandhi organized a large scale march to the coast to get sea-salt; marched down India to the southern coast; attracted international attention; though he was arrested, his movement continued; this made him a world-wide celebrity and brought sympathy for the cause

The Great Purge

1930s, massive ordeal with Stalin as leader, where millions were killed or sent to work camps in Siberia, including many former Bolsheviks

Lazaro Cardenas

1934, popular ruler in Mexico; redistributed some of the land from the rich to the poor; in 1938, he nationalized the oil fields; FDR let him, so he compensated US companies

The Long March

1934-35, Mao Zedong led 90,000 followers on a 6,000 mile retreat during China's civil war; wanted to try guerrilla warfare, but only 10,000 of the communsists lived

Good Neighbor Policy

1935, President FDR abrogated "Gunboat Diplomacy"; used this as an effort to increase trade during Great Depression; removed the last of the US troops from Haiti and Nicaragua; Finally gave Cuba true independence, but in 1934 US put in a puppet rule, Fulgencia Batista (brutal dictator); this policy didn't work because Latin America was also in a depression, but it paid long-term dividends by keeping the Americas loyal to the US

Spanish Civil War

1936-39, Francisco Franco led rebels against the elected govt. and the Loyalists; Franco supported by Germany and Italy who used the conflict as a dress rehearsal for the major war still to come

Japanese Strategy

1941, Japan gradually expanded into SE Asia (European countries not looking after their colonies); avoided US view from Philippines; attacked PH from the north; claimed to be building the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere;" US put embargo on oil, iron, etc. (airplanes, battleships) which made Japan grow desperate

Containment Policy

1947, tensions between US and USSR led to direct action; US developed a new policy to deal w/ Cold War - containment; they vowed to try to contain communism wherever it threatened to expand;

Berlin Airlift

1948-49, Stalin tried to close off West Berlin from all supplies on the ground; for over a year, the allies flew in food and fuel until blockade ended; increased tensions

Great Leap Forward

1953-58, Mao's second 5-year plan for agriculture; massive collective farms, total disaster; wide spread resentment, crop failures; famine led to 25 million deaths; even industrial production fell; govt. cancelled program in 1961 (put Mao in semi-retirement for 5 years)

Hungary/Czech Revolts

1956, Russia satellite Hungary tried to assert its independence; 1968, Czechoslovakia tried to do the same; each time, the Red Army crushed the revolts; discontent with communism continued to grow, but couldn't do anything about it

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962, Russia installed missiles in Cuba that had 3000 mile radius; US vs. USSR, with Cuba in the middle (lasted 2 weeks); nearly destroyed the world in a nuclear war; made both sides more willing to negotiate

Red Guards

1966, Mao formed the Red Guards; each person carried "Quotations of Chairman Mao" (Little Red Book); deified Mao, fanaticism; Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution, goal: to rejuvenate the rev. by eliminating all opposition to Mao and all special privileges; methods: attacked intellectuals and artists; thousands killed and imprisoned; economy disrupted by chaos; Red Guards disbanded in 1969

Cultural Revolution

1966-69, after the disastrous Great Leap Forward, the economy recovered by 1965, but Mao disliked changes it brought; higher wages for some and privileged class; he wanted complete equality, "pure communism"

Détente

1970s, President Nixon tried to improve relations with USSR (good w/ foreign policy); a mutual policy called detente, or "relaxation," increased trade and limited nuclear weapons; Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty; US sold Russia wheat

Tiananmen Sq. Massacre

1976, Mao died and Deng Xiaoping took over; he allowed some capitalism along w/ private businesses and foreign trade; May 1989, students and artists gathered in Tiananmen Square and called for greater democratic reforms; in response, soldiers broke up the crowd with tanks and gunfire; hundreds were killed, thousands arrested; anyone else who spoke out was shot, imprisoned, or tortured; to this day, Chinese still wait for true freedom

USSR in Afghanistan/Reagan & Cold War

1979, USSR invaded Afghanistan; 1980s, new President Reagan became more confrontational by starting a new arms race that spiked the Cold War again; aggressive conservatives in power in US, USSR (Brezhnev), and GB (Thatcher); US and USSR spent large amounts trying to keep up with the arms race; US national debt quadrupled from 1981-1993 and has never really recovered (USSR nearly bankrupt)

1 Child/Family Law

1979, after Mao died, a new law emerged - "One Child Per Family;" family planning and birth control were often required; still preferred male children, so infanticides of girls; suicide rate for women highest in the world

Mikhail Gorbachev

1985, this man took control of Russia after Brezhnev; he knew that reforms were necessary for Russia

Discontent w/ Qing

19th century uprisings; Chinese efforts to resist foreign influence were hampered by internal unrest; the Qing govt. turned corrupt and biased towards elites; Chinese resentment grew toward: 1) ineffective Qing Dynasty 2) constant humiliations from foreigners

Spanish Flu Epidemic

20-40 mill dead, more than great war

Qin Dynasty Unifies China

221 BCE

Qin Dynasty unifies China

221 BCE

Diocletian

285 CE divided the Roman empire into 2 halves: the West centered in Rome, & the East, the Byzantine Empire

Ghana., Mali, Songhai

3 successive empires centered in the wealthy city of Timbuktu (Mansa Musa, Sundiata)

Social Changes of WWI Women's Suffrage

3. Women gained right to cote in Western nations • Except France, Italy, and Switzerland

German Peasants' War

300,000 rebelled against landowners and aristocrats in central Europe because of lack of food. Largest uprising prior to the French Revolution

Beginnings of Bronze Age/early civilizations

3000 BCE

Emperor Constantine converts to Christianity

312 CE

Beginning of Christianity

32 CE

Beginnings of Christianity

32 CE

Gupta Empire

320-550 CE

Mauryan Dynasty

322-184 BCE

Alexander the Great dies

323 BCE

Roman capital moved to Constantinople

333 CE

Era of Warring States (China)

403-221 BCE

Time of the Warring States (china)

403-221 BCE

Fall of Rome

476 CE

Fall* of Rome (*Western Rome only Eastern became a whole new empire)

476 CE

Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

4th Century CE (300s)

Beginning of Trans-Saharan trade routes

4th century CE

Justinian Rule of Byzantine Empire

527 CE

Justinian rule of Byzantine empire

527 CE

Greek Golden Age - philosophers

5th Century BCE (400s)

Greek Golden-Age Philosophers

5th century BCE

Tang/Song Dynasty

618-1279, a Golden Age that saw China unchallenged in Asia; a period of artistic and technological brilliance

Founding of Islam

622 CE

life of Buddha, Confucius, Laozi (Confucianism, Buddhism, Daosim)

6th Century BCE (500s)

life of Buddha, Confucius, Laozi (beginnings of Confucianism, Buddhism & Daoism)

6th century BCE

Battle of Tours (stopped Muslim expansion into France)

732 CE

Medicine & Science of Early Middle East

750-1220s (Abbasid Caliphate) concept of "0", "Arabic" numerals 1 thru 9, astronomy (knew the world was round), & medicine (inoculations, pharmacy, surgery, setting broken bones)

Vikings

800-1000--who are the people of Scandinavia, which is a region that today includes Norway, Sweden, Denmark, & Finland. A cold land with a short growing season, its people often resorted to raiding other places to steal food and valuables.

Beginnings of agriculture

8000 BCE

1517

95 theses

Benjamin Franklin

: An American intellectual, inventor and politicians who helped negotiate French support for the American Revolution. He invented the bifocal glasses, lightning rod and wood-burning stove

Perestroika

A 1986 reform orchestrated by Gorbachev in Russia; means economic restructuring, or adding some capitalism and foreign trade

Glasnost

A 1986 reform orchestrated by Gorbachev in Russia; means openness, or freedom of speech and press for citizens

Estates General

A French consultative body representing all classes, even if minimally. Its falling into disuse (leading up to the French Revolution, it had not met since 1614) resulted in little representation for the Third Estate (middle class and working class). This created conditions for the causes of the French Revolution.

Bastille

A Parisian fortress used as a prison. The subject of a battle on July 14, 1789 (Bastille Day). The common people mobilized as a result of the word that King Louis XVI was massing troops at Versailles. The commander present and Paris' chief magistrate were beheaded and paraded about the city with their heads on pikes.

Nicolaus Copernicus

A Polish astronomer who mathematically proved the Heliocentric theory

Prince Henry the Navigator

A Portuguese prince whose guidance in exploration through his sponsorship of expeditions and schoolings helped spur Portuguese navigation

Rasputin

A barely literate peasant who promoted himself as a holy man, but was really a poser. However, he seemed to 'hypnotize' women of the royal household, and seemed to have some power. -the royal family kills him December 1916

Mary Wollstoncraft

A british feminist that wrote "The Vindication of the Rights of Women"

Emmaline Pankhurst

A british suffragette that helped women win the right to vote.

Crystal Palace

A building erected in Hyde Park, London for the Great Exhibition of 1851 that is made of iron and glass. It was a symbol of the industrial age

Suez Canal

A canal constructed in Egypt to prevent having to go all the way around Africa in order to reach India

Demographic Transition

A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birthrates and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birthrate remains high, causing population explosion; finally the birthrate drops and the population growth slows down

Natural Selection

A concept created by Charles Darwin that says traits in animals make some survive and others not-- connected to Evolution

Interchangeable Parts

A concept introduced by Eli Whitney that allowed for machinery to be easier to repair and introduced the concept of the assembly line.

Natural Rights

A concept of the enlightenment- wanting to apply the natural laws in the Scientific Revolution to society.

Electric Telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire

Declaration of Independence

A document written by Thomas Jefferson to declare American independence from Britain and signed by other founding fathers in 1776. Led to the elevation of conflict and eventually the American Revolution.

Tokugawa Shogunate

A dynasty of shoguns that ruled a unified Japan from 1603 to 1867. Begun by Tokugawa Ieyasu. Autocracy. Justified caste system with Confucianism & rigid classes. Samurai used as bureaucrats & civil servants. Gunpowder monopolized by regime (not people). Peaceful rule.

Olympe de Gouges

A french feminist writer who wrote "The Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen"

John Calvin

A french scholar who preached an even stricter form of Protestantism

Jose San Martin

A general from Argentina that led many revolutions in the southern part of SA. Wanted SA to be one united republic.

Immanuel Kant

A german philosopher that argued experience, knowledge, and imagination were also important sources of truth-- major philosopher of the Romantic era

theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Kerensky/Provisional Govt.

A government headed by Alexander Kerensky; liberal reforms (Provisional Government). He insisted on staying in WWI to honor his treaties. This was an unpopular decision

oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

French Indochina

A group of French colonies in SE Asia

British Agricultural Revolution

A growth in agricultural production in Britain due to the growth in labor throughout the state.

Pablo Picasso

A key figure in the movement of modern art away from realistic representation; a founder of cubism and surrealism.

Hacienda

A large estate in Latin America usually worked via forced labors

Navigation Acts

A law passed attempting to regulate trade in the American colonies. ~1651

Jamaica Letter

A letter written by Simon Bolivar in 1815 to Henry Cullen about the state of South America and the possible future of new nations.

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in WWI that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea.

Steam Engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion

Division of Labor

A manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers

French Revolution (causes)

A massive debt, enlightenment writers, famine, and helping the American Revolution were all forces that caused_____

Berlin Conference

A meeting between European powers to divide Africa between themselves with complete disregard for existing kingdoms or tribes.

Constitutional Convention

A meeting of political leaders and legislators in May 1787 following the American Revolution. Debate occurred over representation, electoral procedures, distribution of power between the federal and state governments, and executive power.

Asian Tigers

A name for the 4 Asian countries that were growing in power while Mao Zedong ruled the People's Republic of China; includes Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea

Bessemer Process

A new process of making steel that made making steel easier and cheaper, spurring mass production to make machines in the Industrial Revolution

Fourteen Points

A peace program presented to the US congress by President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918. It called for the evacuation of German-occupied lands, the drawing of borders and the settling of territorial disputes by the self-determination of the affected populations.

Enlightenment

A philosophical and intellectual movement that put confidence in the power of rational thought to solve social and political problems and to understand the wider world

Positivism

A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method

New Deal

A platform of government programs to stimulate and revitalize the economy

All-India Muslim League

A political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority.

Mita

A practice of tribute as labor used in Peru; the Spanish continued using this system once they conquered Peru

Olmec

A pre-Columbian society in Central America from about 1500 to 400 BCE; built huge stone heads of their leaders and played ritual ball games in which the losing team was sacrificed to the gods

Xhosa Cattle Killing

A prophecy made by a priestess in the Xhosa people said that if they killed all the cattle the settlers would leave and the gods would replace the cattle. This instead caused a widespread famine after almost all the cattle died.

Hinduism

A religion that developed from the mixing of the beliefs of Aryan invaders to the Indus Valley and indigenous Dravidian people; many gods, but all believed to be manifestations of the supreme god, Brahma, so seen as both monotheistic and polytheistic by scholars

Arab Spring

A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011)

Revolutions of 1848

A series of French revolutions. Began in Paris as members of the Third Estate fought to create a second French republic and overthrow Louis Phillipe. Many reforms were passed, including: voting rights, abolishment of slavery in colonies and the death penalty, a 10-hour workday, programs to reduce unemployment. Napoleon elected following the revolutions, overthrew the constitution.

Haitian Revolution

A slave uprising that led to the establishment of Haiti as an independent country in 1804.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the UN that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion and debt consolidation

Kush Civilization

A strong empire in Egypt from about 900 BCE to 200 CE; a center for ironworks and trade from its capital of Meroe; conquered Egypt in 650 BCE

Marie Antoinette

A symbol of extravagance. On October 5, 1789 she was sought out for in Versailles because of her lavish spendings

Trench Warfare

A tactic of warfare involving both sides digging miles of deep trenches. Soldiers live in these trenches, often developing diseases, or being affected by trenchfoot. When the power on both sides is balanced, both sides are stuck, unable to change the situation without the help of another power. • No one can win for four years • Each side dug trenches that stretched 300 miles • Stalemate for four years- neither side able to gain advantage • People got trench foot, limbs amputated • Nasty conditions

Hugo Chávez

A vocal critic of neo-liberalism and American influence. He was the elected president of Venezuela in 1998 and served as the region's chief critic of US policy

Polynesian Migrations

AKA Oceania; Asians moved to Australia 40,000 years ago to these islands 4000 BCE to 1st century CE; went from Polynesia to Hawaii (600 CE), Easter Island (700 CE), New Zealand (1300 CE)

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) • Wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while in prison 1923-24; Race and Space 1. Race: Germans were the master race; all others, esp. Jews, Slavs, and gypsies, inferior 2. Space: TOV an outrage; he vowed to regain the lost lands i. Germany crowded, needed more Lebensraum (living space)

Zambo

African and Native American descent

Texas War for Independence

After Mexican independence in 1821 and the outlaw of slavery in 1829, Texas fought for their independence and to continue slavery in 1835-1836 (the Alamo); kept out of US until 1845

Latin America (political position in 1800)

After Napoleonic war, French king leads colonies to lose feeling of loyalty and revolt. However, afterward, nothing changed for the native people and slaves. Instead, power shifted from Peninsular to Creoles.

Brazilian Monarchy

After Portugal's monarchs had moved to Brazil after the Napoleonic wars, one of the sons stayed behind to become Emperor of Brazil and Brazil was made independent.

Nikita Khrushchev

After Stalin died in 1953, his successor was this man; lived from 1894-1971 and was premier of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis; 1961, he wanted to "test" new President JFK

End of Slavery

After US Civil War, 4 million slaves emancipated in 1865; despite this, sharecropping (like debt peonage) soon replaced slavery - also an issue for poor whites

Joseph Stalin

After Vladimir Lenin's death in 1924, this man took over as leader of USSR after a power struggle in 1927-1929; he repressed religion, wanted full authority and blind obedience, and shut down churches; built more Gulag prisons and always kept them filled; used "agitprop" (agitating propaganda); conducted the "Great Purge"; started "Five Year Plans"

Fascism in Japan

After WWI, Japan and the US were the only ones stronger than before the war; unfortunately, in 1929 when depression hit Japan, extremists convinced desperate people that they could solve all problems; military leaders took control and teamed up with Zaibatsu; militarism began in Japan and became the guiding philosophy

Noh Theater -> Kabuki

After centuries of Noh traditions, theater shifted to a new style in 1600s: kabuki; highly stylized ad dramatic, w/ action, acrobatics, and sword fights

Fall of Ottoman Empire

After dealing with GB's (Lawrence of Arabia) revolt against the OE, GB broke their promise to grant Arabs independence, and instead allowed the League of Nations to divide the region into mandates until "they could rule themselves;" race, religion, and oil stopped them from independence and GB/France controlled the ME until Mustafa Kemal created the Turkish Republic

Munich Appeasement

After the Annexation of Austria, England and France gave Hitler the Sudetenland and he promised that this was his last territorial claim; in March 1939, thought, Germany seized the rest of Czechoslovakia; this has gone down in history as a symbol of giving in to power-hungry dictators

People's Rep. of China

After the communists (CCP) and Mao Zedong won the civil war in 1949, they began the People's Republic of China

Taiwan/ROC

After the communists and Mao Zedong won the civil war in 1949, Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT fled to Taiwan; there they established the Republic of China

Debt peonage/Hacienda system

After the encomienda system was outlawed in 1542, many natives were forced into this; the natives became peons (a loophole for slavery)

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein, 1879-1955 • Austrian • These scientists drew a picture of a disorderly universe that could not be completely understood by a rational mind • M.C. Escher, Relativity

Imams

Ali and 11 leaders who followed him

Animism/Paganism/Polytheism

All variations on the belief in many gods, usually associated w/nature

Triple Entente

Allies: France-Russia-GB (Later US)

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after WWI, to be administered under the League of Nations supervision.

Little Red Book

Also known as the "Quotations of Chairman Mao;" required for all Red Guards to carry, but most of his devoted followers carried it, too

French/Indian War

Also known as the seven years war. Britain fought the French and native people in order to gain more land for their colonies. Afterwards, expected colonies to contribute taxes for their own defense, causing tension.

Sputnik/Space Race

Always in constant competition, along with arms race between US and USSR, there was the space race; US had an early weapons advantage w/ the atomic bomb; USSR developed one by 1949 and both nations had the hydrogen bomb by 1953; the space race was tied to this as missiles with atomic bombs could be directed or launched from space; USSR had Sputnik, the first satellite in 1957; US landed on moon 1969

1776 CE

American Declaration of Independence

Wilbur and Orville Wright

American bicycle mechanics who were the first to build and fly an airplane in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 7, 1903.

Francis Cabot Lowell

American businessman. Carried the ideas of the Industrial Revolution to the United States. He founded one of the first textile mills, which processed raw cotton at high speeds.

Samuel Morse

American inventor who created a telegraph system and Morse code. It proliferated across the U.S. due to government sponsorship.

John D. Rockefeller

American who had the monopoly on oil

Common Sense

An American colonial pamphlet written by Thomas Paine, an English immigrant. It promoted an incendiary response that promoted support of independence from Britain.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

An American feminist that wrote the "Declaration of Sentiments" at the Seneca Falls convention

Margaret Sanger

An American nurse and author who was a pioneer in the movement for family planning; she also organized conferences and established birth control clinics.

Maharajahs

An Indian prince.

República de Indios

An administrative unit that resembled the Ottoman millet in that it kept natives under Spanish jurisdiction and harnessed their labor and taxes. Allowed some degree of social and cultural autonomy

Holy Alliance

An alliance between Austria, Russia, and Prussia to hinder rebellion that sought to imitate the French Revolution. Also hindered ideas spreading through limiting higher education and the press. Successfully defeated liberal revolutions in Spain and Italy.

Susan B Anthony

An american suffragette that helped women win the right to vote.

May Fourth Movement

An anti-imperialist , cultural, and political movement growing out of student participants in Beijing on 4 May 1919, protesting against the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles.

Taj Mahal

An elaborate mosque built by Ottoman architect Sinan; in India (1600s), shows blend of Islamic, Persian, and Indian styles

Blue Mosque

An elaborate mosque built by a student of Ottoman architect Sinan; in Istanbul (1600s); still an important worship place

Summer Palace

An elaborate palace designed to intimidate; located in Beijing, from the Qing Dynasty, 1700s

Red Fort

An elaborate palace designed to intimidate; located in Delhi, built under Shah Jahan and the Mughals, 1600s

Joseph Lister

Applied Germ Theory to hospitals and started sanitation

Faisal

Arab Prince, leader of the Arab revolt in WWI.

Omani-European Rivalry

Arab state of Oman rebelled against Portuguese colonial rule and then the Omanis expelled Portuguese from their own territory but also pushed them out of Swahili ports such as Zanzibar and ruled as their own for many decades

Hipolito Irigoyen

Argentine politician and president of Argentina (1916-1922, 1928-1930) who started out as a reformer but then became conservative.

1500 BCE

Aryan Invasion of India, Shang Dynasty, Bantu Migrations, Phoenician trade empire, Olmec all began

Collapse of USSR

As communist govts. fell in EE, many of the 100 ethnic groups and 14 separate republics inside the Soviet Union sought their own freedom; some revolts turned violent, resulted in a bloody govt. crackdown; December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the USSR ceased to exist, but before he left office, he had launched on the most dramatic revolutions of the 20th century and Russia was Russia once more

Trade Imbalance, China

As early as 1500s, China traded w/ Europe (Canton port); Euros wanted silk, porcelain, tea, but China saw Euro goods as inferior; Chinese demanded gold or silver and Euros wanted to change this situation

MC tastes, leisure, disposable income

As the merchant class in many regions began to have disposable income, they supported the arts and demanded entertainments that were escapist and enjoyable, rather than intellectual or religious (Ex: Leonardo, Michelangelo)

Rock & Pillar Edicts

Ashoka's rules that were carved on stones around the kingdom reminding Indians to lead good lives

coolies

Asian immigrants that signed contracts to be indentured servants but became caught into debt peonage.

Estates-General

Assembly of nobles, clergy, and common people in three parties that decides what taxes could be passed in France. Had not been called for 175 years until 1789.

Louis XVI

Assumed the throne in 1774 and faced a fiscal situation compounded by the growing opposition of French courts to new taxes. He aided the American Revolution and was executed by the French people at the beginning of the Reign of Terror (1793)

Non-Aggression Pact

August 23, 1939, a pact signed by Hitler w/ Stalin and USSR; stated that USSR would be given part of Poland if Hitler invaded Russia; Hitler did this to avoid a two-front war

Hiroshima

August 6, 1945, Enola Gay launched from US to Hiroshima, Japan; 200,000 killed, most killed by debris carried by 500 mph winds; radioactive material continued killing people decades after bombing

Nagasaki

August 9, 1945, second round of bombing from US to Nagasaki, Japan; premature, it came only 3 days after previous bombing; similar amount of deaths compared to Hiroshima

Theodore Herzl

Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish Nationalist homeland in Palestine.

Malinche

Aztec woman who became Hernan Cortes's mistress and guided him in divide-and-conquer tactics

code of Hammurabi

Babylonian legal code that established governmental responsibility for criminal justice

Custer's Last Stand

Battle in which over confident General Custer and his men were completely wiped out by Natives.

Women's Issues

Before women had the vote, they were able to advocate for issues such as education, and temperance as well as to stop child labor.

Thuggee

Blood cult in India involving human sacrifice

Great Trek

Boers were angry that the British tried to abolish slavery and passed laws to help the treatment of black people. Fled to northern corner of South Africa and operated as if independent. Wanted to restore "proper relations"

IR in colonies

Britian and other European powers would purposefully not industrialize their colonies (like India) in order to keep control and keep poor people happy with their factory jobs at home.

Brit Attitudes in India

British colony in India, English language and schools encouraged; Indians feared their culture being destroyed; Brits believed Indians were inferior; made mordacious comments

Reginald Dyer

British general that led the Amritsar Massacre in India in 1919

Cecil Rhodes

British imperialist that had a monopoly on Diamonds

David Ricardo

British political economist. He brought into being many economic theories, the most famous of which was the Iron Law of Wages, which asserted that wages tend toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of workers.

The Great Game

British trying to keep Russia out of India, fought with Russia over land in Afghanistan.

D-Day

British, American and Canadian troops landed on the coast of Normandy in western France. Allowed the Allies to invade France

Great Hedge

Brits concerned about smuggling of salt and loss of tax revenue (insane tax); in 1840s, Brits built a 1500-mile hedge (effective barrier); not abandoned until 1879; by 1880, England controlled entire subcontinent

2nd Agricultural Revolution

Brought on by the industrial revolution. New technologies allowed for farming to be easier and produce much more food- leading to a growing population and cheaper products.

Rape of Nanking

Brutal occupation by the Japanese in China; murdered many people and assaulted women; after this event, temporary halt in the civil war between CCP and KMT; China realized that Japan was a bigger threat

Palace of Versailles

Built by Louis VIII and Demonstrated his power as an absolute monarch

British improvements in India

Built railroads, telegraphs, irrigation, and transportation but mostly for the benefit of the British settlers. Also tried to outlaw Suttee

Proto-Industrialization

By 1600s and 1700s there was a noticeable rose in machine-assisted production

MC in Tokugawa Japan

By 1700s, the daimyo needed income from trade (no fighting); promoted production of sale goods (textiles, wood, paper, sugar, sake); economic activity led to development of capitalism, rising status for merchants and artisans, and the emergence of a new MC

Rise of Feudalism/Decline of Cities

By the 900s, the Carolingian Empire was disintegrating as invaders such as the Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars (Huns—Hungarians) attacked. Cities were abandoned and trade virtually ceased for fear of attack. As people fled the cities, more and more people wound up in small, rural villages owned by a wealthy lord

Justinian (Code)

Byzantine empire's greatest ruler, re-claimed many former Roman lands by force, including North Africa, Italy, and part of Spain, thus unifying much of the old empire under one emperor

Lord Mcartney

Came to negotiate with Qianlong and refused to do kowtow, making Qianlong mad and write to England saying they are superior and would only accept silver or gold.

Canada (1900)

Canada and nationalist movements led to gradual independence

Francis Xavier

Catholic priest who helped bring Christianity to East Asia

Thirty Years' War

Catholic-Protestant Religious wars

Persian Gulf War

Caused by Hussain's desire to invade Kuwait for oil. The United States (George H.W. Bush) declared attack on Iraq with help of ally Saudi Arabia

Rise of Fascism

Causes of Fascism • Hard economic times also gave rise to extremists • Offered easy solutions to complex problems • Some were communist (USSR) • Others PROMULGATED (promoted, spread, broadcast) a new form of government

Kongo

Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500; although their kings, such as King Affonso I converted to Christianity, they nevertheless suffered from the slave trade.

Chemical Production

Chemicals produced by factories would be dumped into rivers and streams affecting clean water supply, color, and often causing the water to catch fire.

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese belief that emperors were not deities but were chosen by the gods to rule; signs such as civil wars, famines, natural disasters were indications that the dynasty had lost the right; started in the Shang or Zhou Dynasty, about 1200 BCE

Middle Kingdom

Chinese belief that they were the center of the universe, superior to outside "barbarians"

Yuan Shikai

Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916). He stood in the way of the democratic movement led by Sun Yat-sen.

Chiang Kai-Shek

Chinese military and political leader. Succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of Guomindang in 1925 and fought against the Chinese Communists and Japanese invaders.

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of Red Army victory over the German army. It was a turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union

Asian Tigers

Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s

Mercantilism & Colonies

Colonies provide both markets and raw materials; a nation-state will want to depend on the colonies to bring in money and still survive on its own; wants to use colonies to become self-sufficient

1492

Columbus/america

Mule

Combination of the jenny and the water frame. Used to produce a strong thread that was thin enough to be used to make a high-quality cotton cloth called muslin

Deng Xiaping

Communist party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong

Reunification of Japan

Completed by three warlords . First two relied on gunpowder weapons and an increasingly harsh system of social stratification to defeat their rivals and restore civic order. Finished the Process: Tokugawa Ieyasu

Divide and Rule

Concept utilized by the British in India and Africa. Set tribes/ethnic groups/countries/religions against each other so they would being fighting and kill each other off.

Confucius & Government

Confucianism influenced Chinese government w/ the mandarin and merit exams, showing loyalty to the state

1814-1815 CE

Congress of Vienna

Push for Pure Islam

Conservative Muslims were offended by any compromise (Insisted on "pure" Islam; Believed in sharia law) EG: Aurangzeb in India took strong actions against religious blending in the 1600s;

Dutch East Indies

Consisted of mostly Indonesia and had monopoly on Dutch spice trade.

British East India Co.

Controlled English settlements in India originally before becoming an official colony.

Congress of Vienna

Council of European nations held from 1814-15. Represented: Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and others. These nations intended to establish the former political order in Europe.

Impressionism

Created after the invention of the photograph. Instead of needing to preserve everything exactly how it looks artists began to focus on the feeling of things, let the eye blend the colors together.

Cult of Domesticity

Created based on the separate spheres ideology-- believed that women should never leave the home or they would be scarred.

Steam engine

Created by James Watt allowed large machines in factories and locomotives to be powered.

Balance of Power

Created during the Congress of Vienna to prevent any European power from getting too much control (preventing another Napoleon) through alliances.

Karl Marx

Creator of Marxism and the Communist Manifesto

Simon Bolivar

Creole from Venezuela that liberated several countries in South America. Wrote the "Jamaica Letter" in 1815.

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941, a surprise attack from Japan killed 2400 and wounded thousands of US soldiers; many ships sank or were damaged, but only 2 were unable to be repaired; attacked in 3 waves, never fired the 3rd wave 1) Sink the fleet; thought it would take 2 years for US to rebuild navy 2) While US was incapacitated, get every piece of land in the Pacific Ocean available 3) Once US is fully repaired, decide to negotiate by giving some countries back

Joseph Bonaparte

Declared King of Spain by Napoleon after they took over.

Third World (nonaligned)

Developing countries that announced their neutrality in the Cold War. Term applied to a group of developing countries who professed nonalignment during the cold war

Decolonization

During the Cold War, decolonization began in 1947 as colonies won independence from a weakened Europe; often a civil war between different rival factions broke out, different groups wanted different types of govts.; in each former colony, the US and USSR vied for support; US interfered in countries by placing puppet rulers that supported US business and opposed communism

Chinese Red Guards

During the Cultural revolution, young chinese militants sought to identify enemies of the Communist Party and Chairman Mao, sometimes labeling their own teachers, parents and neighbors as enemies of the people.

Proxy Wars

During the cold war, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained and financed the combatants. Ex. Korean War, Vietnam War

Boers

Dutch colonists in South Africa

Peter Stuyvesant

Dutch leader of New Netherland (modern New York)

Afrikaans

Dutch people living in South Africa

Dutch East Indies/Indonesia

Dutch took Indonesia in 1800s for their oil/petroleum

Causes of the Great War: Arms Race

Each country wanted the strongest military to ward off other countries. These had been built up for 25 years (If you want peace prepare for war) -Social Darwinism: survival of the fittest -Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

Berlin Wall

East Berlin - communist, West Berlin - free; all important people (doctors, lawyers, etc.) tried to leave East Berlin; In 1961, a wall was built across Berlin (20 ft. high cement walls); JFK held off from attacking after the disaster of the Bay of Pigs; stood as a reminder and symbol of the Iron Curtain

Causes of the Great War: Economic Rivalries (Colonialism),

Economic Rivalries, esp. GB & Ger. ○ Colonies, imperialism

Mohandas Gandhi

Educated in GB, studied to become a middle class lawyer/Englishman; instead fled to South Africa (1893-1915) to help found the African National Congress in 1912, which fought discrimination and racism; became passionate about what a person can do to fight oppression and injustice; read Hindu, Buddhist, and Muslim texts along with Ashoka, Akbar, the Bible, and Henry David Thoreau; created a new non-violent philosophy called Satyagraha; returned to India in 1915 (WWI) and began applying these principles

Ethnic Cleansing

Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. This was used by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s

1793 CE

Eli Whitney patented the Cotton Gin

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia (1930-1974) and symbol of African independence.

Alexander II

Emperor of Russia that abolished serfdom in 1861. Also sold Alaska to the US.

Capitalism

Emphasized free trade and argued for less state control of economy

Ashanti Kingdom

Empire in modern-day Ghana, aided by firearms - gold and slaves sold to Europeans in exchange for gunpowder weaponry

Glorious Revolution

England (1688-1689) after a bloody civil war (1640s) w/ Oliver Cromwell and James II; moved in the opposite direction from absolutism; Parliament led a bloodless coup; Mary II and William of Orange agreed to The English Bill of Rights (1689); began the first constitutional or limited monarch

Crimean War

English and French fought against Russia to protect the Ottoman empire from collapse and prevent Russia from gaining power.

Henry Hudson

English explorer who (on behalf of Dutch East India Company) sailed Hudson River & explored New York area

Hudson's Bay Company

English joint-stock company, took lucrative crops (sugarcane, corn, potatoes, timber, tobacco) & furs, intruded into French colonies

Jeremy Bentham

English philosopher. Founder of modern utilitarianism (evaluation of action based on its consequence) - "It is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong."

Josiah Wedgwood

English potter & entrepreneur. His industrialization of pottery through division of labor, setting aside repeated tasks in a proto-assembly-line fashion, reduced overall cost and spread to other industries.

Thomas Malthus

English scholar. Theorized that abundance is utilized for population growth and not for maintaining a high standard of living, resulting in more susceptibility of the lower classes to hardship.

Isaac Newton

English scientist famous for the laws of motion, the concept of gravity, physics and calculus.

Francis Drake

English sea captain who circumnavigated the world (and stayed alive), claimed California for English (sparking Spanish/English conflict there), goal was to raid Spanish ports & ships

Jamestown

English settlement in Americas (first permanent one) in Virginia, initial conflict with natives before defeat, led by John Smith, 1607

~1800-1750 BCE

Epic of Gilgamesh, Hammurabi's Code

Mulattos

European And African descent

Euros and Muslims on Trade Routes

European MC merchants pushed govs. for new markets, protection; wanted luxury goods; control of trade routes by Muslims turned religious differences into political ones

Motives for Euro Exploration

European nation-states were fighting between each other for world power; used exploration to compete with each other for new lands and trade routes; driven by God, Gold, and Glory

Cape of Good Hope

Europeans believed it to be southernmost tip of Africa, Bartolomeu Dias' passing it was a milestone to the Portuguese

Euros & Native Americans

Europeans paid no attention to the natives and claimed land that was not their's; spread disease; traded; fought sometimes; more Europeans per native

Origins of Cold War

Even before WWII ended, new tensions developed between English/US and the Russia allies; because they kept delaying the opening of a second front, Stalin grew to believe that US/GB wanted them to bleed to death; mutual distrust since 1917 that US didn't "recognize" until 1934

Stadholder

Executive officials in Netherlands (no king) who share power with States General (large council)

Henry the Navigator

Explorer who led Portugal into their dominance of sea travel; created navigation schools; searched for a southern route around Africa to the Indian Ocean in the mid-1400s

Cotton Gin

Facilitated the production of cotton- causing slavery to increase unexpectedly.

Phony War

Fall 1939 to Spring 1940, even though all sides had declared war, there was no actual fighting

Traits of Fascism

Fascism • Fasces- ax from roman times, sticks bound around hilt to make stronger • Common characteristics: ○ Right wing radicalism 1. Extreme nationalism- my country 1st; racial superiority; appealed to hatred and fear 2. Fiercely conservative, anti-union and anti-liberal; feared workers i. Government allied with powerful businesses 3. Dynamic dictator (w/ thugs); cult of personality; leader like a deity § Cult of Personality: leader is like a god, followed because of charisma 4. Glorification of war and the military- promise of a return to greatness

Dahomey warriors

Female warriors from Africa that were introduced due to a shortage of men. Quite successful because of fast working hands with the guns on young girls. In modern-day Benin, the Dahomey kingdom

Benito Mussolini

First fascist dictator: Benito Mussolini (1883-1944)--Il Duce-the leader- of Italy • Came to power in 1922 • "Black Shirts" to intimidate his opposition, esp. communists

Articles of Confederation

First governing documents in the US in 1780- failed quickly.

Australia, NZ (women's rights)

First places to allow women to vote. Wanted more people to move there.

Battle of Adwa

Fought between Ethiopia and Italy- and Ethiopia won decisively. Led by King Menelik II.

Georges Clemenceau

France ("The Tiger" Georges Clemenceau) ○ Wanted to punish Germany, blame them for the war, and make them pay for it

Maginot Line

France had spent 20 years pouring money and supplies into building what they believed was an impregnable defensive barrier called this

Gens de Coleur

Free people of mixed race in Saint Domingue (future Haiti). Allied with French radicals as French Revolution continued and fought for the abolishment of slavery and the establishment of an independent state in the Haitian Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

French declaration of the principles for a future constitution. Guaranteed equality before the law, free expression, and representative government.

Jacobins

French democrats. The most uncompromising democrats.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who claimed Canada for France, esp. St. Lawrence River and its gulf - searching for Northwest Passage through Canada's waters to Asia

Auguste and Louis Lumiere

French inventors of motion picture whose equipment demonstrations abroad stimulated the growth of cinema around the world.

Company of New France

French joint-stock company in Canadian land, thrives on fur trade

Girondists

French moderate democrats.

Saint Domingue

French name for the colony that became Haiti following revolution. Its widespread slavery and the brutal treatment of slaves despite their population majority was one of the causes of the revolution.

Samuel Champlain

French navigator who founded Quebec City in early 1600s

Reign of Terror

French period of repression under Maximilien Robespierre and his allies. Mass deaths in prison and through execution, rebellion and foreign invasion sprang up due to the oppression.

The Mountain

French radicals.

Ancien Régime

French term for the old order of European rule. Defined by medieval principles, religious dominance in society, dynastic agricultural elitism, and powerful monarchies.

French Indo China

French took Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam in 1800s

Monoculture/Cash Crops

From 1450-1750 an emphasis on cash crops grew; peasants began to focus on tobacco or sugar instead of food to make money through the Atlantic trade system; also, coerced labor (often slaves) became more popular because they were used to do the heavy lifting

Opium Trade

GB needed a trade product to sell to China; began illegally smuggling opium (an addictive drug made from poppies from India and ME) into China; Qing protested, but were ignored; soon many Chinese were inveterate users

Homespun Movement

Gandhi gave up Western-style suits for homespun cloth to encourage his followers to support economic independence (cotton industry) in India.

Napoleon Bonaparte

General who overthrew the French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. He failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. He returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile

Schlieffen

German Plan for WW1

Friedrich Engels

German philosopher and co-writer with Karl Marx of The Communist Manifesto.

Nazis

German political party led by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism and war.

Herero Wars

Germans arrived in their designated land in Africa and killed almost every native person in sight.

U-Boats

Germans especiall

Schlieffen Plan

Germany has planned for war since 1890s (bc of position in between France and Russia); For 2-front war, sweep thru Belgium and defeat France 1st; Then turn against Russia • Nearly worked; 2o miles from Paris German army's plan for war against France and Russia . It was created by the German Chief of Staff Alfred von Schlieffen in 1903 the request of Kaiser Wilhelm II. It was revised in 1905.

Central Powers

Germany, A-H, Ottomans

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungry and Italy.

Govt., Industrial, Military Reforms in Japan

Govt.} Japan copied German constitution (in 1890) - similar way of running nation; a legislature w/ limited suffrage (constitutional monarchy); real power rested w/ a small cabinet (oligarchy); Military} adapted navy from GB and army from Germany; US Civil War officers trained Japanese army; former samurais as leaders; Industry} improved dramatically, copied US and GB; but no corporations - Zaibatsu backed by the govt; transportation (RR, highways, telephones) added; high taxes on peasants, poor working conditions made this possible; stole much of silk industry from China

Euclid

Greek philosopher (Elements of Geometry, 200s BCE)

Homer (Iliad/Odyssey)

Greek; tell stories from this period that celebrated the ideals that helped to shape their culture (honor & courage)

MC Desire for Luxuries

Growing MC and nobles developed a strong taste for luxury (esp. spices) which are found primarily in the Indian Ocean area and China ("The Indies"); after fall of Constantinople they need a new way to receive those goods

Andrew Carnigie

Had a monopoly on steel in the US

1804 CE

Haitian independence / Napoleon crowns himself emperor

Toussaint L'Overture

Haitian military and political leader who led a successful slave revolt in Haiti, former slave himself

Hammurabi's Code

Hammurabi, Babylon Empire, created the 1st legal code about 1750 BCE; ("Eye for an eye")

Giuseppe Garibaldi

He was an Italian general and nationalist whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the creation of the independent Italian nation state.

Otto von Bismarck

He was the prime minister of Prussia, later was the chancellor of the German empire, and was responsible for German unification in 1871.

Kingdom of Israel

Hebrew place; peaked for about a century, 1000-900 BCE; conquered by the Assyrians about 900, they were scattered until allowed to return in the 500s BCE by the Persians

lebensraum

Hitler's belief that Germany was overcrowded and needed space. He promised to get that space by conquering Eastern Europe and Russia

Manifest destiny

Idea in the US that they were destined by God to take over the entire continent "from sea to shining sea"

Mary Wollstonecraft

Important contributor to intellectual life as a write and commentator of the Enlightenment. Opened houses to be used as salons.

Results of Meiji Rest.

Improved public health; population grew, mass education stressed sheishin (group more important than individual), loyalty, and nationalism; mass consumers (department stores); by 1900, thoroughly modern enough to end unfair treaties; eventually imperialized

Slave Trade (Before and After 1500)

In 1440s, the Portuguese began to systematically explore and set up trade posts along the African coast; Among the products they took from Africa were humans who served as slaves in homes of European nobles; Before, European slaves were Slavic ppl; after Fall of Constantinople, this ended; After 1500, when the demand for heap labor on American sugar plantations rose, the use of African slaves multiplied; Slaves carried on the "Middle Passage;" slave trade to the developing American settlements began in earnest about 1500; slavery had existed in Africa for 1000 years; but economic demand increased the trade greatly; eventually about 13 million were forcefully removed to the Americas for over 400 years

Monroe Doctrine

In 1820s, Lat. Amer. nearly independent, but weak; US grew concerned that a Euro power would move in and take over the region; 1823, James Monroe issued this proclamation stating: No Euro nation would be allowed to interfere w/ Lat. Amer.; this was obviously a bluff b/c US was not strong enough to back it up, yet it still worked

electricity

In 1879, Thomas Edison made the light bulb using this

Panama Canal

In 1903, US "stole" Panama from Colombia; US completed canal in 1914, but created simmering resentment towards them in Lat. Amer.

Domino Theory

In 1954, along with the containment policy, the US added the "Domino Theory," an incredibly simplistic idea that argued if one nation "fell" to communism, all others in the region would soon "fall"

Brit Improvements in India

In British colony in India, built railroads, telegraph lines, irrigation; to help Brits, not Indians, but paid for by India taxes; encouraged caste system; part of their "Divide and Rule" strategy

Russia & Serfdom

In Eastern Europe, the practice of serfdom expanded as new lands were brought under cultivation (Siberia); more places to farm and own

How did nationalism manifest itself in Italy, Germany, and Japan?

In Italy, nationalism asserted itself by the "process" of becoming an independent, sovereign nation, which while not a war, was bloodshed. In Germany, nationalism happened with consolidation, where Prussia and Germany became one sovereign nation. In Japan, nationalism prompted the desire to become an imperial power, hence the land conflict that started the Russo-Japanese war.

Tokugawa Class Structure, Changes

In Japan under the Tokugawa, rigid class distinctions; four main levels: 1) warriors: daimyo/samurai (during long period of peace, warriors were seldom needed; became gov. officials) 2) urban artisans (supported by daimyo and samurai for their economic importance) 3) peasants (includes some rich landowners, poor tenants, wage laborers and serfs; some rebellions against high taxes) 4) merchants (low status in 1600s for Confucian influences; a little trade w/ China; most merchants limited to internal trade; but gradually grew more wealthy and influential - a true MC)

British Racial Attitudes and Self-Government

In South Africa, Canada, Australia, and NZ, England eventually gave white settlers the right to govern themselves by 1910; racial attitudes told them that white-skinned Euros were capable of ruling themselves; but dark-skinned people were not (India, Africa, Asia)

Eta

In Tokugawa Japan, the outcasts of the nation; lived in slums, dangerous places

Serfdom in Europe

In Western Europe, serfdom had ended in most places before 1450 due to the Plague, the 100 Years' War and various peasant revolts; but in Eastern Europe, it began to grow again because of new-found land that could be used for farming

Swaraj Movement

In early 1920s, Ghandi was the most powerful leader of this movement; fought injustice on several levels: 1) Political: self-rule from British 2) Racial: equal treatment for all; Indians were treated as inferior to white Brits 3) Religious: keep Hindus and Muslims together; "If we're hating each other, it's hypocritical to hate the British for hating us" 4) Social: eliminate the cast system; argued that everyone had to be unified on this movement 5) Gender equality: realized that he himself was guilty of this Tactics: petitions, boycotts, marches, strikes, non-cooperation (taxes); trying to convince British to change their policy; often arrested and imprisoned; he fought back in prison by fasting and taking hunger strikes; because of his popularity and international awareness, the British could not let him starve himself

Russia & Mongol Yoke

In the 1100s, the new city of Moscow began to expand into a powerful kingdom that was taken over by the Mongols in the 1200s; Mongols allowed autonomy as long as they paid tribute; did not break free of the "Mongol Yoke" until the late 1400s

Fulgencia Batista

In the Good Neighbor Policy, the US finally gave Cuba true independence, but in 1934 US put in a puppet rule who was a very brutal dictator

Devshirme

In the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking boys from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers.

NATO/Warsaw Pact

In the midst of the Cold War, US set up a defensive alliance called NATO in 1949 and the Soviets responded with the Warsaw Pact in 1955

Emiliano Zapata

In the south of Mexico, this legendary leader led a peasant uprising w/ a loyal following of poor people

1848 Revolutions

In this particular year, there was a revolt in every country but England and Russia

Bandung Conference (1955)

India's Jawaharlal Nehru was a central figure that the conference held in Indonesia to promote solidarity among non-aligned developing nations

Zamindars

Indian landlords that were used as officials in government

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian statesman who succeeded Mahatma Gandhi and the first prime minister of India.

Cult of Saints

Indigenous worshipers came to identify their own polytheistic deities with an array of saints venerated by Catholics

2500 BCE

Indus River Valley Civ begins

Limited Liability

Insurance to protect investors if their investment went badly so that banks could not take more than they had invested.

Reason/Rationalism

Intellectually, the great contribution was the move away from magic & superstition toward the idea that humans could use their brains to solve problems

Louis Pasteur

Invented Pasteurization and Germ Theory of Disease

Industrial Revolution

Invention of machinery and introduction of factories brought this major change. Resulted in urbanization and many inventions.

thomas edison

Inventor of lightbulb, phonograph and numerous other innovations

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin

~1200 BCE

Iron Age begins

John Cabot

Italian explorer, explored coast of North America in 1490s (under Henry VII's commission)

Matteo Ricci/Francis Xavier (Christianity in China)

Jesuits who had some success converting Confucian scholars; so accepted by the Confucian scholars that they were able to dress like the Mandarin (were impressed w/ educated missionaries); 1700s, Pope grew stricter about blended religious practices, and Kangxi expelled missionaries, so the missionaries generally lost favor; By 1800, only about .01% of Chinese had converted

Sikhism

Joined aspects of Hinduism with a monotheism perhaps inspired by Islam

Fall of France

June 1940, Germany decided to reuse the Schlieffen Plan (attacking France by invading Belgium first), therefore, France's Maginot Line was of no use; total control of France won in 6 weeks with the use of Blitzkrieg (also Germany invaded North Africa/Suez Canal at this point)

Invasion of Russia

June 1941, "Operation Barbarossa," Germans broke the Non-Aggression Pact and invaded Russia; Stalin's plan: "Bleed them out" - keep fighting and then pull back, waiting for winter

Battle of Midway

June 1942 (6 months after Pearl Harbor) a turning point in the Pacific; a critical victory for the US; island-hopping began

1848 CE

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto

King Menelik II

King of Ethiopia when they beat Italy in the battle of Adwa.

Mongkut

King of Siam/Thailand in 1800s; able to keep his nation from becoming a colony

Shaka

King of the Zulu tribe prior to British invasion. Military genius that trained Zulu troops that allowed them to beat Brits on several occasions

Enclosure Movement

Large farmers and nobles bought out all of the land from small farmers, moving many poor people into cities for factory jobs.

Louisiana Purchase

Large portion of land surrounding the Mississippi River that was sold to the US by France to pay for debts following war.

Change in Immigration (US)

Late 1800s, immigrants flooded into US, but source changed: 1840s-1880, people came from NW Europe; 1880-1920, they came from SE Europe, Russia (more dark-skinned Catholics/Jews); Much discrimination and hatred

Battle of Stalingrad

Late 1942, German attacks stalled, could not get USSR to surrender; Russia took this time to make more tanks (most powerful tanks in war); USSR won and started to push Germany back

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance.

Anwar al-Sadat

Led a military coup against the Egyptian monarchy and played both sides of the cold war to benefit Egypt

Sepoy Mutiny (Indian Revolt)

Led by Mangal Pandey in 1857 against Britain after discovering that gunpowder cartridges were covered in animal fat, which was offensive to Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs.

Sun Yixian

Led the Nationalist People's Party and overthrew the Qing dynasty in order to create a republic in 1912.

Francisco Franco

Led the rebels of the Spanish Civil War against the govt.; won in 1939 and became dictator of Spain

1643-1715

Louis XIV

Spinning Jenny

Machine that drew out cotton fibers and twisted them into thread

Zanzibar

Major city for slave trade on the east coast of Africa. One of the last places to abolish slavery- did in 1897.

Historians often refer to the era of 1870 to 1914 as the "Second Industrial Revolution." What were the major features of the Second Industrial Revolution?

Major features of the second industrial revolution were advances in transportations, like railroads, greater steel production because it was cheaper, and the rise of assembly lines. In contrast, it is separate from the first industrial revolution because in the first industrial revolution, there was a lot more emphasis on iron over steel, and there was less of a huge transport emphasis.

Mass Production

Making identical items by breaking down the process into simple repetitive tasks

anti-immigrant feelings

Many Americans did not feel kindly toward immigrants and discriminated against them for their religion or ethnicity

Red China, Govt.

Mao Zedong's govt. in China: Totalitarian; destroyed ancient traditions (filial piety), Confucianism; wanted focus on govt. loyalty; controlled schools, media, and even thoughts; used propaganda to indoctrinate everyone to Mao's beliefs; sanitation, health, education (sewers, indoor plumbing, electricity), took land from rich lords and gave it to peasants

Annexation of Austria

March 1938, after slowly making their presence known in Austria, Germany forced Austria to join their empire without firing a shot; most Austrians wanted to join Germany

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The US financed armed opposition by the Contras. Lost national elections in 1990

Miniature Painting

Middle Eastern (Ottoman and Mughal Empires) paintings that are vibrantly colored and have many different subjects

Giusseppe Garibaldi and Camillo Cavour

Military and political leaders of the Italian Unification

George Washington

Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected President of the US. (1789-1799)

Gunpowder Weaponry

Military strategy used by the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals

Caudillos

Millitary leaders or dictators in South America

Li Zicheng Rebellion

Ming dynasty was brought down by a peasant war launched in the 1600s by shepherd Li Zicheng. He called for the abolition of grain taxes and redistribution of land from the upper classes to farmers

Vodun

Mixed animistic spirit worship from west Africa with animistic practices of Native Americans and Christianity

Morality of A-Bomb

Moral Debate about nuclear weaponry; War crimes? Or saved lives? Truman would have done the bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki again; even scientists not sure what effects would be; possibly intended to intimidate USSR? It definitely ended the war and began the Nuclear Age

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor (killed all his brothers for the crown lol), militant, abandoned religious tolerance for Muslim rule (reinstated jizya, incorporated Sharia law & diet restriction), caused civil strife & economic downfall, killed Sikh leader causing uprising, caused Maratha Empire (west-central Hindu state) to secede

Akbar the Great

Mughal emperor who expanded & consolidated Mughal empire with gunpowder, religious tolerance (abolished Jizya), encouraged friendly religious relations

Shah Jahan

Mughal emperor, benevolent, built many great works of architecture (Taj Mahal)

Al-Khwarizmi

Muslim inventor of Algebra about 800 CE in Abbasid Caliphate

Moors

Muslims from northwestern Africa and some parts of Europe w/ Bantu and Arabic background

Black Shirts

Mussolini's force of goons. Used to intimidate is opposition such as communists

Enlightenment Reforms (Napoleon)

Napoleon brought these reforms after coming to power: public education, code napoleon, equality before the law, and ended serfdom in all conquered lands.

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on the democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912.

Pocahontas

Native American woman who was helpful with interactions during the early 1600s with English colonists in Virginia. She saved the life of John Smith and married John Rolfe

Technology & Exploration

Naval technology included the compass, stern-post rudder (increased speed and maneuverability), astrolabe (China/Turks), caravel (a small, fast sailing ship; Portugal), cannons (Muslims); all of these helped improve naval travel

8000 BCE

Neolithic Rev

Dadaism

Nihilistic movement in poetry and art that began during WWI in reaction to the vast and horrifying loss of life that seemed to make art meaningless.

Tanzimat Reforms

Nineteenth century reforms by Ottoman rulers designed to make government and military more efficient

Christian Missionaries

Not very successful in areas w/ a long-established religion & a holy text: Muslim, Hindu, Confucian (even those this is considered a philosophy/belief-system), & Buddhist (have holy texts that help standardize the religion); more successful in animistic communities, esp. Latin America & Philippines (military strength helped); Also, people were willing to blend traditional mores (beliefs) with Catholic ones

Invasion of Ethiopia

October 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia after citing some questionable claim that Ethiopia belonged to Italy; used bombers and tanks against rocks, spears, and ancient firearms (Haile Selassie chided LON: "It is us today. It will be you tomorrow.")

Stock Market Crash

On October 24, 1939 the New York Stock Market crashed, stocks lost half their value and banks failed

Passenger Pigeons

Once flying in huge flocks that could even look black, were killed off by people shooting for sport and eating the eggs that were a delicacy.

Marriage Law, 1950

One positive reform of Mao's govt. was this law that tried to end inferiority of women; it declared the husband and wives were equals; also, outlawed dowries and foot-binding (1100-1949)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance of western European and North American states against the Soviet Union and its east European allies

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Organization formed in 1960 by oil-producing states to promote their collective interest in generating revenue from oil

English Voting Reform

Out of the pressure to allow more people to vote, England reformed to prevent rebellions- 1832

Fredrich Engles

Partner of Karl Marx and creator of the communist manifesto

Reza Shah Khan Pahlavi

Persian ruler in the 1920s; freed his country from foreign influence (GB/USSR); built modern schools/industry and ended veiling; started secularized govt. but still ruled as dictator; renamed Persia as "Iran" in 1935

Shah Ismail

Persian; founder of Safavid Empire

Incas

Peru, 1200-1500s; empire high in the Andes

Alphabet

Phoenician; consisted of 24 letters and used for record-keeping; was adjusted by the Greeks and evolved into the current Latin version

Waterloo

Place of Napoleon's final defeat in Belgium before being exiled.

Five-Year Plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe

Helsinki Accords

Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland by the USSR and western European countries

Lines of Demarcation

Pope determines Portuguese and Spanish areas of conquest - most of South America & North America to Spanish, Brazil to Portuguese

Euro trade in China

Portuguese arrived in 1514; soon Euros limited to Canton; wanted nothing from outsiders ("Middle Kingdom"); accepted only silver/gold for silk, porcelain

Bartholomeu Díaz

Portuguese explorer and nobleman who was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa (1488) and reach the Indian Ocean

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese mariner sailing for Spain. Leader of the first circumnavigation of the globe (though he died on the trip, which took 3 years - 1519-1522).

Results of WWII

Post-WWII: steps were taken to prevent future wars; 1945, United Nations with authority to intervene in trouble spots; 1946, Nuremburg Trials; Tokyo trials in Japan; a new bi-polar war began

Ottoman Empire

Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent.

Juan Perón

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974) who was an advocate for labor rights, built up Argentinian industry, was popular with the urban poor but ultimately hurt the economy.

Joao Goulart

President of Brazil whose constitutional government was overthrown by the army in 1964

Saddam Husain

President of Iraq from 1979 until overthrown by an American-led invasion in 2003. Waged war on Iran from 1980 to 1988. His invasion of Kuwait in 1990 was repulsed in the Persian Gulf War in 1991

Ngo Dinh Diem

President of South Vietnam and was supported by JFK.

Boris Yeltsin

President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.

Winston Churchill

Prime minister of United Kingdom from 1940-45 (and then 1951-55 again); the "Bulldog" of WWII that led the Battle of Britain; known as one of the most brave leaders in the 20th century

Causes of the Great War: Nationalism

Propaganda-> super patriotism France was bitter and wanted revenge on Germany (to get back Alsace Lorraine) ethnic tension grows in "Balkan Powder Keg" 2 wars 1912 -- BPK: Austria Hungary, Ottoman, Russia

Extraterritorial rights

Protects people from other areas from being convicted in foreign countries ex: Treaty of Nanking

Otto Von Bismarck

Prussian Chancellor 1862-90. United Germany through a series of brief wars, saying the other people started it. Brought nationalism.

Mesoamerican Societies, Religion

Puebloan, Hopewell, Mississippian, and Woodland tribes; animistic - Great Spirit, shamen

Salutary Neglect

Purposefully not strictly enforcing a law to keep people obedient without removing it. For example, the Navigation Acts.

Queen Nzinga

Queen of Angola during the late 1500s and early 1600s

Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs)

Rapidly growing new industrial nations of the late twentieth century, including the Asian Tigers

Rise of Fundamentalism

Reaction • Idea of relativity created a new idea: ○ No absolutes in the world • Many disturbed and angered by this idea and changes in morality • Many retreated to fundamentalist religions: • Look to holy text (Bible, Koran) for all answers Hitler tapped into this anger- tells people how to think, what to believe

White Armies/Red Armies

Red: Lenin's troops White: want to restore Russia's nobility

1793 CE-1794 CE

Reign of Terror

Ptolemy

Roman philosopher; helped in astronomy, map-making

Virgil

Roman philosopher; wrote the Aeneid

Gulags

Russia labor camps

Peter the Great

Russian absolutist (r. 1682-1725); westernized Russia; created St. Petersburg; improved gov/military; reduced power of nobles and cut personal freedoms; continued serfdom after it had died out in Western Europe

Russian-American Company

Russian joint-stock company, administrator of Russian colony in Alaska

Germanic Invaders

Saxons, Franks, Goths, etc.

Jewel in the Crown

Saying that refers to India as the most valuable colony

James Watt

Scottish inventor who created the Watt steam engine, machinery vital to the growth and spread of the Industrial Revolution.

US Constitution

Second governing documents in the US, still remains today. Written in 1787

Blaise Diagne

Senegalese political leader who was the first African elected to the French National Assembly during WWI.

Invasion of Poland

September 1, 1939, after the Non-Aggression Pact had been signed, Hitler quickly moved to attack; Germany sent tanks and bombers into Poland; the first example of blitzkrieg, or "lightning war"; unable to help Poland, which fell in 3 weeks; USSR took over the eastern half along with Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia; Finland was added in 1940

1st Battle of the Marne

September 1914: Brits and French stopped Germans on Marne River (thanks to taxi cabs) • Each side dug long trenches started trench warfare

Atlantic Charter

September 1941, a strategy formed by FDR and Churchill; the Allies would conquer Germany and then Japan; Stalin wanted a second front of money, weapons, and soldiers (Russia had defeated 80% of German soldiers; 20 million Russians died in WWII); US still isolationist, wanted to stay out of the war, so FDR waited for a unifying event

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic

Twelver Shiism

Shiite Muslims who form the majority of Iran believe that correct interpretations of Islamic doctrine and Sharia law flow from the 12 religious authorities called imams

Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939 • Austria, Psychoanalysis, 1880s • Human behavior is irrational • People driven by sub-conscious urges, no real control • Societies try to shape behavior through laws, customs, religion • Exploded the idea that there is one absolute right or wrong • Once again, "proper" behavior is relative- it depends on a particular culture • "Morality" is open for interpretation

Battle of Islandwana

Similar to Custer's Last Stand in the US. Brits arrived very confident in their ability to beat the Zulu tribe and were completely wiped out.

Gran Columbia

Simon Bolivar's plan for a unified government of states formed from parts of Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, and Ecuador (nations who later became independent)

Spread of Islam

Since 600s and 700s, missionaries and merchants had been spreading Islam; People are willing to convert b/c it offered literacy, a religious text, medical knowledge, and access to Muslim trade; Islam spread across the northern half of Africa, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, & Indonesia (Often in a blended/syncretized form);

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life

1791 CE

Slaves revolt in Saint Domingue

Spanish American Classes

Social structure of this included three main groups: 1) Peninsulars (from Iberian peninsula; white Euros; gov. officials) 2) Creoles (white Euros, but born in Lat. Amer.; rich landowners) 3) Commoners w/ few rights and little wealth; lots of interracial marriage (included Mestizos- whites and natives, Mulattoes- mixed African and Euro whites, Native Americans, African Slaves)

"War Socialism"

Socialism and welfare programs gained acceptance because so many wounded men coming home Wage and price controls, rationing occurred during the war

Salvador Allende

Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack

Liberal Buddhism

Some Buddhists suggested that, through meditation, ordinary people (not just monks) could achieve enlightenment; a lot like in Confucianism in China during 1400s

Enlightened Absolutism

Some wanted to have an enlightened government without being a democracy. Ex. Catherine the Great, Fredrick the Great-- they made education reforms, tolerance, no torture.

Boer Wars

South African Boers sought to regain the independence given up for British aid against the Zulu

Pablo Picasso/Cubism

Spain • Relative position of artist changes the perspective

New Spain

Spain's settlements in the New World - former Aztec empire (Mesoamerica), western U.S., Caribbean, west S. America (Pacific coast)

Salvatore Dali/Surrealism

Spain; inspired by Freud • Using nightmare images from the unconscious mind

Peninsulares

Spanish born in Europe who settled in the New World and remained at the top

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.

Hernán Cortés

Spanish conquistador who warred against the Aztecs from 1519-21, taking Tenochtitlan for New Spain

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador, conquered the Inca in the 1530s

Bartolome de Las Casas

Spanish man who protested the Encomienda system; wrote Tears of Indians; In 1542, Spain outlawed enslavement of natives

Geishas

Special courtesans in Japan valued not as just sex objects but for their musical, artistic and conversational skills

1764 CE

Spinning Jenny invented

Collectivization

Stalin's idea to turn individual farms into large, collective farms worked by hundreds of families; angry peasants destroyed crops and killed animals in protest; millions starved, killed, or sent to the Gulag prison in Siberia; Stalin withheld food from those who resisted and 10 million died as a result

Boxer rebellion

Started in 1894 over anger about losing Sino-Japanese war. Led by the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists.

Abolitionism

Started in England in early 1800s and grew more popular with the success of free labor. Slavery mostly ended by 1900.

Self Strengthening Movement

Started in the 1870s. Consisted of economic and military reforms in order to try and make Qing strong again. Did not go far enough, eventually failed.

Causes of the Great Depression

Stock Market Crash, 1929 • US stocks soared, 1924-29; even MC bought in • Belief: "A new era"-stocks will never go down • Banks, businesses, corps bought stocks instead of re-investing in expansion • No regulations; fraudulent companies sold stocks • When Americans lost confidence in the stock market, they began selling in a panic Black Tuesday • Oct 24, 1929 • Stocks dropped sharply, kept falling • Paper profits disappeared • Those who borrowed to buy stocks lost everything • Consumerism slowed, then stopped The Great Depression, 1929-40 • Businesses and factories closed as stock shares became worthless • Banks closed; life savings disappeared ○ FDIC in response to this • Millions unemployed; people starved to death • 25% unemployment (compare to 2007 recession 11%) • Americans stopped buying products from other countries; depression spread • World-wide disaster: Europe, Japan, Latin America

1789 CE

Storming of the Bastille

3000 BCE

Sumer, Egypt, Norte Chico, China

Course of WWII

Summary: 50 million died - majority citizens; Hitler was defeated by 1) British determination 2) Russia blood - 20 million died (40%) 3) US industrial might - heroic effort at home, too

Battle of Britain

Summer of 1940, British and Germans fought with airplanes, Royal Air Force (750 planes) vs. Luftwaffe (2000 planes); Germans bombed London as well; despite the difference in numbers of planes, Britain had a homefront, radar advantage; Prime minister, Winston Churchill "Let us go forward together"

Invisible Hand

Supply and demand will promote interest

Checks and Balances

System used in government between branches to make sure one does not get too much power.

Bourgeoisie/Proletariat

Terms referring to successful MC people

Holocaust

The "Final Solution" of Germany and Hitler; before WWII, 8 million Jews lived in Europe - overall, 6 million were killed; in addition another 6 million "inferiors" were killed

Warsaw Pact

The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and the countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against NATO

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

The CIA helped him retain the throne of Iran and enjoyed American support.the last Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979.

USSR

The Soviet Union • Government headed by Alexander Kerensky; liberal reforms (Provisional Government) • But he insisted on staying in the war to honor treaties • Vladimir Lenin + Leon Trotsky led the "Bolsheviks" • November Revolution; took over easily • "Communist Party" ruled; called the USSR • "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need."

Mechanization

The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. ex. Spinning cotton and weaving of cloth

Atlantic Slave Trade

The buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas.

Proletariat

The class of industrial wage earners who possess neither capital nor the tools of production. Must earn their living by selling their labor

Great Depression

The crash of the New York stock markets that caused a world wide depression. It consisted of high unemployment rates and economic crisis

(Berlin) Wall Comes Down

The expense of controlling satellites became oppressive for USSR; Gorbachev encouraged satellites to try new methods to lessen their dependence; even allowed free elections (expected communists to be elected); one EE nation after another won freedom through elections, demonstrations, or violence; November 1989: the East German leader opened the Berlin Wall; thousands streamed through into the West (joyous celebration); by 1990s, Germany reunited

Encyclopédie

The first attempt at a compilation of human knowledge of "sciences, arts, and crafts", co-edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert. Promoted the ideals of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.

Seneca Falls

The first gathering and convention of feminists where the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)

The founder of modern Turkey. He distinguished himself in the defense of Gallipoli in WWI and expelled a Greek expeditionary army from Anatolia in 1921-1922. He pushed a radical westernization and reform of Turkish society.

Ghost Dance/Wounded Knee

The ghost dance was a ritual that the native people used to bring spirits from the dead back to help them fight against settlers. However, it became a sort of movement. The massacre at wounded knee scared people away from this.

USSR Satellites

The group of Eastern European countries harassed by Russia to become communist; by 1948, these included Albania, Bulgaira, Romania, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia; USSR used the threat of their armies to simply take over the govts. of those countries and set up puppet govts.

White Man's Burden

The idea that is the responsibility of white people to take care of people of color

Socialism

The idea that means of production and exchange should be owned by the community as a whole

Laissez Faire

The idea that the government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs

Separate Spheres Ideology

The idea that the world a man works in should be completely separate from his home life, that the women should stay in the home.

Cold War

The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. This came to an end when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991

Persian Empire

The last group to dominate the Middle East politically before Alexander the Great (550-331 BCE); Cyrus the Great

African Interior

The last region to abolish slavery completely due to isolation and powerful landowners. Was ended by 1900 with military and missions.

Montezuma/Aztecs (Fall of Tenochtitlan)

The leader of the Central American empire during early 1500s; captured/killed by Hernan Cortez and conquered this region; this event was predicted many years before

Conquest of America

The need for Indian Ocean trade eventually led to the finding of this; slowly the Spanish took control of most of the southern area and in the 1600s other Europeans began to colonize and take over too

Wu Zhao

The only woman to officially rule China (690-705 CE, interrupting the Tang with her own dynasty)

Guillotine

The primary form of execution used throughout the French Revolution. A more humane improvement on former methods, seen as a symbol of the French Revolution's somewhat arbitrary violence.

How did the Second Industrial Revolution affect the lives of women? Laborers?

The second industrial revolution saw an increase in women in the workplace, because out of financial necessity, they would work in factories alongside men and even children because it required less brute strength. Also, it impacted laborers because often, agricultural labor was less common than previously and factory labor was more common than previously.

Neo-Liberalism

The term used in Latin America and other developing regions to describe free-market policies that included reducing tariff protection for local industries; the sale of public sector industries, like national airlines and public utilities, to private investors for foreign corporations; and the reduction of social welfare policies and public-sector employment

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States and other allied powers after WWI. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands in Poland.

Eva Perón

The wife of Juan Perón and advocate for the poor in Argentina; she worked to improve the life of urban poor by founding schools and hospitals.

Balkan Powder Keg

There was a lot of tension in the areas including Austria-Hungary, Russia, Germany, and Italy due to conflict between ethnic groups and people wanting independence.

Buffalo extinction

These animals almost killed off in the american west-- shot for fun from trains and left to rot. Saved later on reserves and are alive today.

Serbian and Greek independence

These countries won their independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1817 and 1830.

Polygamy

This increased due to the number of African males that were sold into slavery- leaving many women and very few men.

Mustafa Kemal

This man became leader of Ottoman Empire after WWI; also known as "Ataturk" (father-Turk); defeated Sultans, Greeks, and Western military forces; in 1923, he declared the Turkish Republic; from 1923-38, he secularized govt., removed Shari'a Law (muslim laws), forced citizens to wear Western clothes, set up schools, factories, and RRs; women received the right to vote, enter professions, and he ended veiling and polygamy

French and Indian Wars

This was a conflict between Britain and France for control of territory in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763.

Extraterritorial Rights

This was enacted after the Opium Wars during the Treaty of Nanking; means that Chinese, or any homeland's, laws do not abide to GB

American Revolution

This was the first successful colonial independence movement against a European power, 1775-1783.

1603-1868

Tokugawa Shogunate/sakoku

Muhammed Ali

Took control of Egypt in 1805 to become semi-independent from the Ottoman empire. Industrialized, created a modern military, cash crops, and education. However most reforms ended after he died.

El Alamein

Town in Egypt, site of victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernad Montgomery over German forces. Officially expelled the Germans from Africa.

Triangular Trade System

Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that featured finished products from Europe, slaves from Africa, and American products bound for Europe.

Filial Piety

Traditional cultural basis of Chinese society; teaches respect for elders, ancestors, and authority figures; these ideas form the essence of the "Five Relationships" later adopted by Confucius

Commodore Matthew Perry

U.S. naval commander who forced Japan to open to international trade in the mid-19th century, treaty of Kanagawa

US Support/Caudillos

US business also dominated mining and oil in the region (Big Stick of Gun Boat Diplomacy); ruthless caudillos ruled by force on behalf of the wealthy (like fascism); supported by the US because they protected US businesses (all work goes to peons); caused great resentment and communism gained support (esp. after WWII)

US Economic Imperialism

US businesses profited from Lat. Amer. fruit/sugar (United Fruit Company); also sold manufactured goods to Lat. Amer.; treated Lat. Amer. like a colony

United Fruit Co.

US company that had monopoly on fruit and controlled most fruit production in latin america

Spanish American War

US fought against Spain in Cuba, supposedly helping to liberate Cuba and Philippines.

Philippine Insurrection

US gained Philippines and held on until 1946; had to fight Filipinos to keep it; 1899-1902, a rebellion led by Emiliano Aguinaldo

Truman Doctrine

US tried to help Europe with this decree in Greece and Turkey; US would send military aid to nations resisting communism

Triangular Trade

Usually tools, cloth, liquor, or guns went to West Africa; slaves were sent to Americas; sugar went to New England or Europe to be processed into rum or molasses; Slaves carried on the "Middle Passage"

Euro trade in India

Vasco da Gama arrived by sea in 1498; Portuguese content to set up trading ports (Goa); Indians insisted on gold/silver as payment for spices, cotton, cloth, and jewels; 2nd largest recipient for New World silver; when da Gama returned in 1500, he brought guns, forced them to trade

Non-western women

Very different from women in the west who were gaining ground on equality-- India still had Suttee and veiling, China had footbinding, ME still would not let many girls go to school.

British America

Virginia (1607); Massachusetts/New England (1630); far outnumber natives after disease hit drove Native Americans further West to unwanted land; fought Spain over Caribbean Islands; some self-gov/ and freedom; labor shortages led first to indentured servants then African slaves

Boer War

War between the British and the Boers for independence in South Africa. Boers lost but were later given independence around 1910.

Dirty War

War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1983) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture and executions by the military

Zulu

Warlike group in South Africa who frequently fought the Boers (/Afrikaners) & later English

Wars of Liberation

Wars that France fought in Germany to "liberate" the people.

Florence Nightengale

Was a nurse during the Crimean war-- very well educated and successful. Made nursing an acceptable profession.

Fundamentalism

Was created after the theory of evolution became popular- people wanted to take everything that the bible said completely literally

Emancipation (in the US)

Was in 1865 declared by Abraham Lincoln

IR in east Europe

Was resisted in order for nobles to maintain serfdom

Songhai

West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591.

The Irish Question

What to do with this part of England that doesn't want to be a part of England? Earlier, the British had invaded and taken over the predominantly Catholic island; gave most of the good land to absentee, Protestant landlords; caused great resentment and repeated rebellions from the Irish

Partition of Poland

When Russia, Austria, and Prussia took parts of Poland.

Bastille Day

When a mob stormed the armory Bastille stealing weapons in the 1780's during the French Revolution

What were the major effects of mid-to-late nineteenth century migrations?

When land reforms left many agricultural laborers out of jobs and they proceeded to move to cities to work industrial jobs, they had a profound impact on both city life and overall population gradients. For example, housing in cities became more cramped and less affordable, hence the rise of tenements in which immigrants and formerly rural people resided. It also left the countryside and rural areas less densely inhabited because that is what happens when a huge population moves away.

In the period from 1850 to 1905, what major foreign policy events may have foreshadowed World War I (1914-1918)?

While it was not inherently warlike, the policy event of the Berlin conference, otherwise known as the scramble for Africa, in a way foreshadowed the scramble for Africa. The major thematic roots of world war 1 were militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism, and the Berlin Conference had a profound impact on all of them. Militarism, the berlin conference institutionalized invasions of Africa, most of which were successful, but some were not, like the battle of Adowa. Alliances were formed as you would expect when a continent (Europe) divides a whole other continent (Africa), imperialism clearly came in when Africa became highly colonized by Europe, and nationalism ensued when African tribes resented when they were lumped into "nation states" with rival tribes.

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between Soviet dominated East and the US dominated West

1st 5-Year Plan

With help from USSR, Mao's China made some progress; used Russia's idea of 5-year Plans; 1953-58, 5-year plan for industry; successful, but led to a terrible disaster

Gothic Literature

Writing using elements of fear and death. for example the work of Edgar Allen Poe

Herbert Spencer

Wrote Principles of Biology in 1864 - coined the term "survival of the fittest" but applied these rules to society-- claimed that the government should simply allow people to die and starve so that natural selection would carry out faster. Therefore nations at the top are furthest evolved.

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence. One of the founding fathers of the US.

Charles Lyell

Wrote the Principles of Geology-- said that the world was much older than the bible had recorded.

Maximilien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror

Mayan City-States

Yucatan Peninsula & Central America; at their peak ~300-900 CE; influenced by the earlier Olmec culture

Palestine

Zionist Movement began in the early 20th century with Theodore Herzl; after the Balfour Declaration in 1917, some Jews moved to Palestine which was populated largely by Arabic Muslims

James Cook

a British captain and explorer that claimed Polynesian islands (Australia, NZ, etc.) for GB during 18th century

Lusitania

a British ocean liner sunk by Germany during WWI. It carried many US passengers, this caused an outrage and led to the Sussex pledge

Zheng He

a Chinese explorer who led 7 expeditions in the early 1400s; used junks (ships 8 times the size of Europe's ships); was told to stop exploring and then China cut themselves off from the world

Self-Strengthening

a Chinese movement in the 1870s; China still independent, but under economic control of the West; opposing solutions were presented: modernize vs. "stick to tradition;" after movement began there were economic and military reforms; this reaction to the threat of the West was too late and incomplete

CaoXueqin (Dream/Red Chamber)

a Chinese writer (early 1700s); wrote in contemporary vernacular but gave details about the lives of Chinese nobles; criticized by Confucianists

Wu Chengen (Journey to the West)

a Chinese writer (late 1500s); wrote in contemporary vernacular; departed from older, classical styles; criticized by Confucianists

Martin Luther

a German monk who disagreed with the RCC; wrote the 95 Theses and was a big part of the Protestant Reformation

Sophocles

a Greek philosopher; wrote Oedipus Rex

Vodun/Voodoo

a Haitian belief that combined elements of magic w/ Christianity; just one example of many distinctive, syncretized belief systems

Maratha Empire

a Hindu state founded by warrior-sovereign Shivaji in west-central India

Bushido

a Japanese code of loyalty

Zaibatsu

a Japanese system of large family-owned businesses that are the source of large economic income

Seppuku

a Japanese traditional form of suicide

Eisai

a Korean monk who brought cha (tea) and Zen (a sect of Buddhism) to Japan in the 1100s; both became distinctive elements of Japanese culture

Sultan

a Muslim ruler

Gavrilo Princip

a Serbian nationalist (wanted a nation for all Serbs, independence from A-H) assassinates Franz Ferdinand

Ziggurat

a Sumerian temple familiar to pyramids

Secret Ballot

a ballot in which votes are cast in secret and no one knows whom you've voted for; created by Australians; adopted by US

Analects

a book consisting of Confucian's teachings

The General Theory

a book written by John Keynes about his disagreement towards laissez-faire and how an industrial economy needs consumerism to last

Lalibela

a city (named after the emperor) in Ethiopia (Axum Empire); in about 1200, built underground Christian Churches into solid rock in order to avoid detection by invading Muslims

Chivalry

a code followed by the nobles of Europe

State Shintoism

a combination of the Japanese ritual practice and fascist govt.; 1) emperor is divine and the military dictatorship rules in his name as though he has given them his power 2) because of historical isolation, believed they were a pure race and better than other people

Mandates

a commission from the League of Nations to a member state to administer a territory; an area administered by another country

Mycenaean Culture

a culture that influenced the Greeks; defeated the Minoans

Etruscans

a culture that ruled Rome from 750 BCE to 509 BCE; they recognized the superiority of Greek culture and adopted it as their own; a rebellion in 509 BCE expelled them and established a new type of govt: a republic, but it later became an empire

enclave

a distinct territorial, cultural, or social unit enclosed within or as if within foreign territory

Results of Crusades

a divided Europe, no more trust in the RCC, humans looking towards themselves and what they can do

Globalization

a dramatic increase in economic activity that developed between previously isolated religions; this affected the entire world

Orthodox Christianity

a form of Christianity that differed in some practices; used mainly in Byzantine Empire

Sharecropping

a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land (like debt peonage); after US Civil War, slaves turned to this (endless cycle)

Constitutional Monarchy

a form of government first used by England after the Glorious Revolution; limits the monarch, gives control to government

Absolutism

a form of greater control found in nation-states; one person (monarch usually) has complete and total power over a nation-state; government has little control

Parliamentarism

a form of more participation found in nation-states; government and citizens have more control; monarch is more of a figurehead and does not offer imput

Social Control

a form of structure used by various civilizations like Indus River Valley (Caste system) and Yellow River Valley (Mandarin/Shi)

Dhoti

a garment worn by male Hindus, consisting of a piece of material tied around the waist and extending to cover most of the legs; Gandhi encouraged the home production of this cloth as a way to boycott British goods (called the Homespun Movement)

Salons

a gathering of people under the roof of an inspiring host, held partly to amuse one another and partly to refine the taste and increase the knowledge of the participants through conversation

Shakespeare

a great English playwrite; (1580s-1616); wrote during Elizabethan era; a late Renaissance man; focused on Roman and Greek historical events in his plays

Cervantes (Don Quixote)

a great Spanish writer from the Renaissance; fabulous novelist; wrote the first modern novel

Hagia Sophia

a great church rebuilt by Justinian

Hokusai

a great ukiyo-e painter in the late 1700s; 36 Views of Mt. Fuji

Farabundo Marti

a guerrilla movement in El Salvador. President Reagan provided military assistance to keep it from taking power

Ban Zhao (Lessons for Women)

a guide book in which she advised women to be obedient to husbands, but also be educated so that they could be more helpful

Queue

a hairstyle Chinese men were forced to wear during Qing Dynasty by the Manchus

Vizier

a high official in some Muslim countries, especially in Turkey under Ottoman rule

incursions

a hostile entrance into a territory

Carpet-Weaving

a key art form and profitable enterprise in Turkey and Persia

Green Revolution

a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.

Huns

a large nomadic group from north-Central Asia; their armies conquered the Roman & Gupta Dynasties around 500 CE and China's Han dynasty about 220 CE

Ten Commandments

a list of orders from God from Judaism

Hong Kong

a major city in China that was given to GB in the Treaty of Nanking after the Opium Wars. Later became an Asian Tiger

Terra Cotta Warriors

a massive collection of sculpted warriors depicting Qin Shih Haung-ti's army

Power Loom

a mechanized loom powered by a line shaft, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution

Griots

a member of a class of traveling poets, musicians, and storytellers who maintain a tradition of oral history in parts of West Africa

Luddites

a member of any of the bands of English workers who destroyed machinery, especially in cotton and woolen mills, that they believed was threatening their jobs

Islam

a monotheistic religion formed in the Middle East by Muhammad

Romanticism

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Negritude (Movement)

a movements of the 1930s which began in Africa; led by Leopold Senghor (used his poetry as a weapon) and celebrated African pride; after Europeans used taxes and increased labor to control the colonies, many natives wished to fight back; the main difficulty was the pan-African disunity

Virgin of Guadalupe

a much loved depiction of Mary as a native girl and an important symbol of central importance in Mexican Catholicism

Basho/Haiku

a new type of popular, escapist novel emerged; MC had leisure time, wanted amusements; upbeat, light, humorous or sexy; not serious literature; Japan's greatest, poet (1644-94); used traditional forms like Zen and Daoism as influences

Bedouins

a nomadic Arab of the desert

Quebec

a part of Canada that is still French-speaking to this day; nationalist movement to separate from Canada and become independent

Satyagraha

a passive and non-violent resistance philosophy created by Mohandas Gandhil resists oppression, but w/o violence; he used this idea in India

Renaissance

a period in Europe, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history; It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age

Baroque

a period of florid style that began in the 1600s and grew out of the Counter Reformation, as the RCC tried to win ppl. back w/ colorful and dramatic cathedrals, music, and painting

Confucianism

a philosophy begun by Confucius and used in China for centuries; used traditional ideas of the Five Relationships and filial piety to encourage obedience to the state

Daoism

a philosophy created by Laotzu

Legalism

a philosophy used during the Qin dynasty

Rhineland

a piece of land along western Germany; taken away from Germany after WWI by the LON; Hitler took it back in WWII

Alsace-Lorraine

a piece of land fought over in the Franco prussian war. France lost the land, and this was a sore spot

Five Year Plan

a plan that would last for a 5-year period which made the country focus on one aspect; 1928-33, tried to improve "heavy industry" like RRs, steel, and mines; was a great success (production quadrupled in 10 years)

Leopold Senghor

a poet and writer from Senegal (Africa) who led the Negritude Movement in the 1930s; eventually became president of Senegal

Isolationism

a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

US Indian Policy

a policy that states: establishes the relationship between the United States Government and the Indian Tribes within its borders - the Constitution gives the federal government primary responsibility for dealing with tribes; native Americans were pushed onto reservations, US broke treaties, Post-Civil War, govt. more determined to eliminate native Americans (esp. after Custard's Last Stand, 1876)

Divine Right

a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God

watergate

a political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice a scandal in which President Nixon resigned over accusations of illegal activity

Machiavelli (The Prince)

a political writer; Renaissance man; published his book, 1513; it focused on how to rule as a king or person in power; believed one should choose intimidation over kindness

Veiling/Purdah

a practice used in Islamic cultures; the covering of women

The Eastern Question

a question that refers to the dying Ottoman empire and what to do with it. The agreements in the congress of Vienna

Irish Potato Famine

a recurring blight hit the potato crop between 1845-1851 (last big event of the Little Ice Age); AKA "Great Hunger;" of the 8.5-total million Irish, about 1.5 million died and another million fled to US/Canada; emigration continued until the 1960s

Santeria

a religion started in Cuba; involved animal sacrifice and dancing rituals (confessed to be Christians)

Buddhism: Zen, Theravada, Mahayana

a religion that began in India but spread quickly to China and flourished there; became incorporated into Chinese culture and ruling; also spread to Japan

Guru Nanak/Sikhism

a religion that emerged in 1600s; Founder, Guru Nanak, combined elements of Hinduism & Islam; tried to ease religious tensions; Later, it developed into a separate religion rather than being a bridge for Hinduism & Islam; ppl. often served as soldiers in military (b/c this is an avenue for advancement since they do not believe in a caste system)

Buddhism

a religion that originated in India but quickly moved to China and was introduced there and Japan; Siddhartha Gautama

Ganges River

a river in northern India; regarded as a sacred place in Hinduism

Millet

a separate legal court pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim Sharia, Christian Canon law, or Jewish Halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own system

Nuremberg Trials

a series of military tribunals, held by the Allied forces after World War II, which were most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany who planned, carried out, or otherwise participated in the Holocaust and other war crimes

English Bill of Rights

a set of laws agreed to by Mary II and William of Orange that allowed Parliament and the citizens more control

Caravel

a ship invented by the Portuguese that Combined square sails with lateen sails for better control over direction

Kana

a simplified form of Chinese writing developed by female poets in Japan about 1000 CE, during the Heian Era

Board of Trade

a state run board that conquistadors sent a potion of their treasures to

Mudarra

a symbolic or ritual gesture in Hinduism or Buddhism

Encomienda

a system used in Central America during the early 1500s; when Spanish are granted land, the natives who live there are given to the Spanish too

Jizya

a tax used in Muslim empires that had to be paid by usually non-Muslims

Angkor Wat

a temple in Cambodia that has architecture used in Hindu temples from India

Pax Romana

a time of peace in Rome that allowed trade and ideas to flourish

Pax Mongolica

a time of peace in the Yuan Dynasty that helped trade and culture flourish

Hanseatic League

a trade alliance bet/ areas in Northern Europe in the 1100s-1200s

Ibn Battuta

a traveler born in Morocco who traveled throughout the Middle East and wrote about his journeys

Marco Polo

a traveler who wrote about his journeys during the Yuan Dynasty; European who traveled to China

Lateen Sails

a triangular sail on a long yard at an angle of 45° to the mast.

Chaquis/Quipu

a vast network of paved roads that held together many tribes of different peoples; never developed a written language, though; runners carried messages on colored, knotted strings

Mexican-American War

a war between US and Mexico; US won and gained the land of AZ, NM, CO, NV, CA, VT

Chartism

a working-class movement for political reform in Britain that existed from 1838 to 1857

Islam: Shi'ite, Sunni, Sufi

a world religion that began in the ME and quickly spread; had major empires (Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal) under this religion; one of the fastest growing religions; began in 600s CE

Christianity: Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox

a world religion that formed off of Judaism; Mainly practiced in Western Europe but spread through missionaries to other places; the largest religion in the world today

Concomitant

accompanying especially in a subordinate or incidental way

Ukiyo-e

affordable wood-block paintings in Japan

Opium Wars

after Chinese people became addicted to this drug, the Qing dynasty tried to stop it from entering, but GB kept smuggling it in; 1839, China attacked Brit ships & destroyed cargo (Lin Zexu); but Brits won this naval war easily and created treaty of Nanking; this revealed how far behind the West China had fallen

US Industrial Growth

after Civil War, US became the 1st industrially and agriculturally in the world (Industrial Giant); built transcontinental RR in 1869

Board of Trade/Council of the Indies

after Spain colonized Americas and the Philippines this was formed; it set up strict rules for colonies (esp. in economics); it determined what colonies could grow and with whom they could trade

posthumous

after death

Muslim League

after the Indian National Congress was formed in 1885, Muslims felt out of place and left to create this group; Its original purpose was to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in India

Dark Ages

after the fall of Rome, people abandon the huge cities in Eur (Paris, London, Rome) because of disease and because cities were targets for invaders, trade diminished, and Europe became much more insular; the period 500-800 sometimes called the "Middle Ages"

Three Kingdoms

after the fall of the Han; a time of de-centralization

Mexican Revolution

after the overthrow of Porfirio Diaz in 1911, a complex civil war continued from 1910-1920; although the goals of the revolutionaries were varied, middle-class liberals sought political and constitutional reforms, while peasant leaders wanted land reform so all of the wealth didn't go to rich landowners

1440-1600

age of discovery

1467-1568

age of the country at war (japan)

1556-1605

akbar

Democracy

all citizens take part in ruling the nation; founded by Greece

Keiretsu

alliances of corporations and banks that dominate the Japanese economy

Bliztkrieg

also known as "lightning war"; a fighting method used by Germany in Poland during WWII

Axis Powers

also known as the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis; were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allied Powers; the Axis agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity

Suttee

an India cultural traditionl; after a husband dies, the widow will commit suicide, often by throwing themselves on the funeral pyre

Thugee

an India group formed of the manifestation of god Kali; had to sacrifice blood, killed others; the robbery and murder practiced by the Thugs in accordance with their ritual

Sepoys

an Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders; created to make enmity between groups (mainly Sikhs)

Mimar Sinan

an Ottoman architect who built over 80 beautiful mosques in the 1600s

Aborigines/Kooris

an aboriginal inhabitant of Australia; hunted for sport at one point

Open Door Policy

an agreement signed by the US w/ Eur. that allowed more foreign intrusion in China; also made sure that all nations had equal access to Chinese ports, maintained a balance

Sussex Pledge

an agreement that Germany will not attack any passenger ships, a reaction to the sinking of the Lusitania. Germany is desperate to keep the US out of the war, because they would disturb the delicate balance in the trenches

I Ching

an ancient guide for rulers in China (ancient, no date); it gives advice on how to read the signs of Yin & Yang and rule accordingly

Axum Kingdom

an area of Ethiopia settled by Arabic peoples (peak 300-600 CE). This served as a trading center for East Afr, the Nile, & southern Arabia; by the 4th C, CE, it had adopted Christianity. After 600, with the expansion of Islam, many Christians in the area converted to Islam

Cartel

an association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricing competiton

fascism

an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.

Zoroastrianism (Avesta)

an early form of monotheism; practiced in Persian Empire; God = Ahura Mazda

Kampuchea

an early name of Cambodia; the home of the Khmer people and the most powerful state in SE Asia began as a Hindu kingdom in the 600s, but eventually Buddhism replaced Hinduism as the dominant religion

Inquisition

an ecclesiastical tribunal established by Pope Gregory IX circa 1232 for the suppression of heresy. It was active chiefly in northern Italy and southern France, becoming notorious for the use of torture. In 1542 the papal Inquisition was re-established to combat Protestantism, eventually becoming an organ of papal government.

Byzantine Empire

an empire that lasted for more than 1000 years after it was separated by the Diocletian from the Western half of Rome

Heian Period

an era in Japanese history (about 800-1200 CE) when the capital was at Heian (later called Kyoto); an elaborate court life surrounded the emperor in this time period and the arts, especially literature flourished

Silk Roads

an established trade route that extended from Central China to the Mediterranean and Northern Africa

"Separate Spheres"

an ideology relating to gender roles that promotes that a woman's place is a domestic role while a man's place is as a breadwinner.

Wheel

an important form of agricultural technology created during the Sumerian Civilization

Mansa Musa

an important ruler of the Mali empire that went on a Hegira and gave out so much gold that it ruined African economies

United Nations

an international organization formed in 1945 after WWII to increase political and economic cooperation among member countries

Labor Unions

an organized group of workers, most often in the same profession as one another, to protect and advance their workplace rights.

Pogroms

an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.

Judaism

ancient monotheistic religion with the Torah as its foundational text

Third Reich

another name for Germany under hitler

Hellenism

another name for Greek culture

Stalemate

any position or situation in which no action can be taken or progress made; deadlock:

John Locke

argued that governments should protect life, liberty and property and that if the government didn't do this people had a right to rebell

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

argued that the will of the people was sacred and that the legitimacy of monarchs depended on the consent of the people. He was distrustful of society and government.

11-11-18

armistice day

European Revival

around 1200s, trade increased, kings and governments grew stronger, protected merchant;, people move back to cities, which become centers of trade/learning (scholasticism)

Charlemagne

became king of the Franks and friends with the RCC by defeating many of their enemies. He led a European revival by encouraging education and trying to re-establish a European unity that had been missing since the fall of Rome. But soon after his death, the schools he started and the stability he established were gone. (Carolingian)

Chiang Kai-shek

became leader of KMT after Sun Yat-sen's death in 1925; teamed up with the new CCP to defeat warlords and unify China (wanted complete control over country), after this Chiang turned against the communists; became increasingly corrupt and unpopular; helped cities, but not rural areas (10% of people held 70% of land); angry peasants turned against him and went to Mao Zedong and CCP; during the pause in civil war, US aided him $1.5 billion to help fight Japan, but saved the weapons for Zedong instead of fighting fully; he lost support because of this; after Japan surrendered, the civil continued from 1946-49, and he eventually lost

Ukiyo-e Painting

becaus eof semi-isolation, artists broke away from Chinese influence that had pervaded Japanese art since the 6th century; artists drew on traditional themes such as Zen, but began using everyday scenes of Japan; this certain style included wood-block prints; important painter was Hokusai

2nd Russian Rev.

before this, a climate of fear because the govt. made every economic decision and produced only basic goods; shortages were common, few consumer goods; to break out of stagnation, two 1986 reforms: 1) glasnost - openness (freedom of speech, press) 2) perestroika - economic restructuring (some capitalism, foreign trade) Unfortunately, business and farms inefficient and could not function w/o govt. support; economy grew weaker, waited too long for any improvement

Ashikaga Shogunate

began in 1333, but was marked by continuous civil war (The Age of the Country at War, 1467-1568) and a lack of centralized control (Japan)

Devshirme System

began in the late 14th century. Christian boys were recruited by force to serve the Ottoman government. The boys were generally taken from the Balkan provinces, converted to Islam, and then passed through a series of examinations to determine their intelligence and capabilities

Genghis Khan

began to rally people and form the Mongol Empire; used intimidation and fear

Cape Colony

begun by the Dutch at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652; used to supply ships sailing East; Boers or Afrikaners built large farms; conflict w/ Bantu speaking tribes (Khoikhoi, Xhosa, Zulu); Calvinist beliefs told them they were superior; justified harsh treatment of blacks

Deism

belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe

Heresy

belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine

Kulaks

better off peasants

Swahili City-States

between about 1100 and 1500; powerful city-states such as Kilwa, Zanzibar, & Mogadishu on the East Coast developed a hybrid language from Farsi (Persian), Bantu (African), and Arabic to help different people trade

The Communist Manifesto

book published that proved most influential in spreading Marx's radical critiques of capitalism and urged the mobilization of the working class

1630

boston

Maximilian von Hapsburg

brother of the emperor of Austria; France tried to make him president of Mexico

Transcontinental RR

built in 1869 in US; acted as a transportation link; important industrialization accomplishment; allowed shipping/transporting goods to be much easier and possible

Height of Aztec Empire

c. 1480s CE

Beginning of Bronze Age Early Civilizations

c. 3000 BCE

Printing invented in China

c. 730 CE

Beginnings of Agriculture

c. 8000 BCE

Decline of Classical Maya

c. 900 CE

Aryan Invaders

came into the Indus Valley about 1500 BCE from Central Asia; their culture blended with native Indians, creating Hinduism and the caste system

resilient

capable of withstanding shock without permanent deformation or rupture

1652-1806

cape colony (dutch)

Wrought Iron

cheap iron made using coke not coal

Church of England (Anglican Church)

church formed by Henry VIII during the Protestant Reformation

Mohenjo-Daro/Harappa

city-states in the Indus Valley; sophisticated cities with strong construction & sewage systems; traded with each other & Mesopotamia through the Khyber Pass until they disappeared about 1900 BCE

Nobles of the Robe

civil servants in France who were ennobled by Louis himself and who therefore owed their status to the king rather than to their own family tree

Yasak

coerced labor system of native Siberians, requires tribute & hunting for fur animals, Aleutian native populations died out rapidly due to this

Massachusetts Bay

colony founded 1630; grew what they needed and little more for trade (grain); all were successful, prosperous colonies w/ many of the MC; few of the class distinctions found in Europe

Brazilian Solution

combination of dictatorship, violent repression and government promotion of industrialization

Piracy

common in Caribbean, Indian Ocean, Asia's Pacific and southeastern waters, stealing goods from another country or person

Difference Between Fascism and Communism

communism: society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. liberal fascism: nationalistic right-wing system of government. There are private businesses, but they are controlled by government. conservative

Khmer Rouge

communist revolutionaries who gained power in Cambodia. Led by Pol Pot

Clockwork Universe

compares the universe to a mechanical clock. It continues ticking along, as a perfect machine, with its gears governed by the laws of physics, making every aspect of the machine predictable; developed during scientific revolution

Social Darwinism

concept that applied the rules of natural selection to society.

Galileo

confirmed Copernicus' theory and placed under house arrest because of it. Writings on the list of Forbidden books for the RCC

Philip of Macedon

conquered Greece in 338 BCE

US Bill of Rights

contains the first 10 amendments to the constitution. (freedom of the press, etc.)

Hegemony

control

1519-21

cortez/aztecs

Robert Owen

creator of a Utopian Community- built a factory that was created to benefit the people that worked there.

Minoa/Knossos

culture of Crete that shaped later Greek cities; its city was the center of a maritime empire from about 2000 to 1450 BCE when they were destroyed by an earthquake & the Mycenaeans from the mainland

1200-1526

delhi sultanate

Altruism

desire to help others

Merchants & Confucius

despite all they did for the economy and Silk Roads, these ppl were looked down upon because they defied Confucian morals

Northern Ireland

despite constant pressuring against GB to give Ireland self-govt., the southern countries got independence and this territory is still a UK country to this day

Juan Peron

dictator of Argentina from 1946-1974; descamisados - "the shirtless ones" (name of the working class)

Manuel Noriega

dictator of Panama who was overthrown by the US

Water Frame

dozens of machines in a building next to a fast-flowing river. Used a water wheel

Sun Tzu (The Art of War)

during the 500s BC; this might be the greatest book on military strategy in history; still read and studied today

Heliocentric Theory

earth and other planets revolve around the sun

Trade Protectionism

economic policy of restraining trade between states (countries) through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other government regulations

Janissaries

elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and bodyguards; made up of some Christian converts in the Ottoman empire

Janissary

elite military corps in the ottoman empire that consisted mainly of young Christian converts.

Athens

emerged about 800 BCE and reached its peak bet/ 500 & 300 BCE; became the center of education, art, science, and culture as well as the idea of political democracy

Vernacular Languages

emerged in Italy (Dante/Divine Comedy, 1300s), England (Geoffrey Chaucer/Canterbury Tales, 1300s), and France (Christine de Pisan, The Book of the City of Ladies, 1405)

Askia Mohammed

emperor of Songhai Empire (present day Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso). Expanded - became largest empire in West African history under his rule. Complex bureaucracy to centralize power. Built mosques to justify rule through Islam. Expanded trade (esp. gold/salt trade). Epic of his rule common among griot storytellers.

1700-1800

enlightenment

Total War

everyone is involved, not only fought on battle fields, but people are also working in factories, fields etc.

Yang-ti

famous for improving & extending the Great Wall and building the Grand Canal which connected the Yellow to the Yangtze Rivers (& north to south China) in the Sui Dynasty

Maoris

farmers from Polynesia; their resistance led to wars w/ the British; by 1870s, only 50,000 left

Y2K

fear that no electronics would work due to not switching to the year 2000

Northern Renaissance

featured Erasmus, Thomas More, Shakespeare and Cervantes

Haitian Rebellion

first Atlantic rebellion- led by former slave Toussaint L'Ouverture. Led primarily by slaves and was therefore not respected by Europe, leaving them poor still.

Black Plague (Causes, Results)

first arrived in the late 1340s and returned periodically for many years, killing ¼ to ½ of the population of Europe in the first wave; people upset with the church

Sumer

first civilization; located in Middle East; started about 3000 BCE in Mesopotamia

Murasaki Shikibu (Tale of Genji)

first novel ever written about 1000 CE (Japan)

British East India Company

focused on Mughal India and cotton textiles as the primary trade item from Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras; often bribed their way into Indian markets; later added tea and coffee

Huguenots

followers of John Calvin from France

17-Point Constitution

form of law in Japan that was adapted from Buddhism and Confucianism in the Heian Period

Seven Years´War

fought between Britain & France, fighting primarily over colonization in other continents - shifts Canada & India to British control, sets American Revolution into motion

100 Years' War (results)

fought between England and France over control of the French throne brought disaster to Northern France

Carthage/Hannibal

fought in the Punic Wars against Rome; eventually lost

Jamestown, Va.

founded 1607; "Starving Time" (1610); Tobacco (cash crop) saved this colony and large plantations later added cotton

Massachusetts Bay Colony

founded by Puritans in Mass. Bay 1628

Bolsheviks

founded on the ideas of carl marx -believed that the working class would one day overthrow the upper class -1917, riot over war (against Nicholas II), eventually police force joins in -eventually take power from duma

manumission

free from slavery

Métis

french word for mixed

Manchus

from Manchuria; conquer Ming and start the Qing Dynasty

Egyptian Civilization

from about 3100 BCE to 500 BCE, a great civilization developed along the predictable Nile River (thus, their religion was gentler, emphasizing the gift-bringing nature of the gods and an afterlife)

Russian Expansion

furious expansion across Siberia to Pacific by 1139; sought furs; settled all of northern Asia; expanded south and west; took over Ukraine; tripled in size by 1700; limited Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Chinese empries

Ball Games

games w/ political importance; losing team was sacrificed

1688-89

glorious revolution (england)

Pharaoh

god-kings of Egypt who ruled through many dynasties and were buried in incredible pyramids

Plantation Monoculture

growth of cash crops (sugarcane, coffee, cotton, tobacco, etc.) requiring difficult manual labor (often coerced) on large plantations in European colonies in Americas

Monopolies

having exclusive possession of a certain market.

Ashoka

he expanded Indian territory w/ brutal violence until he began to regret his actions; converted to Buddhism & spread it among his people while reforming them according to its principles; "Rock & Pillar Edicts" .

Wudi

he restored respect for reading & learning; proclaimed Confucianism the official philosophy of China. Mandarin or Shi, had to pass difficult exams in order to earn high-paying jobs.

Mao Zedong

helped peasants revolt against Chiang Kai-shek with the CCP; 1920, fought in a civil war against Chiang and KMT; communists outnumbered 10-1 and CCP was nearly wiped out in early 1930s; after The Long March, he built up a new group of followers and began a Marxist Rev. led by peasants instead of factory workers; once civil war paused in late 1930s, he gained even more support for fighting against Japan; after Japan surrendered, the civil war continued from 1946-49; he eventually won

Buffalo Extinction

herds of these that sustained native Americans for thousands of years disappeared by 1890s; along with passenger pigeons

Anti-Semitism

hostile to or prejudiced against Jews

Diasporic communities

immigrants from like backgrounds would settle in the same areas of a town or city in the US

Lech Walesa/Poland

in 1989, denizens of Poland elected union leader Lech Walesa president ("Solidarity") after Gorbachev encouraged USSR satellites to lessen their dependence

Wahhabi Movement

in Arabia in the mid-1700s (Wanted to return to Sharia (traditional Islamic practices)) : no idols, rejected reason, no tobacco, & no music; Spread across Arabian Peninsula; Reform movement stopped in 1818, but influence remained important

Urbanization & Class

in Eastern Europe more people were brought to the cities and the MC gained wealth and, sometimes, political power (England, Italy, Netherlands); merchants and bankers stressed education, a base for later gains; as commoners, though, the MC often had to pay the bulk of the taxes

Shogun

in Japan, while the emperor was a figurehead, this held actual power and influence

Armenian Genocide

in WWI, Young Turks searched for someone to blame over Ottoman losses; blamed Armenian minority group, leading to a genocide in 1915 that killed over 1 million

Gunpowder Empires

in the 15th century, several Muslim groups used new technology of the cannon to create and hold empire; instead of uniting Muslims, regional differences led to the development of 4 separate Islamic empires: Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal

Pancho Villa

in the north of Mexico, this person - primarily a bandit - attracted followers, esp. in 1916 when he conducted a raid into the US, killing several Americans in NM

Shinto

indigenous faith of Japan, became national religion; similar to Daoism as it focuses on harmony w/ nature

Cannon/Gunpowder

influenced the wars and fighting in Post-Classical civilizations; new technology that determined who won wars

Columbian Exchange

introduced a large assortment of trade goods to the global economy from the Old and New world

National Seclusion Policy

isolated Japan and discouraged Christianity

1607

jamestown

1661-1722

kangxi

Kongo Kingdom

kingdom on the Congo River; Portuguese arrived in 1483; gradually forced them into partnership; supplied slaves in exchange for modern weapons; their kingdom was able to expand w/ this help; pushed Portuguese out in 1600s

Mayflower Pilgrims

landed at Plymouth in 1620

Galleons

large sailing ships (multiple decks) used during Age of Exploration by European states to carry cargo (usually armed with cannons)

2nd Battle of the Marne

last major German offensive battle in the war, in the end they were overwhelmed by US and French

Warring States Period

lasted 500 years and brought a questioning of traditional values, bloodshed, & a lack of strong leadership in Chinese civilization

Nuremburg Laws

laws restricting the jewish community

Fidel Castro

leader of the revolution in Cuba. Originally wasn't communist but then turned to communism to gain USSR's support.

English Civil War

leads to execution of king by Parliament's side & assumption of power by Puritan Oliver Cromwell

Augusto Pinochet

led a military uprising in Chile against Allende and was supported bu the US. Once in power, he reduced state participation in the economy and foreign investment

Mexican Independence

led primarily by priests and creoles, named Agustin Inturbide emperor.

Vladimir Lenin

led the "Bolsheviks" w/Leon Trotsky

Leon Trotsky

led the "Bolsheviks" w/Vladimir Lenin

Mangal Pandey

led the sepoys in 1857 during the Sepoy Mutiny/Indian Revolt

Privateering

licensing of captains who owned their vessels privately to capture enemy ships or raid enemy ports

Blitzkrieg

lighting war

Beys

local chieftains of the Ottoman empire

Satraps

local officials in the Persian Empire

Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)

lost Alsace Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War

France in Mexico

lost over half of their territory to US in Texas War for Independence and Mexican-American War; in the 1860s, France tried to establish Mexico as a colony of sorts by putting Maximilian von Hapsburg in the presidency; he was eventually defeated, but outside intervention continued (esp. from US)

Golden Age of Pericles

made Athens into a wonderful cultural and intellectual center, but then tried to get the other League members to pay for his building projects such as the Parthenon

Hunting and gathering (foraging)

main process for getting food in the Paleolithic Era

Gentry Class

mainly seen in China; a small but important class of mandarin (only abt. 5000 people)

Political Uses of Art

many states improved their tax-collecting systems and thus had more money to spend on lavish palaces and monuments; these structures were used to control the nobles, intimidate foreigners, or attract people of religions

Resolute

marked by firm determination

Pyramids

massive temples used for worship of kings and gods in Egyptian culture

Jihad

means to struggle—against sin, temptation, etc., but also against the enemies of Islam. In this sense it has sometimes been interpreted as "Holy War" and used as a justification for war

Erasmus, Thomas More

men who wrote to encourage religious reform; Renaissance men; In Praise of Folly, 1509; Utopia, 1516

Sparta

militaristic authoritarian polis that rejected art, intellectual pursuits and individual freedoms

New Lanark Mills

mill built by Robert Owen that had good housing and schools for the factory workers that lived there.

1368-1699

ming china

Christianity (Bible)

monotheistic religion that formed from Judaism, flourished in Rome after persecution

Results of Mex. Rev.

more than a million people died in this civil war, but by 1920, there had been limited land reforms and modest political gains for the MC; a one-party political system provided stability and at least a nod towards democracy; in 1901, Mexico became more important to the US when oil production began

1526-1760

mughal india

Yin & Yang

natural forces of light & dark, good & evil, etc.

100 Schools

new philosophies that attempted to find ways to bring peace and stability (among these were Legalism, Daoism, & Confucianism)

Emigres

nobles who fled France after the revolution

Berbers

nomadic merchants that traveled across the Sahara Desert

Scientific Method

observations and experimentation are used to prove theoretical hypotheses

Matrilineal

of or based on kinship with the mother or the female line.

Yellow River (Huang He)

one of the four original "Cradles of Civ." (~ 3000 BCE) that developed along river valleys in Asia; Agricultural Rev. took place here as well as in other places

Shotoku Taishi

one of the most influential Japanese leaders began borrowing many ideas from China in order to improve Japan (writing, pagoda-style buildings, artistic styles, Confucianism)

Canada, 19th Cent./Westward Expansion, US & Canada/Self-Govt.

originally settled by French; French & Indian War, 1756-1763, it became an English colony; has a similar story to US: pushed natives aside, moved steadily westward, industrialized; waves of immigrants came in late 1800s (industry jobs); GB gave Canada the right to self-govt. in incremental stages; by 1900s, virtually independent, but maintained close ties to England

Kuomingtang

otherwise known as (KMT) or the Nationalist People's Party; overthrew Qing Dynasty in 1911

Maritime Empires

overseas colonies established by Portugal, Spain, England, France, Netherlands, etc. - dependent entirely on mother nation, mercantilism and joint-stock companies (proto-capitalism)

Dr. Sun Yat-sen

overthrew the Qing Dynasty with the KMT in 1912; tried to rule, but a civil war started and war lords took over; died 1925

Scientific Revolution

pace of scientific discovery accelerated through the 1600s-early 1700s

Henry David Thoreau

pacifist writer from America who lived from 1817-1862; famous work "On Civil Disobedience" 1848; inspired Mohandas Gandhi

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I

Hebrews

people from Mesopotamia, led by Abraham (became Judaism); about 1000 BCE, they again settled in the area of Palestine/Canaan and started a kingdom, Israel; at that time, their ideas were first standardized and written down as the Torah, their holy book

Self-Determination

people got to form nations based on ethnic groups, this excluded dark skinned people

Boers/Afrikaners

people of the Dutch south African Cape colony; mainly farmers

Cyrus the Great

person who conquered the region in 550 BCE and extended the Persian empire from the edge of India to Egypt

Manchuria

piece of land bordered by China and Russia that Japan fought over for decades because of its raw materials; eventually taken over by Japan in 1931, but in 1937, the Japanese invaded and conquered most of Eastern China

1523-33

pizzaro/incas

Bretton Woods

place in New Hampshire where economic specialists representing over forty countries met to devise a new international monetary system. Included fixed exchange rates and world bank

Reservations

places agreed upon in treaties were native Americans could live without being overtaken by Americans; often treaties were broken and the native Americans would be pushed out even more to the West

Greek/Roman Mythology

polytheistic belief; gods from ancient European cultures that influence modern culture today

pragmatic

practical

Home Rule

pressure against GB grew to give Ireland self-govt.; bloody warfare and terrorism; true independence only came to southern countries of Ireland in 1921

Pakistan

previously was apart of India until it gained Independence. Majority is Muslim

Philosophies

primarily French, popularized reformed thought w/ their writing (Ex: Voltaire)

Kwame Nkrumah

prime minister of Ghana and leader of first free African country. He was educated in the US and taught ideas about black pride and independence

Neville Chamberlain

prime minister of Great Britain from 1937-40; backed down in the Munich Appeasement with Hitler and allowed the war to begin; after the appeasement he claimed "peace in our time"

Anschluss

promise to not conquer Austria

Dowry

property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage

1517-1648

protestant reformation

1735-1796

qianlong

1644-1912

qing dynasty

Jared Diamond (Guns, Germs, & Steel)

recent biologist who developed the theory that some areas (the West in particular) came to dominate the world because of geographic luck and an enormous head start on the rest of the world in terms of developing civilizations

Sick man of Europe

refers to the Ottoman Empire that was slowing losing control or "dying".

Columbian Exchange (Items involved)

refers to things transferred across Atlantic Ocean; included Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas; incredible cultural diffusion in multiple directions; altered diet, economies, cultures of 5 continents; From New World: tomato, pumpkin, corn, potato, peanuts, tobacco, animals: turkey, precious metals, disease: syphilis; From Old World: wheat, grapes, bananas (Asia), sugar (Afr), animals: cattle, pig, goat, horse, donkey, millions of people (incl. slaves), disease: smallpox, typhus

syncretism

religious or cultural blending

The Cult of Domesticity

removing middle-class women from contact with the business world. Women became responsible for the home, servants, education of children and family's social life

12 Tables of Rome

rule of law established by Augustus ("protected until proven guilty")

Siam/Thailand

ruled by King Mongkut and his son, Chulalongkorn, in 1800s; modernized somewhat, played England and France against each other; was able to stay independent in a midst of South Eastern colonies

Getulio Vargas

ruler of Brazil from 1930-45; diversified the economy to more than just agriculture; eventually became a brutal, fascist dictator that admired Hitler and Mussolini

Ibn Saud

ruler who united the Bedouin clans into Saudi Arabia in the 1920s; poverty lessened during the 1930s when US oil companies poured money into his hands; remained a theocracy with strict controls of women (veiling, etc.)

Vedas

sacred hymns that spelled out the legends and rules of conduct in Hinduism, were not written down until the 500s BCE

1501-1800

safavid dynasty

1540-1700

scientific revolution

Bering Expedition

scientific venture by Russians into waters between Siberia & N. America, Russians move into Alaska & Aleutians

Modernization w/o Westernization

scrutinized and borrowed ideas, but adapted them to Japan's culture; slogan: "A rich country, a strong military"

clandestine

secret, undercover

1529

seize of vienna

Swaraj

self-governance or "self-rule", and was used synonymously with "home-rule" by Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati and later on by Mahatma Gandhi, but the word usually refers to Gandhi's concept for Indian independence from foreign domination

Nation-states

several areas developed these powerful areas (Spain, England, France); strong centralized gov. w/ fixed borders, strong bureaucracies to run govs. and collect taxes, standing military, and sense of national unity w/ common language (either absolutism or parliamentarism)

Declaration of War

shortly after Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, France and England declared war

1500

sikhism

Silver inflation in China

silver flowed into China from trade; damaged the economy (gov. soon demanded taxes in silver); led to wage labor for peasants, greater inequality; peasant revolts weakened Ming Dynasty

Encomienda System

slavery of American natives by Spanish & Portuguese - seen as unethical & inhumane by Catholic establishment & abolished by 1540s

Anarchist

someone who distrusts government and wants a society with minimal government intervention, often one without a typical "ruler" and one in which the people have all the power.

Chulalongkorn

son of King Mongkut of Siam/Thailand in 1800s

Millet System

sorted and administered non-Muslims according to their religious categories

Mandarin/Shi

special Chinese officials that are socially adept; have to take merit exams to earn placement

Caste System

started about 1500 BCE in India as a way of separating people; some social mobility at first, but it became more rigid later

Jim Crow Laws

state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States; enacted a little over ten years after the Civil War in 1877, these laws continued in force until 1965

Gunpowder Revolution

states learning how to deploy cannons and muskets and building new fortresses to withstand gunpowder attacks

Abu-Bakr

successor of Muhammad; ordered the writing of the Koran and began aggressively spreading the religion through the ME and across North Africa

1520-66

suleiman the magnificent

Polish Corridor

taken out of Germany to connect Poland to water

Salt Tax

tax greatly increased when the British East India Company began to establish its rule over provinces in India. In 1835, special taxes were imposed on Indian salt to facilitate its import

Paper/Magnetic Compass/Porcelain/Silk

technologies developed in China during the Han dynasty

Protestant Reformation

the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era

Beringia (Land Bridge/1st Americans)

the 1st Americans crossed over from Asia about 30,000 years ago during an Ice Age on this when the Bering Strait was frozen bet/ Russia and Alaska; the only early civs. not in a river valley; urban societies

Manifest Destiny

the American idea that it is the US's goal given by God to expand their nation ("sea to shining sea"); E.g. Louisiana Purchase

Han Dynasty

the Chinese dynasty succeeding the Qin; established trade w/ the Mediterranean & India over the Silk Road; a Golden Age

Edict of Milan

the Edict passed by Constantine in 313 CE that stopped the persecution of Christians in Rome

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

the Heir to the Austria-Hungary throne who was assassinated by a member of the pro-Serbian conspiracy. His death ignited WWI

Magyars

the Huns that eventually settled in Hungary

New Economic Policy

the NEP; set up by Vladimir Lenin in 1921 after famine and disaster spread in the USSR; allowed some private ownership of businesses and small-scale capitalism (farmers can sell supplies); a retreat from communism, but it worked and the economy began to grow despite being ostracized from the West

Versailles

the Palace of Louis XIV; where he kept all the nobles to make them depend on him at all times; elaborate and expensive; showed off culture of Renaissance

Appeasement

the action or process of appeasing, in terms of WWII letting Hitler do whatever he wants because Allied powers were scared of WWII

Syncretism

the amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought

Patricians

the aristocracy of Rome

Salvation by Grace

the belief that only God's forgiveness, not good works, observation of rituals or power of the pope could bring worshipers to heaven

Monotheism

the belief that there is only one God

Dome of the Rock

the best example of Islamic architecture; built in the 600s in Jerusalem over the rock from which it is believed that Muhammad rose to heaven; still regarded as a holy site by Muslims

the Glorious Revolution

the bloodless overthrow of James II by William and Mary

Constantinople

the capital of the Byzantine Empire; fell in 1453 CE

Edo

the capital of the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan

Tenochtitlan

the capital, island city of the Aztecs

Plebians

the commoners of Rome

The Three Ways

the cornerstone of Chinese philosophy into the 20th Century; included Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism

Czechoslovakia

the country swiftly taken over by Germany only a few months after the Munich Appeasement

Middle Passage

the dangerous and often fatal passage African slaves used when traveling to the Americas

Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution

the development about 10,000 to 8,000 BCE in which various groups independently discovered farming and were able to settle in one place without hunting and gathering; allowed villages, cities, and civilizations to develop, but disease also increased with population densities

Predestination

the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of Calvin.

Sui Dynasty

the dynasty that began after the fall of the Han

West African Empires (Ghana, Mali, Songhai)

the empires in Africa that facilitated the gold-for-salt trade

Cixi

the empress dowager of China from 1861-1908; she practically controlled China and supported the Self-Strengthening Movement along with military and technological reforms; refused to adopt Western govt.

First Hominids (Out of Africa Theory)

the first "Human-like" creatures walked upright in East Africa before wandering and spreading to other areas in search of food sources

Chinese Exclusion Act

the first anti-immigrant law; a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882; it was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in US history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers

Cuneiform

the first every writing system; founded in Sumer

Sunni Ali Ber

the first great ruler building a great army on land and on the rivers (canoes); an army from Morocco, armed with modern guns and cannon, defeated the Songhai in 1591 and brought an end to a nearly 1000-year period of powerful empires in West Africa

Sonni Ali

the first king of the Songhai empire in Africa during the 1400s

Suttee/Sati

the former Hindu practice of a widow throwing herself onto her husband's funeral pyre; outlawed 1829

Roman Republic/Empire

the forms of government in Rome

Guru Nanak

the founder of Sikhism

Siddhartha Gautama

the founder/main influence of Buddhism

Kublai Khan

the grandson of Genghis Khan who created the Mongol Empire

Parthenon

the great Greek museum built by Pericles

Torah

the holy book of Judaism

Koran

the holy book of Muslims

Mecca

the holy city of Islam, where it first began, birthplace of Muhammad, in Saudi Arabia

Crusades

the holy wars between the Muslim Caliphates and Christian Europe

Geocentric Theory

the idea that the earth is the center of the universe and everything revolves around it (Aristotle; Ptolemy)

Greco-Roman Traditions

the ideals of Greek philosophy that are still present today in many Western cultures

Sanskrit

the language of India brought over by Aryan Invaders

Emiliano Aguinaldo

the leader of the Philippine Insurrection in 1899-1902

Munich Conference

the leaders of France, Britain and Italy gave Hitler everything he wanted, hopping to prevent another world war

Untouchables

the lowest group of people that were outside of the caste system

Abraham

the man who started the first monotheistic religion about 2000 BCE ( Judeo-Christian/Islamic )

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes. The capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production.

Pangaea

the name given to the original land mass of the Earth before it broke into separate continents through the process called continental drift

Sakoku (Semi-isolation in Japan)

the nation seclusion policy enacted in the 1600s in Japan during the Tokugawa Shogunate; no travel abroad; Christianity and foreigners banned (except one Dutch trade ship at Nagasaki each year); 250 years of peace, prosperity (to 1868); Confucianism accepted more; education/literacy increased

Daimyo

the nobility of Japan

Victorian Age

the period in the UK in which Queen Victoria was ruling.

Catholic Counter-Reformation

the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648); began w/ the Baroque period to try to convince citizens to believe in Catholicism again and trust the RCC

Sudetenland

the piece of land southeast of Germany given to Hitler in the Munich Appeasement in 1938

Primogeniture

the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of an intestate passed to the eldest son

Alexander the Great

the son of Philip of Macedon; spread Hellenistic culture to India and other conquered lands

Lebensraum

the territory that a state or nation believes is needed for its natural development, especially associated with Nazi Germany

Five Relationships

the various relationships in Chinese culture (slave to worker, husband to wife); was later integrated with Confucian ideals

Purdah

the veiling and seclusion of women; an Islamic practice that began to popularize in Mughal India

St. Petersburg

the warm port city built by Peter the Great to connect Russia to the rest of Europe

Samurai

the warriors of Japan

Kalidasa (Shakuntala)

the writer of the 1st play that allowed women to act; India

Kabuki Theater

theater in Japan that featured acrobatics, swordplay and scenes of city life

Women's Rights, Aust., NZ

these Polynesian areas didn't have enough women and gave women the right to vote and other things to recruit and invite more

Importance of Aristotle, Ptolemy

these ideas lasted for nearly 2000 years; fit w/ Christian doctrines and made sense; were able to think about the world under constraints

Joint-Stock Companies

these made voyages, colonies possible; when a group of people pool money together to make a profit; like modern day stock exchange

Rivera/Orozco/Siqueiros

these people were apart of the artistic nationalism in the 1920s and 30s to celebrate the Mexican people and Aztec-Indian heritage in huge, public murals

Asante Kingdom

this African kingdom became powerful using European weapons against other Africans

Bhakti Movement

this Hindu movement de-emphasized Brahmin priests; Established a more personal contact w/ deities through prayer, song, dance & rituals; Like the Sufis in Islam, this movement involving a personal connection w/ God made their religion more popular; Wide appeal b/c it ignored caste distinctions & some restrictions on women; Started earlier, but became popular during the Mughal Dynasty (1500s)

Young Turks

this group blamed Armenians for Ottoman losses during WWI (turned into genocide)

Machine Gun

this technology was lethal, masses of men were slaughtered instantly as they charged entrenched guns

Fuhrer

title of German leader

coerce

to compel to an act or choice

Kowtow

to kneel and touch the ground with the forehead in worship or submission as part of Chinese custom

Usurp

to overthrow

Economic Bubbles

trade in an asset at a price or price range that strongly exceeds the asset's intrinsic value.

Monopoly Charters

trading in a specific geographic area or for a specific type of trade item.

Sharia

traditional Islamic law

Michelangelo & Leonardo

two important men of the Renaissance; both mainly known as famous painters but were also sculptors, engineers, and architects

Submarine Telegraph Cables

underwater telegraph cables that ran through the atlantic ocean, allowing fast and easy transAtlantic communication.

Qin Shih Huang-ti

united China w/ weights and measures, great roads, and a strong bureaucracy; ruled ruthlessly, obliterating the traditions & old ways of life with Legalism as its guiding ideology; burned books, Confucian texts

Terrace Farming

used by the Incas; a form of agricultural technology

Sternpost Rudders

used to steer a ship; started by the Chinese; spread through Indian ocean; key role in European exploration

1498

vasco da gama/india

China & Exploration

very successful during the Ming Dynasty but quickly became discouraged by European travelers; became semi-isolationist and lost the chance to be a world naval power; Zheng He, early 1400s; junks (8x size of European ships)

Mercantilism

viewed all other nations as rivals and aimed to be self-sufficient. Also believed that the state should control over all economic extensions of the homeland: as a source of raw materials and market for manufactured goods

Nicholas II

war badly mishandled by Nicholas II

Russo-Japanese war

war between japan and Russia trying to gain the region of Manchuria and Korea.

Pashas/Beys

was a higher rank in the Ottoman Empire political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitaries and others; the governor of a district or province in the Ottoman Empire

Mohammad Ture (Epic of Askia Mohammad)

was an emperor, military commander, and political reformer of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th century

Dhous

well-built trading ships that helped the trade (Africa)

End of Tokugawa

while the dominance of conservatives in China led to a languishing culture, a dynamic MC in Japan pushed them forward despite isolation (internal trade); Eventually, they were forced to end their isolation; Japan industrialized rapidly in order to compete w/ the West (afraid of being colonized); 1603-1863: 2 1/2 centuries of (relative) isolation (sakoku) under Tokugawa; 1700s: accepted some Western ideas in science and medicine; 1863: US Commodore Matthew Perry forced Japan to trade; other nations soon followed, forced unfair trade agreements

Mestizos

whites and native descent

Marshall Plan

with Europe still in a post-war depression in 1947, US feared Western Europe would become communist out of desperation; To help Europe recover and prevent communism from gaining ground, US offered massive financial aid; some $14 billion given to Europe and Japan by 1952; those under Stalin's control refused, but the rest accepted and recovered quickly

Hieroglyphics

writing system of Egyptian culture

The Wealth of Nations

written by Adam Smith, capitalistic views, states that population will always grow faster than food production. A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Charles Darwin

wrote On the Origin of the Species and created the theory of evolution

Adam Smith

wrote On the Wealth of Nations and created the concept of laissez faire and the invisible hand

Alfred Thayer Mahan

wrote Sea Power-- a military strategist

Hirohito

young emperor of Japan who ruled from 1926-89 as a puppet ruler; he did not stop the growing fascism and militarism that arose during the 1930s

Mesopotamia

—"The Land Bet/ the Rivers"; part of the "Fertile Crescent" of the Middle East where the first civilization, Sumer, developed

Homefronts

• 1st "Total War" (everyone is involved, not only fought on battle fields, but people are also working in factories, fields etc.) • Millions drafted into armies; left factories and fields just when needed most • Governments expanded control; some virtual dictatorships (France) • No civil liberties, esp. in US ○ People went to jail for criticizing the war effort

Aftermath of the war

• 4 empires ended 1. Russia 2. Austria-Hungary 3. Germany 4. Ottoman • • Wilson compromised on all points except for League of Nations • Small nations snubbed, even Italy • No self-determination for dark-skinned people- just Euros (because Wilson was racist) • Germany humiliated

Marcel Duchamp/Dadaism

• Dadaism ○ " Anti-art" • Everyday items or DETRITUS of life can be seen as art France

Brown Shirts

• Encouraged "Brown Shirts" to silence anyone who disagreed

Armistice

• Germany surrendered because of promise of fair treatment • Big 3: Us, France, GB • Woodrow Wilson: 14 Points ○ Self determination ○ Fair treatment for Germany (to avoid future war) ○ League of Nations

Beer Hall Putsch

• In 1919, new government: the Weimar Republic • Government blamed for TOV, inflation, and depression of the early 1920s • Nazi party started • the Beer Hall Putsch (coup de tat) 1923 failed • Adolf Hitler imprisoned

James Joyce/Ulysses

• James Joyce, Ireland ○ Ulysses, 1922 • Drawing on the unconscious part of the mind • More realistic display of the way the mind works Stream of Consciousness

Keynesian Economics

• John Maynard Keynes, an ERUDITE English economist • During economic slumps, governments must do MORE not less ○ Spend more, put people to work, people become consumers again etc • Borrow money temporarily and increase spending (called deficit financing) • This creates jobs, puts money in hands of consumers • He was ignored, but government spending for WWII proved him correct • His ideas have dominated since then

Night of the Long Knives

• June 1934: "Night of the Long Knives" • Shocked the nation into total obedience a series of political executions to cleanse the power in germany and solidify hitler's status

MC Pop Culture (Movies, Jazz, Advertising, etc.)

• MC grew in 1920s • Had leisure time and disposable income ○ Professional sports take off • Enjoyed new mass entertainments: ○ Millions of people see a film, used to be only the people near a play could see it ○ Film, radio, advertising • Us culture spread through films and popular music, especially Jazz music ○ Silent films appeal to people of any language Many found fulfilment through consummation of the latest products- not religion

March Revolution

• March 1917, women in Petrograd rioted for food • Army sent in, but joined riot • "March Revolution" • N-2 abdicated March 15

Marie Curie

• Marie + Pierre Curie, France, X-Rays • Pointed out that nature is not always predictable or rational

Max Planck

• Max Planck, German, Quantum Physics• Pointed out that nature is not always predictable or rational

Women's Roles

• New opportunities for women and minorities, because they were working for the war effort

Responses to the Depression

• No one expected this or understood it • Governments followed Adam Smith's advice from 1776: ○ No government interference; economy will fix itself • This worked in an agricultural economy • But this was new: industrial economy built on consumerism, wage labor • Governments did the worst possible things • Raised taxes, cut spending (and therefore jobs), raised tariffs to balance budgets • Other nations raised tariffs in retaliation, economy becomes very nationalistic • International trade nearly stopped • In Us, Hoovervilles (slums, shanty towns), selling apples • "Prosperity just around the corner"

Russia in the War

• Not enough weapons for everyone, not enough food, very bad • He went to the front, leaving Alexandra in charge; Rasputin gained influence

Kristallnacht

• November 1938, Kristallnacht (night of the broken glass) ○ Mobs of officers and people march into Jewish areas and destroy everything (temples, shops, etc) ○ The start of the Nazi search for a "final solution"

Economic Problems, '20s

• Post-war decade called the "Roaring '20s" • But most did NOT share this prosperity • Non-union workers can't afford products • Speculation in risky investments made the prosperity fragile (Buying on margin, mortgage lots of things like houses as collateral while buying stocks) • Debts of WWI kept economic growth slow: 1. England and France paid war debts to US banks 2. US banks loaned money to Germany (abt 1 billion a yr) 3. Germany paid reparations to France, Eng ○ Cycle of payment

Hyperinflation

• Printed more money as solution (bad idea!) • Caused hyper-inflation • Paper money became worthless • 1925, Allies agreed to spread payments out • Germany recovered late '20s

Reparations/Guilt Clause

• Reparations- had to pay for the war • Had to sign a "Guilt Clause" accepting all blame (and cost) humiliating

Cheka

• Ruthless secret police; killed thousands; repressive government

Gestapo

• The Gestapo (police) and the SS (terrorist) murdered his enemies

Theory of Relativity

• Theory of relativity ○ 1905: redefined space, time, matter, energy • Simplified versions popularized in '20s • Universe is not constant or absolute or rational • Always changing; perceptions depend on many factors, time angle etc (it's relative!) • E=mc2

League of Nations

• US Senate rejected Treaty, LON; US became isolated • England refused alliance; France left alone; Germany angry • LON unworkable (No US, USSR, Germany)

William Faulkner/The Sound and the Fury

• William Faulkner, US ○ The Sound and the Fury, 1929 Stream of Consciousness

Stream of Consciousness

• William Faulkner, US ○ The Sound and the Fury, 1929• James Joyce, Ireland ○ Ulysses, 1922

Reaction to the Treaty

• With no choice, Germany signed the treaty • But resentment simmered for years • US Senate rejected Treaty, LON; US became isolated • England refused alliance; France left alone; Germany angry • LON unworkable (No US, USSR, Germany) • Seeds for WWII planted at Versailles

14 Points

• Woodrow Wilson: 14 Points ○ Self determination ○ Fair treatment for Germany (to avoid future war) League of Nations

Intellectual Impact of the Great War (Uncertainty replacing Certainty)

○ A sense of disillusionment replaced confidence ○ Relativism replaced certainty