AP World History AMSCO Unit 5

empiricism

the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe through your experience, including through experiments; conclusions are based on observation of natural data

Mamluks

former Turkish slaves of the Ottoman Empire who formed a military class and ruled Egypt (and Syria) for almost 600 years (1250-1517);

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French Enlightenment thinker who was famous during his lifetime for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties; exiled for three years due to a conflict with a member of the French aristocracy, so he lived in England long enough to developed an appreciation for its constitutional monarchy and a regard for civil rights; brought these ideas back to France, where he campaigned for religious liberty and judicial reform; believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against unjust government and spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church; corresponded with Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick the Great of Prussia (wrote articles in Diderot's Encyclopedie) authored the social satire Candide (1762)

Mahmud II

(1785-1839) Ottoman sultan who reformed the Ottoman Empire; abolished the corps of Janissaries, who had opposed him, and developed a new artillery trained by Europeans; massacred Istanbul Janissaries; abolished the feudal system, which was the final blow to the Janissaries (could no longer collect taxes, as tax collections went directly to the central government; built roads and set up a postal system; set up a government directory of charities and created European-style ministries; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents

Trans-Siberian Railroad

railroad built in the 1870s and 1880s that stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, allowing Russia to trade easily with countries in East Asia, such as China and Japan; Russian coal, iron, and steel industries developed with the railroad, allowing Russia to become the fourth largest producer of steel in the world by 1900

tabula rasa

blank slate; John Locke's idea that a child was born with a mind like a blank state waiting to be filled with knowledge; Locke emphasized environment and education in shaping people rather than ancestry shaping one's intelligence, personality, and fate

corporations

businesses chartered by a government as legal entities owned by stockholders;

The Wealth of Nations

1776 book by economist Adam Smith in which he advocated for freer trade and laissez-faire policies

Communist Manifesto

1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels tthat summarized their critique of capitalism; urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the means of production from the upper and middle classes

Dreyfus Affair

1894 scandal in France in which a Jewish military officer, Alfred Dreyfus, was convicted of treason due to documents forged by anti-Semitists; eventually pardoned, but encouraged Zionism

Muhammad Ali

Albanian Ottoman officer who was sent as part of an Ottoman army by the sultan to retake Egypt from the Mamluks who rose to power and prominence y being elected by local leaders as the new governor of Egypt; able to act so what independently of the sultan and made reforms in Egypt; westernized military, established schools, educated military officers in France, and started a newspaper; taxed peasants at such a high rate that they were forced to give up their lands to the state so that the government could control the valuable cotton production and make money on the export of cotton (secularized religious lands as well to accomplish this) industrialized Egypt (textile factories that could compete with those of the French and British, had factories that produced armaments in Cairo, had facilities to build ships in Alexandria); called the father of modern Egypt due to his reforms of the military, economic and cultural spheres during the 19th century.

Theodor Herzl

Austro-Hungarian Jew who led the Zionist movement; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state

Robert Owen

British Utopian socialist who established intentional communities—smart societies governed by the principles of utopian socialism—in New Lanark, Scotland, and New Harmony, Indiana; believed in education for children who worked, communal ownership of property, and community rules to govern work, education, and leisure time

Cecil Rhodes

British founder of De Beers Diamonds who was an enthusiastic investor in a railroad project that's as to stretch from Cape Town, in modern-day South Africa, to Cairo, Egypt;

John Stuart Mill

British philosopher who championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and ensure safe working conditions in factories; practiced philosophy of utilitarianism

Transcontinental Railroad

railroad that connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans when it was completed in 1869, facilitating industrial growth

Emperor Guangxu

Emperor of China who instituted the Hundred Days of Reform after meeting with the Confucian scholar Kang Youwei; imprisoned by his aunt, Empress Cixi, who opposed the reforms

Manchester

English city that boomed due to industrialization; first major rail line linked this city to Liverpool in 1830

Liverpool

English city that boomed due to industrialization; first major rail line linked this city to Manchester in 1830; one of the largest ports in England

Joh Locke

English philosopher who viewed political life as the result of a social contract in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people (citizens have the right to revolt against an unjust government); people have natural rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of property; authored Two Treatises of Government and An Essay Concerning Human Understanding in 1690; proposed a child was born with a tabula rasa (blank slate) waiting to be filled with knowledge

Tanzimat

reforms of the Ottomans Empire after Mahmud (reorganization); intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient; corruption weeded out, secular education system instituted, and laws codified

Baron Montesquieu

French Enlightenment thinker who advocated for the separation of power in an executive, legislative, and judicial branch; authored The Spirit of Laws (1748) in which he praised Britain for having a government; his ideas were important to writers of the new constitutions in France and America in the 18th and 19th centuries

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French Enlightenment thinker who expanded on the idea of the social contract as it has passed down through the work of Hobbes and Locke; authored Emile (On Education, 1762) in which he laid out his ideas on child-rearing and education; also authored The Social Contract (1762) which presented the concept of the General Will of a population and the obligation of a sovereign to carry out that General Will; optimistic that society could improve, and inspired many revolutionaries of the late 18th century

laissez-faire

French phrase for "leave alone"; governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions, and not interfer or regulate industries or businesses

Declaration of the Rights of Man

French statement declaring basic human rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution; it, notably, did not include women

Henri de Saint-Simon

French utopian socialist who believed that scientists and engineers, working together with businesses, could operate clean, efficient, beautiful places to work to produce things useful to society; advocated for public works that would provide employment; proposed building the Suez Canal in Egypt which was opened in 1869

Charles Fourier

French utopian socialist who identified 810 passions that, when encouraged, would make work more enjoyable and workers less tired; believe that a fundamental principle of utopia was harmonious living in communities rather than the class struggle that was basic to the thinking of Karl Marx

Karl Marx

German scholar and wrote who argued for "scientific socialism"; published the "Communist Manifesto" with Friedrich Engels, and believed that capitalism was an advance on feudalism because it produced great wealth, but also great poverty; belived society was divided into two classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and that there souls be an equal distribution of the means of production; believed capitalism would be replaced by socialism which would be replaced by communism; Father of Communism

Risorgimento

Italian nationalist movement/Italian resurgence

Gugliemo Marconi

Italian physicist who is created with the invention of the radio after he was blue to send and receive a radio signal across the Atlantic Ocean in 1901; radio became a form of popular mass media with an unprecedented impact after further refinements

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian political nationalist who had a radical romantic revolutionary philosophy and had been agitating for Italian resurgence since early in the nineteenth century; started a group called Young Italy that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian national state; Young Italy inspired the development of nationalist movements in other countries besides Italy, such as Ireland, Switzerland and Hungary

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian revolutionary who established the Red Shirts and fought to unite southern Italy; allied with Count di Cavour, the prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia

bushido

Japanese feudal code of conduct, morals, and honor of the samurai

Simón Bolívar

Latin American creole who pushed for Enlilghtenment ideals inn Latin America and was instrumental in the independence of areas that became Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru; born in Venezuela in 1783 to a family with great wealth, which he used in his revolutionary escapades; established Gran Colombia, which he wished would be a federation similar to the US, and derived himself as a liberal who believed in free market and the abolition of slavery; wrote the "Jamaica Letter" (1815); his Gran Colombia was never established due to physical geographical issues, culture and dialect issues, and the rise of caudillos, strong local leaders with regional power bases; Latin America became riddled with dictators for years

Hatt-i-Humayan

Ottoman Reform Edict issued in 1856 that updated the legal system, declared equality for all men in education, government appointments, and justice regardless of religion or ethnicity; regulated the millets- protested by Christians in the Balkans due to threatened autonomy, and by Muslims due to conflicts with traditional values and practice

Propaganda Movement

Philippine movement that calle depression greater autonomy of the Philippines, not revolution or independence; contributed to by Jose Rizal whose arrest and execution spurred the Philippine Revolution in 1896

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote "The Wealth of Nations" (1776) in response too mercantilism; advocated for laissez-faire, with some government regulations and taxes; believed that if businesses and consumers were allowed to make choices in their own interests, the "invisible hand" of the market would guide them to ake choices beneficial for society; ideas are the base of capitalism, thus known as "The Father of Capitalism"

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor who improved the steam engine leading to its wide use in the industrial revolution in 1765

Otto Von Bismarck

Prussian leader and eventual Chancellor of Germany who favored realpolitik and used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification; conservative nationalist who led Prussia to victory against Denmark with Austria (1864), victory against Austria (1866), and victory against France (1870); founded the new German Empire and developed it with his policy of "blood and iron," in which people worked to build up Germnay's industries and military

Lola Rodriguez de Tio

Puerto Rican poet who supported the independence of Puerto Rico and Cuba; became famous for her eloquent critiques of Spain's exploitive rule over Puerto Rico; home became a meeting place for political thinkers and revolutionaries; read "La Boriquena"; exiled in Venezuela, then in Cuba, exiled in New York

Emperor Dowager Cixi

conservative who opposed the Hundred Days of Reforms and wanted to protect traditional social and governmental systems; imprisoned the emperor and repealed his reforms; feared foreign influence and resisted new technology (stopped the extension of railroads into China); recognized the corruption in the Chinese government due to the flawed civil service exam and tried to institute reforms, but ultimately failed to cope with demands for modernity in China; encouraged the failed Boxer Rebelliona and suffered humiliation as Western powers continued to erode Chinese sovereigty

Commodore Matthew Perry

US navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, sailed into Yedo and Tokyo Bay asking for trade privileges in Japan; returned the next year to demand that the Japanese engage in trade with the US; first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years; forced Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa

deism

The belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion; thinkers re-examined the relationship of humans to God due to the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason; believed these laws could be best understood through scientific inquiry rather than study of the Bible; still viewed regular church attendance as an important social obligation and the way people receive moral guidance

classical liberalism

a belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics (private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government), and reduce spending on armies and established churches; usually professionals, writers, or academics; pursued changes in Parliament to reflect changing population patterns so that new industrial cities would have equal parliamentary participation in Britain, and backed the Reform Bills of 1832, 1867, and 1884, which broadened male suffrage; attacked corruption and defended private property, calling for elite governance and questioned the advisability of full democratic participation

conservatism

a belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfectibility

coaling stations

refueling points around the worl for steamships; need for these was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of European and American bases/colonies around the globe

feminism

a belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men; emergence of the movement for women's rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas; Olympe de Gouges wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the (Female) Citizen" (1791) in response to the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the (Male) Citizen" (1789) to point out that women's rights had not been addressed; in England, Mary Wollstonecraft published "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" in which she argued that females deserve the same education as males in order for them to practice the in professional and political society whic would enable them to support themselves rather than relying on men; the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 in New York, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Candy Stanton, demanded that Women deserve the right to vote and hold office, hold property and manage their own incomes, and we be the legal guardians of their own children

Italian Peninsula

a boot-shaped peninsula in southern Europe extending into the Mediterranean Sea that Count di Cavour, the prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, sought to unite under the only native dynasty, the House of Savoy; at this time, the region was divided among a patchwork of kingdoms and city-states, and most people most regional languages instead of Italian; Cavour believed in natural rights, progress, and a constitutional monarchy

Industrial Revolution

a dramatic change in society and economies due to new ideas and technologies; period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s; spread from Great Britain to Europe and North America and to the rest of the world, reshaping society, increasing world population, shifting people from farm to city, and expanding the production and consumption of goods

nationalism

a feeing of intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture; caused the idea that people who share a culture should also live in an independent nation-state threatened to destroy all of Europe's multiethnic empires

Charter Oath

a five point policy issued by Japan's Meiji emperor, which described Japan's plan for modernization calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and acceptance of foreign knowledge; abolished feudalism in 1868

Bastille

a former French prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy; on July 14, 1789, French citizens stormed it after the king threatened to arrest the leaders of the National Asembly; known as Bastille Day or French Independence Day

consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers; developed due to economic developments and innovations

Ottomanism

a movement in the Ottoman Empire that aimed to create a more modern, unified state; sought to minimize the ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences across the empire; ironically the attempt to create a more unified state instead highlighted and intensified people's feelings of different and promote their desire for independence; simialr to Balkan nationalism, in which the people of the Balkans fought for their own independence from the Ottoman Empire

oil

a natural resource known as petroleum that began to be drilled for in the mid-1800s; kerosine and gasoline were important products that became a vast new source of energy

coal

a natural resource that was used in steam engines to create steam, which in turn generated energy for machinery in textile factories

philosophes

a new group of thinkers and writers of the Enlightenment in the 18th century who explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways; popularized concepts that they felt followed rationally upon those of the scientific thinkers of the 17th century; wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe, where they could go debate and have intellectual discussions; considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas

slums

areas of cities where low-income families were forced to live

Reign of Terror

a period during which the French government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen, instituted by the Jacobins; Louis the 14th and the nobility refused to accept the limited monarchy, which led to dissatisfaction among radical groups such as the Jacobins and inspired the establishment of the first French republic in 1792; came to an end when the brilliant general Napoleon Bonaparte became the emperor of France in 1804

agricultural revolution

a revolution in which new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster, which resulted in increased productivity; led to more people being available to work in factories and to provide a market for manufactured goods

Hundred Days of Reform

a series of reforms instituted by Emperor Guangxu that included the abolition of the outdated civil service exam, the elimination of corruption, and the establishment of Western style industrial, commercial, and medicinal systems

stock market

a system for buying and selling stocks in corporations/shares of companies

interchangeable parts

a system in which if a particular component of a machine were to break, the broken component could easily be released with a new, identical part; originally invented by Eli Whitney for firearms, entrepreneurs adapted this method to the manufactire of other products; pivotal contribution to industrial technology

socialism

a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as the mills to make cloth or the machinery and land needed to mine coal; various branches developed in the 19th century, providing alternative versions of the social and economic future

factory system

a system that brought manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency

second industrial revolution

a technological wave that came in the late 19thh and early 20th centuries that involved developments in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics; key players were the US, Britain, and Germany

social contract

an agreement in which people give up some rights to a strong central government in return for law and order; OR ADDITIONALLY: it implied the right, even the responisbilty, of citizens to revolt against unjust Z government

steel

an alloy of iron and carbon as well as a development of the second industrial revolution; mass production of it became possible because of the Bessemer process in 1856; became the strong and versatile backbone of the industrial society

capitalism

an economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for profit; founded by Adam Smith

communism

an economic-political-social in which all property is held in common, with actual owenership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state; founded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and advocated class war which would lead to a society in which all property was publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

Bessemer process

an efficient process to produce steel that invled blasting the molten metal into air as a means of removing impurities as well as helping keep the metal from solidifying

Fabian Society

an group of British gradual socialists; favored reforming society by parliamentary means (reforms within the law leading to democratic socialism); members include H. G. Wells, Virginia Woolf, and George Bernard Shaw; the mid-20th century, socialist principles would influence most of Western Europe

urbanization

an increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements due to industrialization

steam engine

an invention that converted the energy released by burning coal into steam, whic in turn generated energy for machinery. in textile factories; Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712, and James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s; applied to machinery.

seed drill

an invention that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground; increased food production

Declaration of Independence

document issued by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 expressing the philosophy behind the colonists' fight against British rule; Thomas Jefferson used John Locke's "unalienable rights" and listed them as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; came to fruition in 1783 with help from France

genros

elder statesmen of Japan who were formerly advisers to the emperor

Maroons

escaped slaves who helped in the Haitian Revolution

Toussaint L'Ouverture

former slave who joined the revolts in Haiti in 1791 and led a general rebellion against slavery; well-read in Enlightennet thought, his army of enslaved Africans and Maroons established an independent government and played French, Spanish, and British against each other; produced a constitution that granted quality and citizenship to all citizens in 1801 after taking control of the territory; declared himself dictator for life and enacted land reform, in which plantations were dived and equally distributed; died in 1803 after being betrayed by the French

seaways

geographic advantages on the Atlantic Ocean for Britain, which allowed it to import raw materials and export finished goods

anti-Semitism

hostility and prejudice towards Jews; led to Zionism

assembly line

in which a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product; developed by Henry Ford to manufacture his Model T automobiles from the concept of the divison of labor

division of labor

in which work was divided into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers; factory owners no longer had to rely on skilled laborers to craft every component of a product

specialization of labor

in which workers focus on one type of task in manufacture in the factory system

bourgeoisie

included the middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods; owned the men's sof production, so they received most of the welath produced

stockholders

individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through a stock market; might receive sums of money, known as dividends, from a corporation when it makes a profit, but are not liable for the losses or bankruptcy of a corporation; most they can lose is what they payed in the first pace

spinning jenny

invention by James Hargreaves in the 1760s which allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time; reduced the time needed to spin yard an weave cloth

automatic loom

invention that allowed clothes to be made at a faster rate and changed bobbins automatically without stopping.

water frame

inventions patented by Richard Arkwright in 1769 which used water power tod rive the spinning wheel; more efficient than a single person's labor and this mechanization dooms ed household cottage industry, as textile production was moved to factories big enough to house these bulky machines

Eli Whitney

inventor of the idea of a system of interchangeable parts and the cotton gin; led to the divsionand specialization of labor

James Hargreaves

inventor of the spinning jenny in the 1760s

cottage industry

known as the putting-out system, in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes; gave women weavers independence, but was slow, so it was doomed by the creation of the factory system

liberté, égalité, et fraternité

liberty, equality, and fraternity; French slogan that summarized revolutionary ideals

Self-Strengthening Movement

major Chinese reform effort of the late 19th century that developed as a way for the government to face the internal and external problems confronting China; goal of advancing China's military technology and readiness, and training chinese artisans in themanufacture of items for shipyards and arsenals; assisted by French and British advisors

transnational

operated across national boundaries

labor unions

organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract; initially sees as enemies of trade in Great Britain, but became more acceptable in the 20 th century; improved workers' lives by winning minimum wage laws, limits in the number of hours worked, overtime pay, and the establishment of a five-day work week

Alexander Graham Bell

patented the telephone in 1876

Richard Arkwright

patented the water frame which revolutionized textile production and led to it being moved to factories; thus known as the "Father of the Factory System"

company rule

period of British East India Company (BEIC) control over parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1757 to 1858; damaged India's mining and textile production industries

Enlightenment

philosophical movement in the 17th and 18th century that emphasized reason over tradition and individualism over community values; ideals of this movement, such as individualism, freedom, and self-determination, challenged the roles of monarchs and church leaders have and planted the seeds of revolution in the United States, France, Haiti, Latin America, Italy, Germany and elsewhere; philosophes wrote about government, ethics, and science

utilitarianism

philosophy that sought "the greatest good for the greatest number of people"; utilitarians wanted to address the growng problems they saw with capitalism, rather than replacing it altogether; viewed themselves as moderate, rational advocates of gradual reform

liberalism

political ideology that arose during the Enlightenment as a way to improve society; emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property; popular among the property-owning middle classes

zaibatsu

powerful Japanese family business organizations like the conglomerates in the United States

realpolitik

practical politics of reality in which policies were based on power rather than ideals; used by Otto von Bismarck in Germany and Count di Cavour in Italy

Haiti

rich French sugar and coffee colony on which slaves revolted against their white masters, killing them and burning their houses; the former French colony of St Domingue, also part of Hispaniola; means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language; first free black country, with official independence due to Jean-Jacques Dessalines

millets

separate legal courts established by different religious communities, each using its own set of religious laws

tenement

shoddily constructed apartments buildings (often owned by factory owners) that working families resided in; often located in urban slums where industrial by-products such as polluted water supplies and open sewers were common

working class

social class who labored in factories and coal mines that developed in Britain as a result of industrialization

Zionism

the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East; support increased after the Dreyfus Affair and became fruitful with the founding of Israel in 1948 (afterissues with Muslim Ottomans and Palestinian Arabs)

mass production

the efficient production of large numbers of identical goods; made goods cheaper, more abundant, and more easily accessible to a greater number of people than ever before

industrialization

the increased mechanization of production; influenced by the Columbian Exchange, the ris eof maritime trading empires, increased agricultural productivity, and greater individual accumulation of capital

means of production

the machines, factories, mines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things; owned by the bourgeoisie

immigration

the movement of people into a country from other countries; eg Italians in Argentina and Japanese in Brazil, many ethnicities in the US

abolitionism

the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people, which gained followers in the 18th century; slave trade banned in Denmark in 1803, in Britain in 1807, in the US in 1808, and in Brazil in 1888; eventual end of slavery altogether

Meiji Restoration

the overthrowing of the shoguns and the the restoration of power to the Japanese emperor in 1868; led to Japan initiating a westernization program in which it adopted enough Western technology and methods so it could protect its traditional culture; led to centralization, industrialization, and imperialism

crop rotation

the practice of rotating different crops in and out of a field each year; increased food production

enclosure movement

the privatization of the commons (government land) to give exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege or who purchased the land; led to many farmers becoming landless and destitute, whic forced them to move from rural areas to urban areas such as Manchester and Liverpool; created the workforce for the new and growing industries

human capital

the workforce (key factor to success of US industrialization); political upheaval and widespread poverty brought a large number of immigrants to the United States from Europe and East Asia, and with migrants from rural areas of the US, a large workforce to work in factories develoepd; the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience

proletariat

the working class, working in factories and mines, often for little compensation; did the physical and dangerous work, making very little, just enough to survive; Marx exhorted them to recognize their shared interest as a class and take control of the means of production and share the welath they created fairly

white-collar

those held by officer workers, and were literate and considered middle class; consisted of factory and office managers, smalll business owners, and professionals

blue-collar

those held by the working class and performed manual labor and earned an hourly wage

utopian socialists

those who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities; Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Robert Owen

Unilever Corporation

transnational British and Dutch venture that focused on household goods (most famously soap); had soap factories in Australia, Switzerland, the United States, and beyond; sourced the palm oil for its soap forest from British West Africa and later the Belgian Congo, where it operated huge plantations

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

transnational British-owned bank opened in its colony of Hong Kong in 1865 that focused on finance, corporate investments, and global banking

raw materials

unprocessed natural products used in production; found in colonies and transported to motherlands

Freidrich Engels

wealthy supporter of Karl Marx who wrote the "Communist Manifesto" (1848) with him; reasoned that as classes struggle, the final stage of that struggle is pure communism, which is inevitable; Father of Communism