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AP World History Chapter 1 Multiple Choice, AP World History Chapter 2 Multiple Choice, World History

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A common concern for west African Muslim jurists and clerics was (A) the persistence of pagan beliefs and practices among its population. (B) control of the trans-Saharan trade. (C) influence of Christianity on west Africans. (D) the practice of polygamy by many African families. (E) the puritanical nature of west African society

All of these influenced Europe to expand EXCEPT: (A) fear of the states and peoples Europe might encounter. (B) desire for gold and monetary gain. (C) rivalries with other European states to acquire new lands. (D) hope for personal glory by explorers and conquerors. (E) desire to spread Christianity abroad.

All of these peoples and states contributed to the destruction of the Byzantine Empire EXCEPT the: (A) Kievan Rus. (B) Seljuk Turks. (C) independent Slavic states in the Balkans such as Bulgaria and Serbia. (D) Western crusaders and the Roman Catholic Church. (E) Italian trading city-states such as Venice and Genoa.

Although western society was not as tolerant of merchants as were Muslim and Indian societies, (A) weak governments allowed merchants to assert considerable power in semi-independent trading cities. (B) the Roman Catholic Church encouraged profits. (C) western merchants amassed greater lated trade or commerce. (E) Christian merchants married easily into the aristocratic elites.

As the Muslim empire grew and the Abbasid dynasty came to power (A) Muslim rulers were increasingly isolated because of advisors and harems. (B) civil wars destroyed the unity of the empires as provinces broke away. (C) the Shi'a doctrines were supported and spread by the caliphs. (D) the caliphs increasingly brought distant provinces under central control. (E) conversions to Islam declined.

Benedict of Nursia was responsible for what accomplishment in the 6th century? Select one: a. The creation of a set of rules for monasteries b. The banning of lay investiture among kings c. Victory over the Muslims at Tours d. The conquest of Constantinople e. The conversion of the Franks in 596

Between 1180 and 1185 the struggle between the two major provincial families, the Taira and the Minamoto, was decided in what wars? Select one: a. Gempei b. Koguryo c. Tang d. Onin e. Murasaki

Chinggis Khan was elected khagan (supreme ruler) of the Mongol tribes in what year? Select one: a. 1206 b. 1189 c. 1154 d. 1312 e. 1279

Dependence in the world economy and the consequent need to produce unprocessed goods cheaply led to the development of ________ labor systems. Select one: a. coercive b. dependant c. free d. socialist e. independent

During the 11th century, what new architectural style featuring pointed arches and flying buttresses became dominant in western Europe? Select one: a. Gothic b. Baroque c. Structuralism d. Romanesque e. Turkic

Following the assertion of Vietnamese independence from China in the tenth century, what aspects of Chinese culture were retained by the Vietnamese rulers? Select one: a. The Chinese administrative system based on the Confucian examination system b. Chinese popular culture, such as cockfights c. A highly centralized administrative system manned by a powerful scholar-gentry d. The successful suppression of the peasantry e. Chinese family organization

In 1219 Chinggis Khan directed his troops against the Islamic territory of Select one: a. Khwarazm. b. Kubilai. c. Samarkand. d. Karakorum. e. Ferghana.

In 1271, Kubilai Khan changed the name of the Mongol dynasty in China to Select one: a. Yuan. b. Sinkiang. c. Ming. d. Qin. e. Chin.

In addition to the destruction of the Abbasid political capital at Baghdad and the weakening of the Muslim military strength, what significant impact did the Mongol conquest have on the Islamic heartland? Select one: a. The destruction of cities from central Asia to the shores of the Mediterranean devastated the focal points of Islamic civilization. b. Most areas were permanently changed to a Mongolian culture. c. Shi'ism was eliminated as a major factor within Islam. d. The successful assault on the east African city-states weakened the international trading system of Islam. e. Much of the population of the Islamic heartland was converted to the animism common among the Mongolian nomads.

In order to facilitate colonization, settlement, and exploration, the British, French, and Dutch (A) chartered companies and created commercial monopolies in given regions. (B) paid mercenaries to conquer desired lands. (C) negotiated with peoples and states to peacefully acquire holdings and trade concessions abroad. (D) encouraged private initiative because national governments were uninterested in overseas expeditions. (E) relied on missionaries to establish markets and colonies.

In order to lesson the influence of aristocrats and bolster the positions of the peasants, the Tang and Song monarchs (A) broke up large landed estates and gave the land to the peasants. (B) established courts and rural police to protect the peasants. (C) set a percentage of governmental occupations and positions reserved for peasant applicants. (D) set up free, government-sponsored schools for the peasants. (E) recruited the military officers from the peasant class.

In the 12th century, what Parisian scholar, the author of Yes and No, utilized logic to examine ecclesiastical doctrine? Select one: a. Peter Abelard b. William of St. Thierry c. Thomas Aquinas d. William of Ockham e. Jacques Coeur

In what region of Europe did the Renaissance begin? Select one: a. Italy b. France c. Germany d. Spain e. England

In what way was the educational system of the medieval West different from that of China? Select one: a. The universities were not tied into a single bureaucratic system. b. The West abandoned its classical heritage. c. University education was secular-based. d. The West lacked a formal system of education. e. In the West, there were no state bureaucracies to hire university graduates.

In what way was the educational system of the medieval West different from that of China? Select one: a. The universities were not tied into a single bureaucratic system. b. University education was secular-based. c. In the West, there were no state bureaucracies to hire university graduates. d. The West abandoned its classical heritage. e. The West lacked a formal system of education.

In what way were the early Dutch and British exploration and trade projects different from those of the Iberian nations? Select one: a. Dutch and British exploration owed much to private initiative of merchant groups and the formation of chartered trading companies. b. The Dutch and British operated joint explorations in the names of both governments while Portugal and Spain competed in the competition for conquest. c. Dutch and British exploratory expeditions were independent of their respective governments. d. The Dutch and British projects were financed with banking capital from Italy and the Florentines. e. The expeditions of Spain and Portugal did not enjoy government support.

Members of the elite class of China were more attracted to what variant of Buddhism? Select one: a. Chan b. Daoist c. Legalist d. Xuanzong e. Pure Land

Mongol policies in Russia (A) led to the rise of serfdom. (B) left Moscow and Kiev weak and unimportant. (C) led to the rise of Novgorod as the chief Russian town. (D) weakened Orthodox Christianity in Russia and allowed Islam to spread. (E) permitted a free exchange of ideas in eastern Europe through increased trade.

One of the most permanent features of Aztec society was its organization into clans or Select one: a. calpulli. b. ayllus. c. chinampas. d. quipus. e. pipiltin.

Pope Gregory VII decreed the practice of investiture invalid. What was investiture? Select one: a. The practice of state appointment of bishops b. The practice of trying clerics in secular courts c. The practice whereby aristocrats dressed in bishops' robes and attempted to rule in their place d. Loaning money at excessive interest to the church e. The state's power to tax the clergy

Relationships between members of the military elite based on a reciprocal exchange of land for military service and loyalty were called Select one: a. feudalism. b. manorialism. c. capitalism. d. the guild system. e. monasticism.

Tambos were Select one: a. way stations along roads in the Inca empire. b. knotted strings used for record keeping. c. labor turns exacted by the Inca authorities. d. the Aztec term for local rulers. e. mountain passes found in the Andes.

The Abbasid reign ended when (A) Mongol soldiers sacked Baghdad. (B) the Seljuk Turks overran the empire. (C) Christian crusaders took Jerusalem. (D) the Mameluks invaded the empire. (E) Shi'a governors and troops revolted and murdered the last caliph.

The Fourth Crusade was manipulated by merchants in Venice, who turned it into an attack on Select one: a. Constantinople b. Alexandria c. Jerusalem d. Athens e. Rome

The Ming Chinese naval expeditions of the early 15th century (A) ended because they challenged Confucian values and typical expenditures. (B) were followed by the Chinese conquest of southeast Asia. (C) were stopped by Muslim navies in the Indian Ocean. (D) led to a renewed Chinese interest in scientific and geographic exploration. (E) stimulated trade between China and Africa.

The Mongol military forces were Select one: a. entirely cavalry. b. technologically inferior to most of their opponents. c. composed of a mixture of infantry and cavalry. d. armed with firearms e. entirely infantry.

The Prophet Muhammad had knowledge of life beyond Mecca because he was (A) a merchant and had traveled. (B) well-read and well-educated as an Arab scholar. (C) exiled to Persia before his conversion. (D) a judge who frequently arbitrated disputes. (E) a traveling scholar who moved between cities teaching.

The Umayyads felt threatened by all of the following developments EXCEPT a. Muhammad's destruction of the Ka'ba. b. the development of Muhammad's religion. c. raids on their caravans. d. the growing power of Medina. e. disputes between rival families.

The central figure of the cult of human sacrifice and the most sacred deity of the Aztecs was Select one: a. Huitzilopochtli. b. Tlaloc. c. Chac. d. Quetzalcoatl. e. Tonatiuh.

The commander of the first Islamic incursion into the Sind in 711 was a. Muhammad ibn Qasim. b. al-Ghazali. c. Husayn. d. Mahmud of Ghazni. e. Ibn Batuta.

The dynasty that ended the period of political chaos after the fall of the Qin-Han was the Select one: a. Sui. b. Song. c. Qing. d. Chou. e. Tang.

The era of Tang and Song rule in China was known as a(n) (A) golden age of Chinese culture and accomplishments. (B) period of Buddhist dominance. (C) time where Christianity and Islam spread widely in China. (D) time of technological and commercial stagnation. (E) era where nomadic dynasties ruled most of China.

The first Portuguese fleet rounded the Cape of Good Hope in Select one: a. 1488. b. 1519. c. 1433. d. 1291. e. 1354.

The first black African states and civilizations developed (A) in the Sahel, the grassland belt south of the Sahara. (B) in the tropical forests along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. (C) in the Ahaggar and Atlas Mountains around and in the Sahara. (D) along the coasts of east Africa. (E) in the highland plateaus of Ethiopia.

The former courtesan who was Justinian's wife and adviser was a. Theodora b. Roxanne c. Syria d. Zoe e. Sophia

The founder of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, came from what social class in China? Select one: a. Peasantry b. Scholar-gentry c. Aristocracy d. Merchants e. Artisans

The key theme of Polynesian culture from the 7th century to 1400 was Select one: a. spurts of migration and conquest that spread beyond the initial base in the Society Islands. b. contraction as a result of the world-wide epidemic of the 14th century. c. the adoption of Japanese civilization in the island societies. d. large-scale expeditions of discovery that were aimed at establishing colonies in South America. e. the development of a uniform written script.

The major barrier to west European expansion prior to the 15th century was (A) the low level of European technology. (B) the lack of interest by western European rulers for acquiring territory. (C) the overwhelming power of Muslim and Mongol states. (D) religious civil wars that divided western Europe and made overseas expansion impossible. (E) the lack of popular interest and public funds to support expansion.

The moldboard was Select one: a. a technological innovation, a plow that allowed deeper turning of the soil. b. a technological innovation, a water-driven mill for grinding grain. c. a nickname for the first school established by Charles Martel in France. d. the peasant council that determined the division of land and labor in a peasant village. e. a system of justice common to the manorial regime of the medieval West.

The significance of the Byzantine Empire included all of the following EXCEPT a. the empire's conquest of the Ottoman Empire and its inclusion of all the Middle East b. the ability of the empire to spread its cultural and political influence to the Balkans and southern Russia c. the importance of the empire's capital at Constantinople as a major urban center d. the empire's ability to survive for almost a thousand years e. its development of Orthodox Christianity, which broke off from Rome in 1054

The spread of Islam to southeast Asia was delayed until the fall of the Buddhist trade empire of a. Shrivijaya. b. Kashmir. c. Borneo. d. the Celebes Islands. e. Sumatra.

The victory of the Minamoto in 1185 led to the creation of Select one: a. the bakufu, or military government at Kamakura. b. the Tokugawa Shogunate. c. the imperial government at Heian (Kyoto). d. a new dynasty led by the first Minamoto emperor. e. the Ashikaga Shogunate.

Unlike his father, the second Sui emperor favored Select one: a. the Confucian scholar-gentry class. b. the Buddhists. c. nomadic elements in northern China. d. the Chinese peasants. e. the great Chinese aristocratic families.

What British commercial institution ruled India for much of the 18th century? Select one: a. The British East India Company b. The Calcutta and Madras Limited c. Lloyd's Bank d. The Raj Trading Company e. The British Tea and Spice Company

What Florentine painter led the way in the movement toward nature and people as the primary subject matter of Renaissance art? Select one: a. Giotto b. Boccaccio c. Petrarch d. Fra Angelico e. Masaccio

What Russian city profited most from the Mongol invasion? Select one: a. Moscow b. Kiev c. Petrograd d. Ekaterinberg e. Novgorod

What accounts for the disruption of the agricultural economy of the Abbasid Empire? a. Spiraling taxation, the destruction of the irrigation works, and pillaging by mercenary armies led to destruction and abandonment of many villages. b. The government ordered regions of the empire populated by Shi'as abandoned. c. The decline of the cities led to a fall in the demand for food supplies and consequent drops in agricultural prices. d. The ayan class began to import large numbers of slaves to work the land. e. Progressive desiccation of the region led to a diminution of the land available for agriculture.

What accounts for the growing political dominance of Moscow under Mongol rule? Select one: a. The princes of Moscow collected tribute for the Mongol khans and became the seat of the Metropolitan of the Orthodox church. b. Kiev had been destroyed by the Golden Horde. c. As the city located farthest south in Russia, Moscow was better able to benefit from renewed trade under the Mongols. d. Moscow became the capital of the Golden Horde. e. Moscow was the only Russian city that was not destroyed during the invasion.

What change in Islam ended the postclassical age and began a new era? (A) Islamic piety won out over rationalism and began a new era. (B) Mass conversions of Muslims to Christianity began. (C) The secularization of Islamic society began. (D) Islamic lands in central Asia and the Middle East fell to Hindu conquerors. (E) Muslims began to speak of a messiah and await his coming.

What emperor became renowned in the 11th century as the slayer of the Bulgars by defeating the Bulgarian kingdom and restoring Byzantine rule in the Balkans? a. Basil II b. Ivan IV c. Justinian d. Michael III e. Anastasius

What group so threatened the security of the Japanese imperial court in the 8th century that the imperial family moved to Heian? Select one: a. Buddhist monks b. Nomadic invaders from Manchuria c. The peasantry d. The scholar-gentry e. The aristocracy

What group was responsible for the fall of the southern Song dynasty in 1279? Select one: a. Mongols b. Liao c. Tanguts d. Jurchens e. XiXia

What groups were most responsible for the conversion of Indians to Islam? a. Traders and Sufi mystics b. Soldiers and Shi'a exiles c. Delhi Sultans d. Ulama and Sunni evangelists e. The Mongols and Seljuk Turks

What made possible the rapid revival of empire under the Tang? Select one: a. The rebuilding of the imperial bureaucracy using Confucian ideology b. The abandonment of Confucianism in favor of the more widely practiced Buddhism c. The brevity of the period of political dislocation d. The willingness of the Tang to abandon traditional approaches to government e. Massive grain imports from southern China led to a population increase.

What made the reunification of China under the first Sui emperor possible? Select one: a. The support of the nomadic warrior elite b. The support of the Buddhist monasteries c. The support of the ethnic Chinese aristocracy d. The threat of barbarian invasion e. The support of the Confucian scholar-gentry

What ruler was associated with the transition from raiding to the establishment of an Islamic empire in the Indian subcontinent? a. Muhammad of Ghur b. Muhammad ibn Qasim c. Rajput d. Hajjaj e. Mahmud of Ghazni

What two missionaries were responsible for the creation of a written script for Slavic language? a. Cyril and Methodius b. Nicholas and Alexander c. Basil and John Chrysostom d. John and Matthew e. Constans and Mnemosyne

What was the Western response to the problems of international trade that they experienced in 1400? Select one: a. Western nations began explorations of alternative routes to Asia that would bypass the Middle East and Muslim realms. b. They began to pull back from all but regional trade networks found in the eastern Mediterranean. c. Overland trade routes through northern Russia were established to the East. d. Many nations sought to establish alliances with the Ottoman Empire in order to restore the trade routes. e. Western nations halted trade with Asia and the East and became more dependent on European-produced commodities.

What was the clan into which Muhammad was born? a. Banu Hashim b. Abbasid c. Almoravid d. Umayyad e. Sassanid

What was the difference in the military organization of Byzantine and western Roman empires? a. the Byzantine Empire recruited armies from the Middle East b. the Byzantine Empire depended on the strength of Constantinople's walls and did not recruit an army c. the Byzantine Empire gave higher status to the infantry than the West did d. the western Roman Empire depended on citizen soldiers until the 5th century e. the Byzantine Empire recruited barbarians almost exclusively while the Roman Empire of the West depended on Islamic mercenaries

What was the fictional account of life at the court of the Caliph al-Rashid? a. The Thousand and One Nights b. Analects c. Rubaiiyat d. The Treasure of Ali Baba e. Shah-nama

What was the great church built in Constantinople by Justinian? a. Hagia Sophia b. the Cathedral of St. Dimitri c. St. Basil d. St. Peter's e. Sts. Cyril and Methodius

What was the impact of the rise of the samurai on the peasantry in Japan? Select one: a. Japanese peasants were reduced to the status of serfs bound to the land they worked. b. The creation of the samurai created a period of great social mobility in Japan during which people rapidly moved out of the peasantry and into the class of warriors. c. Although separated from the warriors by rigid class barriers, the peasantry achieved greater levels of personal freedom and economic prosperity. d. Peasants who were willing to be trained could become samurai. e. The samurai were critical to the development of a free peasantry on which the warriors depended for supplies of food and arms.

What was the level of trade in the Abbasid Empire? a. Long-distance trade with Africa, the Mediterranean, India, and China continued to flourish despite periodic interruption. b. The economy shifted to a focus on trading only with other Muslims. c. As a whole, long-distance trade along the traditional caravan routes virtually ceased during the Abbasid Empire. d. Trade with Africa and the Mediterranean continued to expand, but the wars in India disrupted the eastern trade routes. e. Trade with the East grew, but the Crusades eliminated the western trade routes.

What was the nature of Islamic religion that developed in Southeast Asia? a. Because Islam came to Southeast Asia from India and was spread by Sufi holy men, it developed a mystical nature that incorporated much of indigenous religion. b. Because Islam was carried by conquering warriors from India, it rejected the native Buddhism and Hinduism in preference for more conservative Islamic orthodoxy. c. Because Islam adopted many Buddhist ideas, a large number of native groups in the area rejected it. d. Because most of the missionaries were ulama from Arabia, the religion most closely resembled Islam as practiced in the first generations after Muhammad. e. Because Islam was carried to Southeast Asia from China, it bore many of the characteristics of Buddhism.

What was the nature of citizenship within the Umayyad Empire? Select one: a. Only Muslim Arabs were first-class citizens of this great empire. b. Malawi were accorded full rights of citizenship. c. All converts to Islam, regardless of their ethnic origins, were full citizens and members of the elite. d. Arabs rapidly lost their dominance in the Umayyad Empire to the native residents of Persia. e. The Umayyads recognized all residents of their empire, whether Muslims or "people of the book" as full citizens.

What was the nature of pre-Islamic bedouin religion? a. It was a blend of animism and polytheism. b. Most of the bedouin were Christians. c. The bedouins had no religious beliefs. d. The bedouin were monotheists who worshipped Allah. e. Most of the bedouin were Jews.

What was the nature of the Abbasid government? a. The Abbasids outdid the Umayyads in establishing an absolutist government symbolized by the growing powers of the wazirs and the sinister presence of the executioner. b. The Abbasids continued the policies of the Umayyads virtually without change, including the maintenance of an exclusively Arabic elite. c. The Abbasid government represented a return to the principles of government in the first days of the Orthodox caliphate. d. The Abbasids abandoned the formality and absolutism of the Umayyads and established an open and representative government. e. The Abbasid government was extremely efficient due to the influence of Byzantine advisors.

What was the nature of the Aztec economy? Select one: a. The Aztec state redistributed many goods received as tribute and there was a specialized merchant class. b. The Aztecs developed a free-market economy in which all trade was in the hands of specialized merchants. c. The Aztecs failed to develop a merchant class, so all distribution of goods was carried out by the state. d. The Aztec traded the entire length of the inhabited Pacific coast as far south as the Inca empire. e. There was little trade within Aztec society, as almost all communities were self-sufficient.

What was the nature of the economy of the Abbasid period? a. It was a period of general prosperity typified by urban growth and the restoration of the Afro-Eurasian trade axis. b. There was a general crisis in the agricultural economy resulting from the constant warfare of the period. c. The economic downturn of the era was typified by the breakdown in the trade between the Middle East and China. d. Trade was initiated with northern Europe, which eventually led to the rise of slave trade with Africa. e. Although commerce was generally resuscitated during the Abbasid period, artisan production dropped off significantly.

What was the nature of the trade between eastern and western Europe in the 17th century? Select one: a. Western Europe imported grain in increasing amounts from eastern Europe in return for art objects and manufactured goods. b. Eastern Europe provided a trade route for Asian goods because of the role Moscow played as a trade nexus. c. Eastern Europe emerged as a powerful challenger to Western domination of the global commercial network. d. Eastern and western Europe remained economically isolated, as Russia, Poland, and Prussia extended their trade relationships with the Ottoman Empire. e. The inability of eastern Europe to produce anything of value to the West frustrated attempts to establish trading connections between the two halves of Europe.

What was the primary difference in the political situation between the Mesoamerican and Andean zones following the breakup of the classical states? Select one: a. In the Andean zones a number of relatively large states continued to be important, rather than the breakdown of power that was typical of Mesoamerica. b. The transition of power that took place in the Andean zone was accomplished by invasion from outside the region. c. The Andean region was more compact and therefore quickly reunited under the leadership of the Inca. d. In Mesoamerica there was no real political decline as new peoples simply took over the institutions of their predecessors. e. The Andean political experience lacked the militaristic overtones that accompanied the breakdown of power in Mesoamerica.

What was the primary reform enacted during the reign of the first Sui emperor? Select one: a. The creation of granaries to relieve the threat of famine b. The reconstruction of the Confucian scholar-gentry c. Persecution of the Buddhists d. The destruction of the Great Wall e. The construction of the Grand Canal

What was the relationship between the Ashikaga Shogunate and the emperor? Select one: a. The Ashikaga shoguns fought the emperor at Kyoto who refused to recognize their authority. b. The emperor and the Ashikaga shoguns formed an alliance and worked together to defeat their enemies. c. The Ashikaga shoguns brought the imperial family to Kamakura in order to more closely control their activities. d. The Ashikaga shoguns swore fealty to the emperor at Kyoto and restored imperial authority. e. The Ashikaga shoguns unseated the emperor at Heian and took the imperial title for themselves.

What was the religious policy of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan? Select one: a. All religions were tolerated in his empire. b. Buddhism became the state religion of the Mongol empire. c. He was converted to Islam late in his life. d. After the Russian campaign the Mongols became Orthodox Christians. e. He practiced no religious beliefs himself, but tolerated Islam only.

What was the social impact of the Mongol conquest on Russia? Select one: a. Due to the crushing burden of tribute paid to Mongols and princes, the Russian peasantry was reduced to serfdom. b. The Russian nobility was exterminated giving rise to a society largely composed of free peasants. c. The feudal system ended and was replaced by a centralized monarchy based in Kiev. d. The cessation of trade destroyed the commercial and artisan classes of Russia. e. Russian women were elevated to new levels of social prominence.

What was the status of artisans in Abbasid cities? a. Artisans were free men who owned their own tools and who formed guild-like organizations to negotiate wages. b. Artisans found no markets for their goods and were finally incorporated into the ayan. c. Artisans were able to utilize their guild-like organizations to seize political control of most Abbasid towns. d. The number of artisans decreased along with the economic crisis of the Abbasid period. e. Handicraft industries were staffed by slave labor exclusively.

What was the trend of urbanization during much of the Abbasid Empire? a. Despite political disintegration and a declining agricultural sector, towns continued to grow rapidly. b. Successive invasions led to a decline in urbanization with many city dwellers moving to the countryside. c. Towns established in the early years of the dynasty were able to hold their own, but there was little growth. d. Because the Abbasids abandoned Baghdad for other capitals, cities within the empire tended to wither and die. e. The Abbasids forcibly relocated people to the desert in such areas as Yemen.

Which of the Kievan princes issued a formal legal code? a. Yaroslav b. Boris c. Michael d. Vladimir e. Rurik

Which of the following civilizations first attempted to fill the commercial vacuum created by the decline in Arabic trade? Select one: a. China b. Japan c. Sub-Saharan Africa d. Russia e. India

Which of the following did NOT occur as a result of the Crusades? Select one: a. The Crusades demonstrated a new Western superiority in the wider world. b. The Crusades helped to open the West to new cultural and economic influences from the Middle East. c. As far as the Muslims were concerned, the Crusades had little impact on the Islamic world d. The Fourth Crusade resulted in the temporary conquest of Constantinople. e. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was established and controlled by the West for nearly a century in the Holy Land.

Which of the following practices was NOT adopted as a feature of the Russian Orthodox church? a. clerical celibacy b. use of monogamy c. an active monastic movement d. veneration of icons e. emphasis on almsgiving

Which of the following statements about feudalism is most accurate? Select one: a. Although it inhibited the development of strong central states, some kings were able to use feudalism to build their own power. b. Feudalism produced centralized monarchies by the 8th century. c. Although it provided initial political stability, feudalism was rapidly replaced by a western European imperial system. d. Feudalism represented only a brief, and largely unsatisfactory, attempt to create political stability in western Europe. e. Feudalism caused rapid economic gains in all parts of Europe including England.

Which of the following statements concerning Aztec religion is most accurate? Select one: a. Aztec deities were numerous and had different forms or manifestations somewhat like the avatars of the Hindu deities. b. There was little or no animism in the religious world of the Aztecs. c. Tonatiuh and Tezcatlipoca became the paramount gods along with Nezhualcoyotl. d. Shortly after establishing their empire, the Aztecs abandoned all gods other than their patron, Huitzilopochtli. e. Aztec deities were normally associated only with male forms.

Which of the following statements concerning Byzantine military organization is most accurate? a. the Byzantine Empire recruited troops within the empire by granting heritable land in return for military service b. no outsiders were ever recruited by the Byzantine military but there was wide usage of eunuchs c. the Byzantine Empire emulated the later Arabic empires by making use of slave armies as a basis for the military force d. Byzantine soldiers were recruited almost exclusively from people outside the empire e. military command within the Byzantine Empire remained in the hands of the traditional aristocracy who lived in Constantinople

Which of the following statements concerning the Byzantine bureaucracy is NOT accurate? a. Bureaucrats had limited education and ability b. Provincial governors kept tabs on the military c. Many of the officials closest to the emperor were eunuchs d. An elaborate system of spies maintained loyalty to the central government e. Aristocrats predominated, but there was some openness to talent

Which of the following statements concerning the Ottoman Empire is most accurate? Select one: a. The expansionist power of the Ottoman Empire was very real, but it was not the sole hub of an international network. b. Turkish rulers promoted trade more actively than did their Arab predecessors. c. The Ottoman Empire had no expansionist interests or capabilities. d. The rise of the Ottoman Empire restored the full international vigor that the Islamic caliphate had possessed. e. The Ottomans competed with western Europe for Atlantic trade.

Which of the following statements concerning the Yuan social order is most accurate? Select one: a. Muslims and central Asian allies ranked directly below the Mongols. b. The Mongols ranked all other ethnic groups in a single cohort of subordinates. c. Beneath the Mongols in the Yuan social system were the ethnic Chinese. d. Below the Mongols were Japanese artisans in the Yuan social scheme. e. The Yuan social order was relatively egalitarian.

Which of the following statements concerning the cessation of state-sponsored trade by the Ming dynasty is most accurate? Select one: a. In Chinese terms, it was the brief emphasis on trading and commerce that was unusual, not its cessation. b. Because of the Chinese dependence on imports from abroad, the decision to end the state-sponsored expeditions was particularly critical in initiating cultural decline. c. The end of international trade signaled a general decentralization of government in Ming China. d. The cessation of trade severely damaged the internal economy of China and produced the inevitable peasant revolutions that overthrew the Ming dynasty. e. China had long emphasized internal development at the expense of trade.

Which of the following statements concerning the extent of the Tang empire is most accurate? Select one: a. The Tang built an empire that was far larger than the Han, an empire whose boundaries in many directions extended beyond the borders of modern China. b. The Tang extended the empire in all directions except westward, where the Turks remained entirely independent of the Chinese emperor. c. The Tang empire incorporated India and southeast Asia as well as the areas north of the Yellow River plain. d. The Tang empire was unable to recover the territorial extent of the Han, but did recover northern areas from the nomads. e. The Tang empire stopped expanding and was divided into three parts when a civil war broke out.

Which of the following statements concerning the nature of warfare among the bushi is most accurate? Select one: a. Battles hinged on man-to-man duels of great champions typical of the heroic stage of warfare. b. The bushi depended on infantry tactics, equipping the samurai initially with long spears. c. Battles depended on the Japanese phalanx of mounted samurai and massed assaults predicated on the willingness of the retainers to sacrifice themselves for their leaders. d. The introduction of gunpowder in the 11th century allowed the bushi to rely on cannon and rockets as their primary means of assault. e. The bushi made possible the building of conscript armies using new techniques of fighting obtained from the European kingdoms.

Which of the following statements concerning the relationship of the imperial court to the provincial military elite is most accurate? Select one: a. In the absence of an imperial military force, law and order broke down, leading both the emperor and high officials to hire provincial lords and their military retainers. b. The provincial military elite was rapidly subjected to the aristocratic armies of the imperial court. c. The provincial military elite was kept in check by the continued development of the imperial peasant-conscript army. d. The emperor created an alliance with the Chinese that permitted him to crush the regional military lords. e. The imperial court worked with the military elite to fight the growing civil unrest that was due to an unhappy peasantry.

Which of the following statements concerning urbanization in China during the Tang-Song era is most accurate? Select one: a. Chinese urbanization mushroomed during the Tang-Song era with a higher proportion of the population living in cities. b. The degree of urbanization reached during the Han dynasty was never achieved during the Tang-Song era, although some recovery of cities accompanied the commercial revival. c. Cities were depopulated as people moved back into the countryside due to the collapse of the Chinese economy. d. The imperial capitals were enormous, but there were few other Chinese cities of size. e. Chinese urbanization was more pronounced in northern China, but lagged in southern China.

Which of the following was NOT a benefit of the monastic movement in western Europe? Select one: a. Their political organization provided the foundation for the political order established in France, Germany, and England. b. Monks exemplified holy lives for church members and church leadership. c. By copying ancient texts, monks preserved classical culture for later intellectual inquiry. d. Many monasteries helped improve the cultivation of the land. e. They disciplined the intense spirituality of the medieval West in order to promote Christian unity.

Which of the following was NOT a difference between the Viet and Chinese cultures prior to their conquest by the Han emperors? Select one: a. Viet tendency to extended families and clan groups b. Village autonomy among the Viets c. Language d. Higher social status for Viet women e. Political institutions

Which of the following was NOT a drawback to the West's emergence as a global power? Select one: a. The West did not begin to establish key maritime and commercial links until after 1450. b. Population loss caused further economic disarray and lack of strong leadership. c. The lives and economic activities of ordinary Europeans, the artisans and peasants, were in serious disarray. d. The Catholic church, long one of the organizing institutions of Western civilization, was under attack. e. Western nations lacked the political coherence and organizing ability of imperial China.

Which of the following was NOT a result of the agricultural policies of the Sui and Tang emperors? Select one: a. The scholar-gentry were removed as landlords. b. Lands were distributed more equitably to the free peasant households of the empire. c. Numbers of free peasantry increased. d. The yields of peasant farmers greatly increased. e. Fortunes of the old aristocratic families declined.

Which of the following was NOT a technological innovation of the Tang-Song era? Select one: a. Paper b. Abacus c. Gunpowder d. Coal used for fuel e. Complex bridges

Which of the following was NOT a threat to the sources of Western vitality at the end of the Middle Ages? Select one: a. The economic tail-spin and impending depression b. The Black Death c. Manufacturing and technology developed more quickly d. The increasing inability of agriculture to keep pace with population growth e. New social disputes, involving both peasants and landlords and artisans and their employees.

Which of the following was NOT an economic development during the period of commercial expansion during the Tang and Song dynasties? Select one: a. Military domination of the seas b. Growing sophistication in commercial organization and forms of credit c. Overland silk routes between China and Persia were reopened d. Trade increasingly carried by Chinese ships and sailors e. Enlarged market quarters found in all cities and major towns

Which of the following was NOT one of the positive aspects of Chinggis Khan's imperial rule? Select one: a. The movement of merchants and commercial goods facilitated the spread of disease. b. He promoted the growth of trade and commerce. c. He promised religious toleration for many different religious groups. d. He brought peace to much of Asia. e. He promulgated a legal code to end divisions and quarrels among the Mongol clans.

Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons that Italy emerged as the center of the early Renaissance? Select one: a. Italy was spared the Black Plague due to its geographic location. b. Italy led the West by the 14th century in banking and trade. c. Italy had closer contacts with foreign scholars, particularly those in late Byzantium. d. Italy was more urbanized than most of Europe. e. Italy retained more contact with Roman traditions than did the rest of Europe.

Which of the following was NOT typical of the challenges to typical medieval institutions in the 15th century? Select one: a. A single imperial government replaced the smaller kingdoms of the Middle Ages b. The medieval intellectual and artistic synthesis was breaking down c. The landowning aristocracy lost its dominance as the chief military force d. The balance between church and state began to favor the dominance of the state e. Parliaments limited the power of kings and provided major support to the merchant class

Which of the following was a critical factor in the failure of the Chinese to conquer or assimilate the Vietnamese? Select one: a. The Vietnamese resistance to Chinese crossed both class and gender barriers b. The widespread destruction of the Vietnamese elite c. The continued cultural impact of Indian culture in Southeast Asia, particularly among the Vietnamese d. The proximity of Vietnam to Chinese centers of power e. The failure of the Chinese to introduce Buddhism

Which of the following weapons was NOT part of the arsenal of the Mongol army under Chinggis Khan? Select one: a. Chain mail b. Bows and arrows c. Lances d. Bronze cannon e. Iron maces

Which of the khanates undertook the invasion of the Muslim heartland? Select one: a. Ilkhan khanate b. Chinese khanate c. Seljuk khanate d. Karakorum khanate e. Golden Horde

Which of these comparisons between the Turkic expansion and the Mongol one is most accurate? Select one: a. The Turkic expansion covered less territory, failed to increase trade, and provided no internal peace. b. The Turkic expansion, like the Mongol conquests, provided a period of peace and commercial expansion. c. The Turkic expansion, unlike the Mongol conquests, resulted in the creation of a lasting kingdom based on the capital at Samarkand. d. The Turkic expansion, although of briefer duration, actually covered greater territory. e. The Turkic expansion was less brutal and destructive but did lead to internal peace.

Who was the Turkic nomadic leader who began a period of conquest beginning in the 1360s? Select one: a. Timur-i Lang b. Ibn Pasha c. Ju Yuangzhang d. Muhamman Shah e. Ibn Khaldun

Who was the brilliant general who helped Justinian achieve military gains in north Africa and Italy? a. Belisarius b. Procopius c. Theodorus d. Methodius e. Basil

Who was the most prominent of the neo-Confucians during the Song era? Select one: a. Zhu Xi b. Hangzhou c. Yang Guifei d. Zhao e. Li Bo

Who were the Scandinavian invaders who disrupted the development of durable political institutions in the medieval West until the 10th century? Select one: a. Vikings b. Muslims c. Mongols d. Turks e. Chinese

Why did Vladimir 1 prefer Orthodox Christianity to Roman Catholicism? a. He believed that Roman Catholicism implied papal interference, while Orthodoxy embraced the control of the church by the state b. He did not believe in clerical celibacy, which was required of the Roman Catholic priesthood c. He was not familiar with Roman Catholicism, because the Western form of Christianity had not penetrated into eastern Europe d. He preferred to avoid the pitfalls of the veneration of icons e. He rejected the Roman Catholics' emphasis on the sacraments and the use of the trinity

What was one of the major differences between African civilizations and other post classical societies? a. African civilizations built somewhat less clearly on prior precedent than did other post-classical societies. b. Prior to 800, African civilizations had no prior contacts with civilizations outside of the African continent. c. There were no civilizations in Africa until after the post classical period. d. African civilization was almost entirely dependent on cultural importations from Islam and the Arabic world. e. African civilizations were based on hierarchal and patrilineal models, not democratic and matrilineal.

a. African civilizations built somewhat less clearly on prior precedent than did other post-classical societies.

What was the impact of the Portuguese arrival on the trading patterns of the east African coast? a. Despite great effort to shift the focus of trade into their hands, the Portuguese were never able to control trade on the northern Swahili coast. b. The Portuguese allied themselves with Christians from Ethiopia in a combined assault on the east African coast. c. The Portuguese arrival disrupted normal trade lines so severely that African trade with India and southeast Asia ceased to exist for centuries. d. The Portuguese rapidly used military superiority to control all aspects of trade along the east African coast. e. The Portuguese bypassed the Swahili coast on their way to more valuable trade in Java.

a. Despite great effort to shift the focus of trade into their hands, the Portuguese were never able to control trade on the northern Swahili coast.

Songhay was originally dominated by which African empire? a. Mali b. Ethiopia c. Axum d. Zimbabwe e. Soumauro

a. Mali

What region of Africa was first converted to Islam by 700 C.E.? a. North Africa b. East Africa c. Central Africa d. West Africa e. South Africa

a. North Africa

What ruler was responsible for the creation of the Songhay Empire? a. Sunni Ali b. Mahmud of Ghur c. Sundiata d. Muhammad the Great e. Mansa Kankan Musa

a. Sunni Ali

Between 800 and 1500 as the frequency and intensity of contact with the outside world increased, which of the following had the most significant impact on sub-Saharan Africa? a. The arrival of Islam b. The arrival of Chinese merchants c. The arrival of the Portuguese d. The arrival of Christianity e. The arrival of the Mamluks

a. The arrival of Islam

Which of the following statements concerning the impact of Islam on sub-Saharan Africa is most accurate? a. The spread of Islam into Africa brought large areas into the global community. b. Despite widespread conversion of Africans to Islam, the continent remained outside the trading sphere of the Islamic world. c. With the conversion of regions of the continent to Islam, Africa became the center of the Islamic world. d. Islam cut off north Africa from the regions of sub-Saharan Africa. e. African development can be understood solely in terms of Islamic influences.

a. The spread of Islam into Africa brought large areas into the global community.

Agricultural laborers under the jurisdiction of aristocratic landowners were called Select one: a. artisans. b. serfs. c. fiefs. d. bourgeoisie. e. guildsmen.

Although later civilizations in Mesoamerica borrowed and built on the previous accomplishments of the Olmecs and Maya, later civilizations (A) were not as war-like as their predecessors had been. (B) rarely surpassed their intellectual predecessors. (C) failed to improve on the political institutions and types of Olmec and Maya states. (D) abandoned polytheism in favor of monotheism. (E) abandoned trade.

Although the Mongols were often brutal, they were (A) no more violent than Europeans, Muslims, or the Chinese of the day. (B) tolerant of religious differences and encouraged trade. (C) unwilling to destroy art works and buildings. (D) devoted to nonviolence. (E) apt to leave enemies alive and revolting cities unpunished.

As a result of what treaty did the French lose their colony in North America to the British? Select one: a. Treaty of Versailles, 1919 b. Treaty of Paris, 1763 c. Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 d. Treaty of Utrecht, 1714 e. Treaty of Ryswick, 1705

As had Hammurabi's Code (Mesopotamia), Justinian's Code (Byzantine) (A) dealt primarily with church law and religious issues. (B) became the basic law code for his state, and influenced future law codes. (C) led to internal disruptions and faced harsh opposition. (D) greatly influenced the laws of Islam. (E) deviated sharply from previous legal traditions when it sought to create a new tradition.

As part of the "Colombian Exchange," which of the following was a European contribution to the Americas? Select one: a. Potatoes b. Horses c. Corn d. Bullion e. Raw materials

Because of their level of technological development, Aztec work and production (A) relied heavily on tools and machines. (B) relied heavily on the physical labor of humans. (C) utilized domesticated beasts of burden extensively. (D) richly rewarded intellectual invention and innovation. (E) were performed by slaves and conquered or tributary states.

By what date had the Arabs been virtually excluded from European trade? Select one: a. 1000 b. 1100 c. 1350 d. 900 e. 1453

Byzantine cultural life centered on the secular traditions of a. Confucianism b. Hellenism c. ancient Egypt d. Islam e. Norse legends

During the Early Modern Period in world history, laborers were (A) generally paid a fair wage but worked long hours. (B) largely coerced in their work, which was often unfree. (C) moved to where there was a demand for their work. (D) mostly skilled. (E) universally slaves.

Following the death of Chinggis Khan, who succeeded him as khagan of the Mongols? Select one: a. Kubilai b. Ogedei c. Batu d. Berke e. Chabi

Following the fall of Rome, where was the center of the post-classical West? Select one: a. The British Isles b. The central plains of northern Europe c. Greece d. In Italy, particularly Rome e. In the former Roman colony of Spain

How did Hinduism respond to the challenge of Islam? a. Hindus converted to Islam in increasing numbers, until Muslims outnumbered Hindus in the subcontinent. b. Hindus placed greater emphasis on the devotional or bhaktic cults of gods and goddesses such as Shiva and Vishnu. c. Hindus abandoned their emphasis on many deities in favor of monotheism in the person of Shiva. d. Hindus created a new warrior class and began a military campaign, which led to the eventual demise of Islam in India. e. The brahmins accepted Islam as a variety of orthodox Hindu belief, while anticipating the incorporation of the Muslim immigrants into the Indian caste system.

How did Islam and Hinduism differ? a. Hinduism was monotheistic, while Islam was polytheistic but both had a supreme God. b. Islam stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Hinduism embraced a caste-based social system. c. Hinduism stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Islam embraced a caste-based social system. d. Hinduism stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Islam was more rigid in terms of orthodox belief. e. Islam stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Hinduism was more rigid in terms of orthodox belief.

How did the Muslim conquerors of Sind treat the Hindu and Buddhist residents of the region? a. Hinduism was prohibited and Buddhism tolerated, but many Hindus were encouraged to move back to Islamic heartlands such as Iran. b. Hindus and Buddhists were treated as dhimmis or "peoples of the book." c. Forced conversions of the native population followed the Muslim military successes. d. Most of the higher-caste Hindus were treated well, which led to mass conversions. e. All non-Muslims were put to death but their children were allowed to convert.

How did the administration of al-Rashid set a trend for subsequent Abbasid rulers? a. He removed all regional governors and established strict absolutism from the court at Baghdad. b. He was at the outset of his reign heavily dependent on Persian advisors, a practice that became commonplace thereafter. c. He made the position of caliph all-powerful by building a new capital complex in Cairo. d. He divided the empire into a series of states each of which elected representatives to a caliphal parliament at Baghdad. e. He stressed the importance of piety and simplicity, a position subsequently adopted by his successors.

How did the principles of warfare change under the daimyos? Select one: a. The rise of gunpowder and cannon made the fortresses and castles of the warrior elite obsolete. b. Warfare based on spying, timely assaults, wise command, and organization of massive armies replaced heroic combat. c. Peasant forces were reduced in significance, as they were replaced by professional soldiers. d. Heroic combat between champions remained the rule, but the weapon of choice changed from the bow to the curved sword. e. They introduced new military techniques and strategies learned from contacts with Islamic traders.

How was the global trade network of the 15th century different from that of previous eras? Select one: a. Trade was controlled by the Chinese due to their naval presence in the Indian Ocean. b. In previous eras, most attention was given to the development of regional economies and cultural zones, rather than a global network. c. Trade in previous eras was almost entirely in the hands of the West as a result of overwhelming advantages in technology d. Trade prior to the 15th century was limited to the Eastern Hemisphere as a result of the military dominance of Eastern nations. e. There was no significant trade between civilizations prior to the 15th century.

In Africa during the Early Modern Period, Europeans (A) controlled the slave trade. (B) had to negotiate with African leaders, who controlled the slave trade. (C) settled widely in West Africa. (D) exported gold and raw minerals. (E) started the slave trade.

In Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, the class that most welcomed Chinese influence and culture was (A) the local aristocrats. (B) the court bureaucrats (scholar-gentry). (C) peasants. (D) Buddhist monks. (E) the merchants.

In comparison to medieval culture, Renaissance culture was Select one: a. disinterested in classical models. b. more concerned with things of the earthly world. c. more other-worldly and religious. d. based less on urban vitality and expanding commerce. e. more concerned with Aristotelian philosophy.

In pre-Islamic times, the status of Mecca was enhanced by (A) the presence in the city of a Christian bishop. (B) the Ka'aba, a religious shrine which attracted pilgrims. (C) its merchants control of trade throughout the Middle East. (D) its alliance with the Sasanid Persian Empire. (E) the freedoms given its slaves and women.

In the 11th century, what group of people seized most of the Asiatic provinces of the Byzantine Empire? a. the Mamluks b. the Seljuk Turks c. the Mongols d. the Huns e. the Ottoman Turks

In the early 12th century, the Qin kingdom of northern China was defeated by a Mongol confederation under the leadership of Select one: a. Hulegu. b. Kabul Khan. c. XiXia. d. Batu. e. Ogedei.

In what year did the Ming dynasty halt state-sponsored commercial voyages? Select one: a. 1405 b. 1433 c. 1358 d. 1453 e. 1487

In which of the following ways were the Byzantine bureaucracy and the Chinese bureaucracy similar? a. there was no linkage of the bureaucracies to local administration b. both bureaucracies were open to talented commoners, not just aristocrats c. emperors played little role in either government d. they were driven by the authority of the religious authorities e. there was an extensive state exam system in both

Islam in west Africa (A) was popular with most elements of society. (B) converted the kings and elites first without necessarily affecting the masses. (C) interested merchants alone. (D) confronted an entrenched Christian religion, which resisted conversion. (E) had little lasting effect on the area.

Kubilai Khan's major concern in governing China was (A) creating integrated Chinese and military units. (B) to avoid the Mongols being assimilated by Chinese culture and practices. (C) the conversion of the Chinese to Islam. (D) educating Mongol leaders and elites in Chinese Confucian culture. (E) reestablishing the Confucian civil service exams and scholar-bureaucrats.

Leaders of bedouin clans were called a. dhows. b. shaykhs. c. imams. d. mawali. e. wazirs.

Manorialism was characterized by all of these conditions EXCEPT: (A) most peasants were serfs. (B) manors and peasants depended on merchants for most necessities. (C) peasants were obligated to give their lord a portion of their produce. (D) the lords protected the peasants. (E) levels of production and technology were low and limited.

Many scholars in the Middle Ages (A) disputed Biblical writings. (B) attempted to assimilate Christian faith with Greek philosophy and reason. (C) organized themselves into guilds. (D) increased conflict with the church, which protected the serfs. (E) advocated against slavery

Russia's defeat by the Mongols (A) had little effect on Russian development. (B) led to 250 years of Mongol dominance. (C) was avoided by the willingness of Russian princes to pay tribute. (D) was meaningless because the Mongols abandoned the area for their homeland. (E) left Poland and Sweden the dominant powers in eastern Europe.

Tang military expansion into central Asia (A) led to constant warfare between the Chinese and the Muslims. (B) promoted renewed commercial contacts between China and west Asia. (C) eliminated nomadic invasions. (D) obtained land to settle large Chinese population surpluses. (E) was easily defeated by the Turks and other pastoral nomads.

The Arabic camel nomads were referred to as a. Hashim. b. bedouin. c. fellahin. d. ayan. e. mawali.

The Aztec awaited the appearance of an eagle landing on a cactus with a serpent in its mouth. When this appeared Select one: a. the sun would not shine. b. their wanderings would end. c. Lake Texcoco would dry up. d. a strong female ruler would emerge. e. their capitol would be destroyed.

The Mongol commander in the 13th-century campaigns against the Song was Chinggis Khan's grandson, Select one: a. Batu. b. Kubilai Khan. c. Ali. d. Berke. e. Ogedei.

The Renaissance in Europe (A) rejected medieval values. (B) was largely a cultural and intellectual movement. (C) was a political revolution against the power of the pope. (D) was not a rebirth of classical cultures as it borrowed little from Greek, Roman, or Islamic achievements. (E) avoided challenging medieval values.

The Sufis (A) condemned scientific and cultural borrowing from non-Muslim sources. (B) helped spread Islam. (C) objected to the violence and social strife, which befell the Abbasid world. (D) led religious wars against Christians in Europe and the Middle East. (E) attempted to blend Islam with Judaism and Christianity.

The Tang rulers were able to control potential nomadic threats to China by (A) bribery. (B) playing one nomadic group against another. (C) settling the nomads within the Chinese borders on land to farm. (D) intermarriage between the nomadic and Chinese ruling families. (E) diverting the nomads and sending them westward, away from China

The decline of the Abbasid power was due to all of these reasons EXCEPT: (A) the difficulty of governing a widespread empire. (B) invasions of European crusaders. (C) regional loyalties. (D) Shi'ia dissenters and slave revolts. (E) rebellious governors and new dynasties

The decline of women's position within Islamic civilization was due to (A) Islamic dogma. (B) contacts with older sedentary cultures and their highly stratified urban systems. (C) the necessities of war and holy war. (D) the high death rates of males; the increased number of women in Islamic society "decreased the value" of women. (E) bedouin traditions.

The emperor responsible for a surge in construction in Constantinople was a. Heraklius b. Constantine c. Procopius d. Justinian e. Diocletian

The issue that confronted Muslims following Muhammad's death, and the issue which eventually split Muslims into Shi'a and Sunni sects involved (A) the toleration or persecution of Christians and Jews. (B) who was Muhammad's legitimate successor. (C) the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam. (D) the morality of the holy war (jihad) against enemies of the faith. (E) the accuracy of different translations and versions of the Quran.

The leading figure in the synthesis of classical rational philosophy with Christian theology was a teacher at the University of Paris in the 13th century, Select one: a. William of Ockham. b. Thomas Aquinas. c. Geoffrey Chaucer. d. William of St. Thierry. e. Peter Abelard.

The major lasting result of the Crusades was the (A) conversion of eastern Europe to Roman Catholicism. (B) establishment of cultural and economic contacts between western Europe and the Middle East. (C) conquest of the Holy Land and Jerusalem. (D) destruction of the European nobility and military class. (E) creation of a new Holy Roman Empire ruling many Mediterranean lands.

The members of the military elite who received land in return for military service in the bands of the greater lords were called Select one: a. benefices. b. vassals. c. fiefs. d. serfs. e. lords.

The post classical period in Western history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century is referred to as the Select one: a. Modern Era. b. Middle Ages. c. Baroque. d. Age of Discovery. e. Renaissance.

The role of the Arab caliphate in international exchange was (A) further disrupted by the rise of the Mongols. (B) not restored until the western European nations emerged as great powers. (C) restored by the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East. (D) restored by the Ming Dynasty in China. (E) not restored until the 19th century when Great Britain created an empire that spanned all continents.

The ruler of the Ikhan horde was Select one: a. Ulan. b. Hulegu. c. Batu. d. Berke. e. Kubilai.

The slave trade from west Africa to the Muslim world (A) was abolished once the inhabitants converted to Islam. (B) existed before the arrival of Islam but was expanded over the centuries. (C) was introduced by the Muslims. (D) rivaled the trans-Atlantic slave trade in numbers and brutality. (E) preferred male slaves for administration and military occupations.

The system that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers was called Select one: a. capitalism. b. manorialism. c. feudalism. d. slavery. e. monasticism.

The typical pattern for relations between China and its neighbors during the postclassical period was (A) military occupation by the Chinese armies. (B) for these states to acknowledge Chinese superiority and pay tribute but remain independent. (C) incorporation of these states as provinces in the Chinese empire. (D) to form equal alliances as partners against nomadic invaders. (E) to maintain no formal relations or treaties with neighboring states.

Unlike the Americas, sub-Saharan Africa (A) never developed a classical civilization. (B) was never totally isolated from other civilizations. (C) had little popular migration or trade. (D) developed its indigenous civilizations later. (E) had no extensive river systems or grasslands.

Unlike the Roman Catholic church, Byzantine Orthodox missionaries (A) were frequently merchants and traded while they preached. (B) permitted people to use local languages in religious services and literature. (C) were sent out by the religious, not political, authorities. (D) never intermarried into the local populations. (E) rarely established monasteries, hospitals, and convents to further conversions.

What Italian city-state was best placed to engage in the new, Western-oriented commercial ventures of the 15th century? Select one: a. Padua b. Genoa c. Pisa d. Rome e. Florence

What Japanese ruling faction was destroyed by the full-scale civil war that raged from 1467 to 1477? Select one: a. the Fujiwara b. the Ashikaga c. the Kamakura d. the Minamoto e. the Yoshino

What caused a decline in the military reputation of the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China? Select one: a. The defeat of Yuan by forces of Marco Polo b. The failure of expeditions against the Japanese c. The defeat of the Yuan at the hands of the Golden Horde d. The invasion of northern China by the Korean Koryo dynasty e. The demolition of the Great Wall

What caused the flight of the Song dynasty from its capital in northern China? Select one: a. Extensive flooding in the Yellow River basin b. The invasions of the Jurchens who had formed the Qin kingdom c. Attempted takeover by the Khitans d. A rebellion led by a nomadic general, An Lushan e. The Huang-chao rebellion

What changes occurred during the Abbasid period with respect to women? a. The legislation of multiple marriages for women b. The establishment of the harem c. Legislation against concubinage and prostitution d. The creation of Islamic nunneries e. Women were allowed to take more than one husband.

What city did the Aztecs establish circa 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco? Select one: a. Chinampa b. Tenochtitlan c. Culhuacan d. Texcoco e. Teotihuacan

What group of peoples was responsible for the conquest of Kievan Russia after 1236? a. Huns b. Mongols (Tatars) c. Safavid Persians d. Ottoman Turks e. Seljuk Turks

What groups in India were most likely to convert to Islam? a. Raja and warriors b. Buddhists and low caste Hindus c. Brahmins and merchants d. Members of the administrative machinery of the Islamic kingdoms e. Sikhs and sultans

What is the name of the nature spirits of Japan? Select one: a. Hapu b. Kami c. Genji d. Hara-kiri e. Heian

What passage in Vietnamese history might have been instructive to the French and United States as they attempted to conquer Vietnam? (A) The majority of Vietnamese literature and art depicted Vietnam's history and mocked foreign influences. (B) Vietnam had maintained its distinct Vietnamese identity despite centuries of Chinese rule. (C) Vietnam's war of independence against China and the Mongols lasted 1,000 years in order to achieve freedom. (D) The Vietnamese constantly invaded and defeated their neighbors including China. (E) Vietnam had conquered and ruled its neighbors.

What proved to be the most damaging attack on Buddhism's popularity with the people during the early Tang dynasty? Select one: a. The aristocracy's concern that the growing Buddhist monastic establishment was monopolizing land that otherwise would belong to them b. The Confucians' successful campaign to convince the emperor that the Buddhist monastic establishment represented an economic threat c. The challenge from Daoism and other polytheistic religions, which were appealing to Chinese merchants d. The Buddhists' insistence on rebellion against the emperor e. The entry of nomadic invaders who were Islamic during the ninth century

What region in the Americas was claimed by Portugal? Select one: a. Bermuda b. Brazil c. Panama d. Peru e. Mexico

What religion played a key role in the transmission of Chinese civilization to Japan? Select one: a. Hinduism b. Buddhism c. Christianity d. Daoism e. Islam

What was NOT an art form utilized in Byzantine culture? a. mosaic forms of religious painting b. pyramid style tombs c. domed buildings d. icon paintings e. secular tradition of Hellenism

What was the Andean principle of inheritance? Select one: a. Everything passing to the monarch b. Parallel descent: women passed rights and property to daughters, men to sons c. Extended family split inheritances evenly d. Matrilineal, inheritance passing in the female line e. Patrilineal, inheritance passing in the male line

What was the Inca practice of split inheritance? Select one: a. All power and wealth was inherited by the eldest son but religious leadership fell to the youngest daughter. b. All political power and titles went to the ruler's successor, but his wealth was kept in the hands of the male descendants to support the cult of the dead Inca's mummy. c. On the death of the previous ruler, the family's wealth was equally divided among all male heirs. d. On the death of the previous ruler, the inheritance passed through the family of the senior wife to her oldest brother. e. On the death of the previous ruler, the throne passed to two descendants from the ruler's family.

What was the Umayyad attitude to other religions? a. Christianity and Judaism were suppressed as heresies, but other communities were permitted to retain their religions. b. The Umayyads displayed tolerance towards the religions of dhimmi peoples. c. The Umayyads suppressed all religions within their territories other than Islam. d. The Umayyads converted to Christianity, but continued to permit the open worship of Islam. e. Zoroastrians and Hindus were never accepted.

What was the capital of the southern Song dynasty? Select one: a. Changan b. Hangzhou c. Beijing d. Huining e. Loyan

What was the impact of the Seljuk conquest of Baghdad on the Abbasid Empire? a. The empire continued to crumble as a result of the military successes of Fatimid Egypt and the Byzantine Empire. b. It restored the ability of the empire to meet the challenges of Egypt and the Byzantine Empire. c. The Seljuks abandoned the Middle East for further conquests in the Indian subcontinent. d. The imposition of a Christian government in the name of the Abbasid caliphs temporarily restored order. e. It allowed the crusaders to conquer Egypt and Jerusalem with little difficulty.

What was the innovation launched by the Ming dynasty? Select one: a. Receiving tribute payments from Korea and Japan b. Mounting huge, state-sponsored trading expeditions to southern Asia and beyond c. Extending their political control over Vietnam and Korea d. Use of a centralized bureaucracy but under the direct control of the emperor e. The use of gunpowder weapons on both land and naval vessels

What was the most significant of the transformations brought about by the Abbasids' rise to power? a. The destruction of Sunni influences within Islam b. The mawali were admitted as full members of the Islamic community c. Victory in the Crusades and the conquest of Spain d. The destruction of absolutism within Islamic government e. The final defeat of the Byzantine Empire with the capture of Constantinople

What was the nature of slavery within the Abbasid social system? a. Slavery was known in Abbasid cities, but was virtually unknown in the countryside where most labor was performed by a free peasantry. b. Because most unskilled labor was left to the unfree, slaves could be found in both the towns and countryside of the Abbasid Empire. c. Slavery was limited to the non-Arab converts to Islam, and died out during the period of the Abbasid Empire. d. According to the Quran, slavery could not exist in Islam, and the Abbasid freed all former slaves. e. Most slaves worked under favorable conditions but were never allowed to convert to Islam.

What was the religious preference of the Korean elite? Select one: a. Christianity b. Buddhism c. Hindu d. Confucianism e. Islam

What was the result of the first civil war between Ali and the Umayyads? Select one: a. Ali was killed in the conflict, but his son Hasan was named caliph and won a great victory over the Abbasids. b. Despite early successes, Ali's faction disintegrated, leading to an Umayyad victory and Ali's assassination. c. Ali was able to defeat the Umayyad clan and reduce them to political insignificance. d. Islam remained firmly united behind the heirs of Husayn and Ali. e. Ali suffered a disastrous military defeat at the Battle of Siffin, and the Umayyads emerged victorious.

What was the result of the imperial attempt by the Tang to suppress Buddhism within the Chinese empire? Select one: a. Buddhism was eradicated in China by the end of the Tang era and replaced by the traditional Daoist and Confucian beliefs. b. Buddhism survived the repression, but in a reduced state without the political influence of the early Tang years. c. Buddhism survived the brief imperial persecution and was restored as the primary religion of the state during the Song dynasty. d. Buddhism became a sect of minor importance but with many followers among the scholar-gentry. e. Despite official attempts to suppress Buddhism, monastic orders continued to exert political influence and control landed wealth as they did in the first decades of Tang rule.

What were the reforms enacted in 646 that intended to thoroughly incorporate Chinese culture and political structure into Japanese society? Select one: a. Yoritomo b. Taika c. Onin d. Gempei e. Heian

Which emperor's reign marked the high point of the Tang power? Select one: a. Wei b. Xuanzong c. Yang Guifei d. Gaozu e. Wu

Which of the following areas was NOT one of the regions into which expansion from western Europe took place? Select one: a. Iceland and Greenland b. Northern Africa c. Poland d. Eastern Germany e. Spain

Which of the following cultural traits was NOT introduced into Vietnam from China following the Han conquest of 111 B.C.E.? Select one: a. Chinese-style schools b. Chinese reliance on the nuclear family c. Chinese examination system and bureaucracy d. Chinese military organization e. Chinese agricultural cropping techniques and irrigation technology

Which of the following describes a key difference between art in western and eastern Christianity? a. art in the Roman church depicts the image of Christ, while Orthodox art does no b. art in the Roman church emphasizes Christ's suffering, while Orthodox art emphasizes Christ's majesty c. art in the Roman church depicts only a triumphant Christ, while Orthodox art only depicts Christ's crucifixion d. art in the Roman church depicts figures from the gospels, while Orthodox art depicts only figures from the Old Testament e. art in the Roman church depicts Christ and the saints, while Orthodox art portrays only believers

Which of the following descriptions of Pure Land Buddhism is NOT accurate? Select one: a. It offered a refuge from war and turmoil. b. It appealed to upper class Chinese. c. It appealed to the Chinese commoners. d. It was founded by Chinese monks. e. It was a salvationist variant of Buddhism.

Which of the following did NOT occur as a result of the Aztec rise to power? Select one: a. The emergence of a ruler with supreme powers b. The abandonment of human sacrifice c. A highly urbanized society d. The increasing dominance of the nobility e. The subsequent expansion of power and the boundaries of Aztec control

Which of the following groups did NOT migrate to the coastal region of East Africa? a. Bantu b. Berbers from north Africa c. Settlers from the Persian Gulf d. Refugees from Oman e. Seaborne immigrants from Indonesia and Malaya

Which of the following groups did NOT revolt against Abbasid rule? a. Peasants b. Sunnis c. Buyids d. Slaves e. Shi'as

Which of the following issues was a cause for the split between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches after 1054? a. the absence of monasticism in Roman Catholicism b. the Roman Catholic practice of requiring celibacy for its priests c. the insistence of the patriarch of Constantinople on supremacy within church councils d. the Orthodox church's lack of bishops e. polygamy among Orthodox priests

Which of the following represents a cultural difference between the Incas and Aztecs? Select one: a. Relative isolation b. Lack of a writing system c. Monumental architecture d. Practice of human sacrifice e. Lack of a priest class

Which of the following represents a mounting pressure for change in pre-Islamic society? a. Invasion from sub-Saharan Africa agricultural cultures incompatible with nomadic life b. Greater Byzantine and Sasanian control over Arabic tribes of the peninsula and Arabic migration to Mesopotamia c. The increasing scarcity of natural resources to support the life and culture of the bedouins d. The increasing influence of Hindu animism from the expansion of the Gupta Empire e. The increasing influence of polytheism throughout all cultures around the Mediterranean

Which of the following represents a significant difference between the Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations? Select one: a. Kin-based social groups b. Climate and geography c. Tribute systems d. The existence of a nobility e. Sedentary agricultural systems

Which of the following statements about Chinese landscape painting is most accurate? Select one: a. Song subsidies to foreign painters resulted in the production of magnificent landscapes. b. Members of the ruling political elite in China produced many of the paintings in the Song era. c. Paintings never conveyed moral messages or used symbolism. d. Landscape painting was virtually unknown until after the Mongol invasions. e. As in the West, landscape painting was the special skill of the military elite.

Which of the following statements concerning entry into the Chinese bureaucracy is most accurate? Select one: a. The examination system was eliminated during the Tang dynasty, and only members of the imperial family served in the bureaucracy. b. Birth and family connections continued to be important in securing high office. c. The higher levels of the Chinese bureaucracy were dominated by many bright commoners. d. Although the examination system continued to be monitored, almost all official received positions as a result of family connections. e. Under the Tang family connections ceased to be of significance, as all candidates received office based on their score in the examination system.

Which of the following statements concerning inter-clan relationships in bedouin society is most accurate? a. Inter-clan violence was regulated by a universally recognized code of law imposed by the Quraysh in Mecca. b. Inter-clan violence over control of water and pasturage was common. c. Violence in Bedouin society was generally limited to slave uprisings. d. Arabic society was too mobile to result in many contacts between clans, and therefore violence was minimal. e. Clans within the same tribe almost never engaged in warfare, but violence between different tribes was common.

Which of the following statements concerning the Tatar invasion of Russia is most accurate? a. the Tatars rapidly devised a closely supervised local administration for the Russian cities b. Tatar supervision did not destroy Russian Christianity or a native Russian aristocracy c. the Tatars used Russia as a springboard for the successful invasion of western Europe d. Tatar control of Russia lasted for four decades e. Russia became a Mongol possession permanently

Which of the following statements concerning the interaction of North American colonists with the Indians is most accurate? Select one: a. Rapid intermarriage between Europeans and the Native Americans resulted in the creation of a new class of people, the mestizos, who continued to play a significant role in North American colonial development. b. Colonists interacted with Indians, learned from them, and misused them, but did not forge a new cultural grouping as occurred in much of Latin America. c. The occurrence of disease that rapidly decimated the Indian populations of Latin America did not take place in North America, thus Indian populations remained large and intermingled with the European immigrants. d. Indian populations grew as a result of new foods and goods introduced by European settlers. e. Constant warfare between the numerous sedentary agricultural tribes and the European colonists resulted in limited immigration from Europe.

Which of the following statements concerning the medieval economy is most true? Select one: a. Medieval economics, overall, tended to discourage merchant activity and technical innovation. b. Medieval economics was a combination of capitalistic and feudal practices c. Medieval economic thought and practice was of no consequence to later Western economic thinkers and actors. d. Medieval economic systems were based on global trade with China and India. e. Medieval economics simply repeated the thought and practice of earlier economic thinkers.

Which of the following statements concerning the mercenary armies of the later Abbasid era is NOT accurate? a. They helped foster the decline of the empire. b. Despite their tendency toward random violence, they loyally defended the Abbasid caliphs. c. They were consistently a major player in the factional contests for control of the capital and the empire. d. Mercenary troops became a disruptive force in the life of Baghdad and other cities. e. They often consisted largely of slave troops.

Which of the following statements concerning the political fragmentation of the Arabic world in the 1400s is most accurate? Select one: a. Following the fall of the Abbasid caliphate, the Middle East became part of the colonial empire of the emerging feudal states of western Europe. b. After the fall of the Abbasid caliphate, the emerging Ottoman Empire soon mastered most of the lands of the old caliphate plus the Byzantine corner. c. The political fragmentation caused by the fall of Baghdad lasted for several centuries under the decentralized administration of the Seljuk Turks. d. The political system was chaotic for 300 years until the rise of a new political order under the Ottoman Turks. e. The Mongol conquests eliminated any form of centralized government in the Middle East until the 17th century.

Which of the following statements concerning the society and economy of the warlord or shogun era in Japanese history is most accurate? Select one: a. The frequent combat of the warlord era suppressed the development of artisan or merchant classes in Japan. b. Despite political chaos, improvements in agricultural techniques and incentives led to occupation of previously uncultivated areas. c. The farm economy continued to improve due to the introduction of the three field system from Europe. d. Due to the incessant warfare, the Japanese economy was reduced to barbarism. e. The peasantry were further reduced in status as the agricultural economy experienced rapid reductions in the acreage under production.

Which of the following statements concerning women during the Abbasid era is most accurate? a. Abbasid women had vastly greater freedom than did women in the first century of Islam. b. Women often married at puberty, set at age nine. c. Rich women had many career outlets in Islamic cities. d. No Islamic women engaged in labor. e. Women often practiced polygamy.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of the Japanese government following the death of Yoritomo? Select one: a. The successors of Yoritomo seized the imperial throne in their own name and set off a civil war between the old imperial family at Nara and the new one in Kamakura. b. Real power rested in the Hojo family, who manipulated the Minamoto shoguns, who in turn claimed to rule in the name of the emperor at Kyoto. c. Power was rapidly dissipated after the emperor was officially deposed without a successor. d. There was a two-tiered system of government with power resting with the restored emperor at Heian who commanded a body of aristocratic warriors associated with the bakufu at Kyoto. e. Japanese unity was achieved and feudal rule was ended under the leadership of the shoguns.

Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to the economic crises of the 14th century? Select one: a. Bubonic plague b. Withdrawal from the global trading network c. Labor shortages d. Recurrent famine e. Lack of technological advance in agriculture

Which of the following was NOT a literary figure during the Abbasid Empire? a. Firdawsi b. Muhammad ibn Qasim c. Ibn Rushd d. Omar Khayyam e. Sa'di

Which of the following was NOT a result of the European contact with sub-Saharan Africa after 1500? Select one: a. European weapons played an increasing role in the tribal conflicts between north and south. b. Regional kingdoms lost all influence in west Africa and were replaced by European governments c. Trade shifted in west Africa from Muslim to European hands d. Trade patterns in west Africa shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic e. Seizure of slaves for European use affected many regions deeply

Which of the following was NOT a symptom of decline in the Arabic caliphate by 1400? Select one: a. The narrowing of intellectual life symbolized by the triumph of religion over literature, philosophy, and science b. The decline of the Sufis c. Decline of tax revenues for the state d. Landlords ceasing to experiment with new agricultural techniques. e. Landlords seizing power over peasants

Which of the following was NOT one of Justinian's positive contributions to the Byzantine Empire? a. the rebuilding of Constantinople b. the reconquest of Gaul c. the construction of Hagia Sophia d. allowing for new architectural innovations e. systematizing of the Roman legal code

Which of the following was one of the first new areas brought into the global commercial network after 1450? Select one: a. Eastern Africa b. The Americas c. Ming China d. Scandinavia e. Asia Minor

Which of the khanates undertook the task of conquering Russia? Select one: a. Karakorum khanate b. Golden Horde c. Chinese khanate d. Kipchak khanate e. Ilkhan khanate

Which statement is TRUE regarding Caliph al-Mahdi and the problem of succession in the Abbasid dynasty? a. He appointed one of his sons to succeed him. b. He failed to resolve the problem of dynastic succession with disastrous results. c. He specified the rule of primogeniture, the succession of the oldest son. d. He accepted the radical proposition that only a man of demonstrable Islamic purity should succeed. e. He accepted the Shi'a doctrine that only the person with the most direct relationship to Muhammad should succeed.

Why did the Arab warriors not want to convert large numbers of people to Islam? Select one: a. They lacked the political organization to govern them and feared insurrection by non-Arabs. b. They would have had to share their booty and would have lost tax revenues. c. Muhammad specifically stated that Islam could only be spread among the Arabs. d. They wanted to keep high religious offices among themselves. e. Conversion would have slowed down the process of conquest.

Why did the Mongols not pursue the conquest of western Europe? Select one: a. The Mongols had no interest in western Europe. b. The death of Khagan Ogedei in Karakorum precipitated a struggle for the succession involving the khan of the Golden Horde. c. They were defeated at the battle of Bratislava by King Bela of Hungary and allied knights of eastern Europe. d. Attacks by Timur-i Lang on the southern limits of the territories belonging to the Golden Horde interrupted the Mongol assault. e. They lacked the necessary cavalry skills.

Why did the initiative in early conquest and exploration pass to northern European nations in the later 16th century? Select one: a. Conquered nations rose up against Spain and Portugal, requiring large forces to suppress them. b. The Dutch and the British improved the design of oceanic vessels, producing faster ships than their Catholic rivals. c. The Spanish defeat of the English Armada cut England off from further advances in Europe and forced English attention to foreign conquest. d. Spain and Portugal were defeated in a critical war with the Ottoman Empire. e. Famine and disease disastrously reduced the population of the Iberian peninsula after 1588.

What was the military title taken by the later rulers of Songhay? a. Sultan b. Askia c. Caliph d. Griot e. Dhow

b. Askia

The African traders associated with the Mali Empire were called a. Jenne. b. Juula. c. Soninke. d. Zimbabwe. e. Griots.

b. Juula.

What was the nature of urbanization within the Mali Empire? a. The "cities" of Mali were essentially religious and palace complexes that lacked populations of specialists other than men devoted to religious observances. b. Mali possessed "port cities" along the Niger River such as Jenne and Timbuktu, which flourished both commercially and culturally. c. Few mosques were ever built in Malinke cities, which led to a gradual decline in urban areas. d. As a conquest empire, Mali possessed garrison cities for its soldiers, but failed to develop commercial centers. e. Mali failed to develop cities prior to the rise of a strong monarchy under Sundiata.

b. Mali possessed "port cities" along the Niger River such as Jenne and Timbuktu, which flourished both commercially and culturally.

Which of the following statements concerning the economies of Africa is NOT correct? a. Stateless societies found it difficult to maintain long-distance trade because of external conflicts. b. Much of the region lacked a market economy and was based on self-sufficient agricultural units. c. Settled agriculture and iron working had been established in many areas before the post-classical period. d. Trade was handled by professional merchants, often in kinship groupings. e. North Africa was fully involved in the Mediterranean and Arab economic world.

b. Much of the region lacked a market economy and was based on self-sufficient agricultural units.

Why was Islam so readily adopted by rulers within the Sudan? a. The Muslim concept of religious equality allowed rulers to dispose of the traditional clans and lineages of Africa. b. The Muslim concept of a ruler who united civil and religious authority reinforced traditional ideas of kingship. c. As a monotheistic religion, Islam was much like the traditional religions of Africa. d. Their conversion had been prophesied for many years by the griots who were considered the most important advisors for the monarchy. e. They were all conquered by overwhelming Muslim armies and forcibly converted to Islam.

b. The Muslim concept of a ruler who united civil and religious authority reinforced traditional ideas of kingship.

What was the form of political organization of the Yoruba people of Nigeria? a. The Yoruba state was strongly centralized under a divine emperor who ruled from Ile-Ife. b. The Yoruba were organized in a number of small city-states under the authority of regional kings. c. The Yoruba were organized in small tribal villages under the rule of individual headmen. d. The Yoruba were a stateless people until the arrival of the Europeans in the 1500s. e. The Yoruba were part of the Mali Empire and accepted Mali's king as their king.

b. The Yoruba were organized in a number of small city-states under the authority of regional kings.

African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority were referred to as a. pastoral groupings. b. stateless. c. proto-empires. d. Islamic tribes. e. Bantu conical clans.

b. stateless.

Many African societies unaffected by either Christianity or Islam developed states without a. borders. b. systems of writing. c. systems of government. d. monumental architecture. e. much success.

b. systems of writing.

After the arrival of Islam, societies in west Africa (A) became largely patrilineal. (B) implemented Islamic law regarding the seclusion of women. (C) often continued to recognize traditions granting women extensive rights. (D) abandoned the tradition of polygamy. (E) abolished slavery.

Around what year did the Aztecs migrate to the central valley of Mexico? Select one: a. 1434 b. 1000 c. 1325 d. 932 e. 1150

As the power of the Heian emperors declined, (A) Chinese trained scholar officials assumed control of the government. (B) civil war broke out between branches of the imperial family. (C) local nobles carved out estates and reduced the peasants to serfdom. (D) China conquered Japan. (E) religious groups and the clergy became the effective government

At the time of their migration to the shores of Lake Texcoco, the Aztec numbered about Select one: a. 1,000. b. 150,000 c. 10,000 d. 100,000 e. 50,000

By 1500, agriculture was Select one: a. practiced in sedentary communities and by nomadic pastoralists throughout the Americas. b. virtually unknown outside of the Andean and Mesoamerican civilization zones. c. largely diffused throughout the Americas, although not always in sedentary agricultural communities. d. practiced in sedentary communities throughout the Americas. e. practiced sparingly inside Mesoamerica but was used extensively in regions such as the Mississippi.

By the 11th and 12th centuries, what was the status of the Japanese court aristocracy? Select one: a. The aristocracy increased in power due to the influence of the Taira and Minamoto families. b. The resuscitation of the emperor led to the destruction of the court aristocracy and the suppression of the regional warrior elite. c. Aristocratic families at the court depended on alliances with the provincial warrior elite in order to exercise any power. d. The court aristocracy succeeded by the 11th century in setting aside the emperor in favor of regionalized government. e. They continued to dominate the imperial government and to depend on their alliance with the Buddhist monasteries.

Closely identified with the cult of sacrifice and the military, the Aztec social hierarchy developed a nobility referred to as the Select one: a. calpulli. b. quipus. c. pipiltin. d. pochteca. e. chinampas.

Contacts between Hindus and Muslims led to (A) the seclusion of Hindu women. (B) constant warfare between the two groups. (C) the absorption by the Muslims of many Hindu social practices. (D) mass conversion of Hindus to Islam. (E) decreased trade opportunities.

Despite Japan's official policy of isolation, the Dutch were able to gain special access to the port of Select one: a. Yokohama. b. Kyoto. c. Nagasaki. d. Nissei. e. Osaka.

During the Early Modern Era, the world economy and trade (A) spread to and linked all countries and continents except Antartica. (B) was dominated by Muslim merchants. (C) did not include areas such as China, Japan, and many Muslim regions. (D) relied heavily on the slave trade to generate capital and profits. (E) shipped primarily agricultural products.

During the Middle Ages, effective political and military power in Europe was (A) wielded by the Roman Catholic church. (B) the domain of the national monarch such as the King of France. (C) local in nature with regional aristocrats holding the greatest influence. (D) furnished by mercenary armies supported by the rich towns and cities. (E) shared by the peasants, urban dwellers, and the church.

During the Song dynasty the interest of Confucian intellectuals in nature was most apparent in their production of Select one: a. sculptures of ideal athletic figures. b. religious homilies. c. landscape paintings. d. riddles. e. devotional objects.

Following the death of Yoritomo, what family dominated the military government of the bakufu at Kamakura? Select one: a. Yoshitsune b. Fujiwara c. Hojo d. Minamoto e. Taira

Geography, environment, and movement in Vietnam (A) successfully fostered the growth of a uniform Vietnamese culture. (B) have increasingly isolated Vietnam from its neighbors. (C) divided the nation into two cultural divisions—one in the south along the Mekong River and the other in the north along the Red River. (D) have made Chinese influence in Vietnam inevitable. (E) led to the spread of Christianity and Islam throughout the country

How did the Aztecs view the cultural achievements of the Toltecs? Select one: a. As heretics, who practiced a forbidden religion b. As slaves, fit only for conquest c. As the givers of civilization d. As barbarians who lacked culture e. The Toltec culture was unknown to the Aztecs

How did the Song empire compare to the Tang? Select one: a. The Song empire was greater in territorial extent than the Tang empire. b. The Song empire and the Tang empire were virtually identical in territorial extent. c. The Song empire was smaller in territorial extent than the Tang empire. d. Although approximately the same size, the Song empire extended farther north than the Tang. e. The Song was larger than the Tang and Han.

How did the political center of Islam change after the Mongol invasions? a. Mongolian became the language of politics and commerce. b. The political center of Islam was removed to sub-Saharan Africa. c. Baghdad was supplanted by Cairo to the east and soon thereafter Istanbul to the north. d. The center of Islam passed with the withdrawal of the invaders into the steppes of central Asia. e. Baghdad remained the capital of Islam, but under the control of successive Mongol dynasties.

In Asia, significant conversion to Christianity Select one: a. was limited to the Dutch holding in Indonesia. b. happened wherever the Westerners were able to establish colonies. c. occurred only in the northern Philippines. d. occurred in Korea. e. failed to occur anywhere.

In most ways, the Mongols epitomized what type of society and culture? Select one: a. Urban b. Modern c. Nomadic d. Sedentary agricultural e. Hunting-and-gathering

In terms of the integration of a centralized empire, how did the Incas and Aztecs compare? Select one: a. To create their empires both allowed little variation from region to region and city to city. b. Both the Incas and the Aztecs created fully integrated empires complete with central bureaucracies and military administrative units that controlled all conquered regions. c. The Incas attempted to create an over-arching political state and made conscious attempts to integrate their empire as a unit, while the Aztecs did less in this regard. d. The Aztecs were more advanced than the Incas in consolidating their government into an integrated unit. e. The Aztecs and Incas both made little attempt to integrate conquered territories and permitted self-rule in return for loyalty and tribute.

In what way did foot-binding serve to diminish the independence of Chinese women by the end of the Song era? Select one: a. Because foot-binding could only be afforded by the elite, poorer women were assigned to a lower social status. b. Foot-binding, although considered socially attractive, was condemned by neo-Confucians. c. Foot-binding sufficiently crippled women to effectively confine their mobility to their household. d. As foot-binding was required in order to practice certain professions, Chinese women found that occupational alternatives were diminished. e. Upper-class women considered it high status and hoarded money to pay for it.

In what year was Charlemagne able to establish a substantial, if temporary, empire in France and Germany? Select one: a. 500 b. 1000 c. 800 d. 1100 e. 900

In which of the following colonies did a deeper appreciation of Western institutions and values take place? Select one: a. Brazil b. Spanish Latin America c. French and British colonies of North America d. India e. Macao

Medieval universities and schools (A) were established to train bureaucrats to run the government. (B) were hesitant to study the Greek classics and Arab sciences. (C) trained students mainly in theology, medicine, and law. (D) arose in rural settings around the larger, more famous monasteries. (E) welcomed members of all classes including women, provided they passed the entrance exams.

Mounted troops owing loyalty to the military elite were called Select one: a. kata. b. Bakafu. c. samurai. d. bushi. e. Yoritomo.

One reason offered for the expansion of the Inca state was (A) a need for humans to sacrifice to the state gods. (B) overpopulation and the need for new crop land. (C) each new Inca ruler had to secure new land and wealth for himself. (D) changing environment and climate that drove the Incas from their homeland. (E) superior technologies made it easy for the Incas to conquer other peoples.

Relationships between members of the military elite based on a reciprocal exchange of land for military service and loyalty were called Select one: a. manorialism. b. the guild system. c. feudalism. d. capitalism. e. monasticism.

Religious practices of the Incas included all of these attributes EXCEPT: (A) animism. (B) ancestor worship. (C) monotheism. (D) sun worship. (E) theocratic government.

Serfs differed from slaves in that (A) serfs were largely commercialized artisans while slaves were agricultural. (B) serfs were ethnically Europeans while slaves were Muslims, pagans, and Africans. (C) they could not be bought or sold, and owned some of the land they farmed. (D) serfs could serve in the military, while slaves could not. (E) slaves frequently were better educated and lived in towns.

The British were able to oust the French from Canada following the Select one: a. battle of Manzikert. b. Battle of Algiers. c. Seven Years War. d. Sepoy rebellion. e. Taipei rebellion.

The Hanseatic League is an example of (A) a guild. (B) a military triumvirate. (C) a commercial alliance. (D) the growth of cultural institutions in the late Middle Ages. (E) the educational collaboration of the era.

The Inca nobility were Select one: a. drawn from the noble ayllus of the conquered population. b. not distinguished from the commoners by appearance or dress. c. drawn from 10 royal ayllus and the city of Cuzco. d. often commoners who distinguished themselves in battle. e. lower in status to the yanas and the priest class.

The Inca ruler associated with the first creation of the Inca empire in 1438 was Select one: a. Moctezuma II. b. Nezhualcoyotl. c. Pachacuti. d. Ahuitzotl. e. Topac Yupanqui.

The Mongol assault on the Middle East (A) led to the conversion of the Mongols in the area to Nestorian Christianity. (B) strengthened Muslim armies to effectively resist the Mongols. (C) led to the capture and devastation of Baghdad. (D) was supported by Muslims living in the area. (E) extended the life of the Abbasid Caliphate.

The Mongols were defeated in 1260 at Ain Jalut by the Select one: a. Ottoman Turks. b. crusader states and their Assassin allies. c. Mamluk dynasty of Egypt. d. Russian and Bulgarian forces. e. forces of the Byzantine Empire.

The Pillar of Islam which helped create the first global civilization was (A) a profession of faith. (B) charity and alms-giving to help the Muslim community. (C) the pilgrimage by the faithful to Mecca. (D) fasting during Ramadan. (E) the holy war (jihad) against unbelievers.

The Seljuks (A) conquered the Abbasid caliphate and Byzantine Empire. (B) favored the Shi'a sect and became its protector. (C) settled in the lands of modern Turkey and became the Abbasids' protector. (D) were unable to stop the Crusades or end crusader control of Jerusalem. (E) became a sect of Islam devoted to learning, mysticism, and medicine.

The capital of the Byzantine Empire and its commercial center was located at a. Athens b. Baghdad c. Constantinople d. Rome e. Nicaea

The development of regional power bases in Japan among the warrior elites of the countryside corresponded to what events in China? Select one: a. The period of the Six Dynasties b. The Mongol conquest of the southern Song c. The decline of the Tang dynasty d. The rise of the Tang dynasty e. The conquest of Vietnam

The fall of Acre, the last crusader stronghold, occurred in what year? a. 1135 b. 1099 c. 1291 d. 1193 e. 1204

The first Song emperor restored the unity of China EXCEPT for what northern dynasty? Select one: a. Hangzhou b. Jin c. Liao d. Silla e. Jurchen

The first state in Russia arose when (A) nomadic pastoralists established a sedentary Jewish state. (B) Byzantine missionaries converted Russian farmers. (C) Scandinavian traders set up a government along their trade route. (D) Arabs who conquered the area established a province of the Muslim empire. (E) Catholic influences from western Europe invaded the region.

The first western European nation to establish an overseas empire in the 15th century was (A) the Netherlands. (B) Sweden. (C) Portugal. (D) France. (E) Spain

The high level of Chinese literacy was due to (A) free schooling for all classes of society. (B) the introduction of an alphabet during the Song dynasty. (C) the invention of movable-type printing and cheap paper. (D) the simplicity of the Chinese system of writing. (E) priests and Confucian theology, which insisted that Heaven wanted all people to be able to read and to write the Confucian classics.

The kingdom of Kiev in southern Russia was established by traders from a. Czechoslovakia b. the Byzantine Empire c. Scandinavia d. the Balkans e. the Middle East

The main reason European conquerors and navigators were able to sail and continue to explore, and the reason the Ming Chinese fleets in the Indian Ocean failed was (A) Europeans had superior military technologies and the Chinese did not. (B) Europe encountered no opposition, while the Chinese did. (C) European governments supported and encouraged overseas expeditions; the Ming did not. (D) European nations were wealthier than the Chinese. (E) China had a smaller population base than Europe and could not afford to send people abroad.

The most important Dutch colony in Africa was located on Select one: a. Zanzibar. b. Mozambique. c. the Cape of Good Hope. d. Madagascar. e. the island of Ceylon.

The name normally given to the form of Christianity that emerged in the Byzantine Empire was a. Coptic Christianity b. Nestorianism c. Orthodox Christianity d. Russian Orthodox e. Roman Catholicism

The prince of Muscovy, in alliance with other Russian princes, defeated the Golden Horde in 1380 at the battle of Select one: a. Ain Jalut. b. Cracow. c. Kulikova. d. Vladivostok. e. Bratislava.

The religious practice most closely associated with the state and the person of the Inca in Andean civilization was the cult of Select one: a. Twantinsuyu. b. Quetzalcoatl. c. the sun. d. human sacrifice. e. the rain god.

The transformation that most immediately weakened the power and influence of pastoral nomads over sedentary civilization was due to (A) the introduction of better-organized sedentary states. (B) increased centralization of sedentary governments. (C) the devastation of nomadic populations by the Black Death. (D) newer technologies, especially weapons, used by sedentary civilizations. (E) settling of farmers on the traditional lands of the nomads.

Under the emperors after Justinian, the chief concern of the Byzantine state was (A) religious heresy and controversy. (B) the overtaxation of the peasants and frequent peasant rebellions. (C) the defense against Slavs, Russians, and Arab invaders. (D) the conversion of the Slavs to Christianity. (E) the support of the arts, including new building projects such as the Hagia Sophia.

What Florentine painter led the way in the movement toward nature and people as the primary subject matter of Renaissance art? Select one: a. Petrarch b. Fra Angelico c. Giotto d. Masaccio e. Boccaccio

What Frankish king was responsible for the conversion of his people to Christianity in order to gain a vague domination over the Franks? Select one: a. Louis IX b. Charles Martel c. Clovis d. Charlemagne e. Pepin III

What belief did the conversion of Germanic kings create among Western religious leaders, particularly the pope? Select one: a. That the Church was subordinate to the secular monarchs b. That such conversion represented a danger to the papal hierarchy c. That the Church was superior to the secular rulers d. That the church should fear powerful kings e. That the Church should avoid conversion of northern Germanic kings

What do the authors suggest was the principal reason for Inca conquest and expansion? Select one: a. The existence of long-distance trade merchants within the imperial administration b. The absence of irrigation systems within the Inca empire c. The practice of split inheritance d. The cult of the sun e. Their need for human sacrificial victims

What dynasty took over the Frankish monarchy in the 8th century? Select one: a. Saxon b. Capetian c. Carolingian d. Norman e. Merovingian

What land was claimed for Spain as the result of Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe beginning in 1519? Select one: a. Macao b. New Zealand c. Philippines d. Chile e. Australia

What led to the downfall of the Sui dynasty? Select one: a. Famines, which led to a depletion of economic resources b. Widespread Buddhist rebellion c. Unsuccessful military campaigns d. The dissatisfaction of the Confucian scholar-gentry class e. Nomadic invasions

What tactic on the field of battle was employed most frequently by Chinggis Khan's forces? Select one: a. Frontal assault by massed cavalry b. Massed artillery barrage followed by infantry attacks on the flanks c. Heavy cavalry attacks on the flanks after an initial frontal attack and feigned retreat. d. Frontal assaults using massive infantry formations e. Cavalry were sent out as a decoy before massive infantry movements.

What title was given to the military leader of the bakufu at Kamakura? Select one: a. sensei b. bakshi c. shogun d. kiri e. kata

What was a primary difference between marriages, families, and households of the upper and lower classes in Tang-Song China? Select one: a. Upper-class men rarely married foot-bound women. b. Members of the elite often married before the age of puberty. c. Extended family households were more common in upper-class households than in lower-class ones. d. In the upper classes, males frequently married females of a younger generation. e. Households of the lower classes tended not to be patriarchal.

What was al-Mahdi's attitude toward the Shi'as? a. He viewed them as opponents of his dynasty and attempted to eliminate them. b. He accepted the fundamental doctrines of the Shi'as and abdicated. c. He appealed to the moderate factions of the Shi'as to support the Abbasid dynasty. d. In order to placate the Shi'as, al-Mahdi lived a pious life of poverty and simplicity. e. He instituted a program of conversion so they would become Sunni.

What was the Umayyad response to Muhammad's migration to Medina and subsequent success there? a. The Umayyad rulers of Mecca ignored Muhammad as long as he was content to remain in Medina. b. War broke out between Mecca and Medina resulting in the eventual victory of the Umayyads. c. War broke out between Mecca and Medina resulting in the eventual victory of Muhammad and the Medina clans. d. The Umayyads eagerly converted to Islam and welcomed Muhammad back to Mecca. e. Reluctantly but peacefully, the Umayyads were converted to Islam.

What was the Yuan policy with respect to religion during the Mongol occupation of China? Select one: a. Muslims and Buddhists were excluded from public life but were allowed to practice their religion. b. Because it was closer to the animism practiced by the Mongols on the steppes, the Yuan adopted Daoism as the state religion. c. The Yuan, like their ancestors, insisted on religious toleration. d. Despite their desire to remain separate, the Yuan emperors were converted to Buddhism under the influence of Chabi, Kubilai Khan's wife. e. Like the Chinese dynasties, over time the Yuan adopted Confucianism as the primary ideology of the state.

What was the attitude of the Tang emperors toward the Confucian scholar-gentry? Select one: a. The Tang feared the development of the scholar-gentry and continued to support the nomadic aristocracy of China. b. The scholar-gentry class began to evolve into a new merchant and trade class due to the intervention of the emperors. c. The Tang supported the rebirth of the Confucian scholar-gentry, often at the expense of the aristocracy. d. Confucianism continued to wane during the Tang dynasty and was only resuscitated under the Song. e. The Tang continued to support and patronize the growth of Buddhism in China at the expense of the Confucian scholar-gentry.

What was the date of Muhammad's flight to Medina from Mecca? a. 635 C.E. b. 711 C.E. c. 622 C.E. d. 610 C.E. e. 570 C.E.

What was the impact of the introduction of American crops into Europe? Select one: a. Most Europeans rejected the new foods as uncivilized and began to import rice from China. b. Plantation agriculture fueled by slave labor became the norm in European agricultural systems. c. The introduction of corn and the potato led to major population growth in Europe. d. Although American crops were introduced around the world by European traders, they were not adopted in Europe itself. e. Fungi introduced to Europe along with American crops led to a severe decline in agricultural productivity.

What was the impact on Confucianism of the Tang repression of the Buddhists? Select one: a. Confucianism, like Buddhism, declined in popularity, and its place was taken by Daoism. b. Confucianism and Daoism blended with Buddhism to form a new philosophy. c. Confucianism emerged as the central ideology of Chinese civilization until the 20th century. d. Confucianism emerged in a strengthened condition, but still remained behind Buddhism in the sense of providing a basis for the intellectual rationale of Chinese civilization. e. Because Confucian scholar-gentry were associated with the persecution, Confucianism failed to generate much popular support outside the imperial government.

What was the military organization of the Heian government in Japan? Select one: a. Formal military organization was abandoned by the emperor as a way to control the bushi. b. The emperor formalized the creation of a peasant-conscript army on the model of the Chinese. c. Local members of the aristocracy were ordered to organize militia forces. d. The emperor accepted the introduction of Chinese troops as the basis for the Japanese army. e. Buddhist monasteries depended on the bushi for protection.

What was the most critical cultural advance as a result of the increased contact between Muslims and Indian civilization? a. Muslim commerce was increasingly dominated by the merchant caste of India. b. India adopted Islamic science and Sufi literary techniques. c. Muslims adopted the Indian system of mathematical notation. d. Muslims adopted the highly stratified social system common in Indian civilization. e. Muslims adopted the Hindu pantheon of gods.

What was the most important "stepchild" of the Byzantine civilization? a. Bulgaria b. Italy c. Russia d. Greece e. Poland

What was the nature of the Russian resistance to the Mongol invasion? Select one: a. As the leading commercial centers of Russia, Kiev and Novgorod allied to create a substantial military force that saved those cities from destruction. b. The Russian peasants conducted guerilla warfare under the leadership of the Kievan Rus. c. The princes of Russia refused to cooperate among themselves and were routed individually. d. The Russian cities allied rapidly to confront the Mongols with a united force. e. The Russians appealed to the Byzantine Empire to provide them with military assistance against the Mongols.

What was the political organization of Russia at the time of the Mongol invasion in the first half of the 13th century? Select one: a. Russia was united under the rule of the prince of Muscovy. b. Russia was ruled by Romanov tsars based in Moscow. c. Russia was divided into numerous petty kingdoms centered on trading cities. d. Russia was united under the rule of the prince of Novgorod. e. Russia was united under the rule of Kiev.

What was the primary cultural contribution of the Muslims during the Abbasid period? a. Although the material culture of the Abbasid period remained poor, Muslims were able to make some advances in music. b. The Muslims became extraordinarily adept at portraiture, focusing on depictions of Muhammad and the early caliphs. c. The Muslims were able to recover and preserve the works of the ancient philosophers as well as transmit ideas and culture from one civilization to another. d. Islamic culture combined the achievements of earlier civilizations such as the Harappan and the Aryans. e. Islamic learning was necessarily unique, as they had no access to the ancient traditions of philosophy and science.

What was the purpose of the early English voyages to North America? Select one: a. To establish colonies b. To convert natives to Catholicism c. To discover an Arctic route to China d. To drive the Spanish from the Americas e. To create a fortified port and trading region

What was the regional splinter dynasty that captured Baghdad in 945? a. Seljuk Turks b. Ghazni c. Buyids d. Mongols e. Avars

What was the relationship between the Toltecs and their predecessors in central Mexico? Select one: a. The former residents of central Mexico were wiped out during the Toltec invasions. b. The Toltec rejected all economic and social practices but did use similar religious practices. c. The Toltecs adopted many cultural features from their predecessors to which they added a strong military ethic and human sacrifice. d. The Toltecs adopted the animistic religion of their predecessors, but failed to develop cities or ceremonial centers. e. The entry of the Toltecs into central Mexico marks an abrupt break in the cultural development of the region.

What was the technological innovation that aided the Byzantine Empire in withstanding the Muslim siege of Constantinople in 717? a. catapults b. the longbow c. Greek fire d. gunpowder rockets e. cannon

When did Chinese influence on Japan peak? Select one: a. 2nd and 3rd centuries C.E. b. 1st century B.C.E. c. 7th and 8th centuries C.E. d. 5th and 6th centuries C.E. e. 3rd century B.C.E.

When the Mongols divided their empire, the only region that did not become a center for one of their khanates was (A) Iran and Mespotamia. (B) central Asia. (C) India. (D) East Asia. (E) the steppes of Russia, the Ukraine, and Siberia.

Where was the first Spanish colony on the American mainland? Select one: a. Peru b. Florida c. Panama d. California e. Mexico

Which of the following Western trade goods was of most interest to the Japanese? Select one: a. Glassware b. Woolen cloth c. Gunnery d. Porcelain e. Cotton cloth

Which of the following areas of the Byzantine Empire was NOT conquered by the Muslims by 650 C.E.? a. Iraq b. Egypt c. Asia Minor d. Palestine e. Syria

Which of the following civilizations was fully part of the global trading network in the 16th century? Select one: a. Mughal empire b. Russia c. China d. Ottoman Empire e. Safavid Persia

Which of the following does NOT represent a characteristic of most Indian societies other than the Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations? Select one: a. Highly urbanized populations b. Important social and political roles for women c. Wealth as the basis of social ranking d. Strongly kin-based societies e. Communal action and ownership of resources

Which of the following intellectual schools was responsible for the production of most literary and artistic works during the Tang-Song era? Select one: a. Daoist b. Legalist c. Confucian d. Chan Buddhist e. Pure Land Buddhist

Which of the following is NOT among the "five pillars" of Islam? Select one: a. Fasting during Ramadan b. Charity c. Pilgrimage to Medina d. Hajj e. A confession of faith

Which of the following is NOT true of the Aztec view of marriage and the family? Select one: a. Virginity at marriage was highly regarded for young women. b. Mayeques rarely married into noble families. c. Polygamy was common throughout society. d. Marriages were often arranged between lineages. e. Young girls were often trained by the older women of the calpulli.

Which of the following is most correctly seen as a direct continuation of the Roman Empire? a. Ottoman Empire b. Frankish Empire c. Byzantine Empire d. Abbasid Empire e. Holy Roman Empire

Which of the following regions eventually converted to Orthodox Christianity? a. Czech territory b. Slovak territory c. Russia d. Hungary e. Poland

Which of the following represents a difference between the spread of civilization in eastern and western Europe? a. Eastern Europe retained less fully the culture of the later Roman Empire than did the West b. centralized government and well-organized bureaucracy was more a feature of western Europe than eastern Europe c. they produced different versions of Christianity, culturally as well as organizationally separate d. only the East faced the threat of an Islamic invasion e. only eastern Europe developed north-south commercial ties

Which of the following represents an impact on western Europe from the development of colonies? Select one: a. Colonialism had limited impact on Europe due to the policy of natives selling free-access goods. b. Colonial development resulted in a greater sense of cooperation among European nations. c. The use of colonially produced sugar spread widely in Europe. d. The development of colonies hastened the growth of centralized governments and destroyed the growth of the merchant class in western Europe. e. The decline of the Catholic church and its power resulted from many Europeans moving to the colonies.

Which of the following statements about the manorial system is NOT true? Select one: a. It had originated in the Roman Empire. b. Its obligations bore heavily on serfs. c. It was technologically sophisticated. d. Agricultural productivity was low. e. It was practically self-sufficient.

Which of the following statements concerning the Sufi movement within Islam is most accurate? a. Sufism was a rationalistic movement based on the teachings of Ibn Khaldun. b. The Sufi questioned the Islamic interest in the Greek traditions in science. c. The Sufi movement incorporated mysticism with a trend toward evangelism. d. The Sufi movement stressed withdrawal from life and into monastic communities. e. The Sufi movement stressed an increasingly restrictive conservatism within Islam.

Which of the following statements concerning the merchant class of the Byzantine Empire is the most accurate? a. Byzantine merchants, because of their wealth, rapidly became the most powerful force in the government of Constantinople and the empire b. because of its lack of export products, Byzantine commerce was controlled completely by foreign merchants c. there was a large and wealthy merchant class in the Byzantine Empire, but it never gained significant political power because of the elaborate network of governmental controls d. by comparison to western Europe, the merchant class was relatively small but was very influential in Byzantine political circles e. the Byzantine merchant class never recovered from the loss of territories to the Muslims and was not a significant factor within the empire

Which of the following statements concerning the rise of a provincial military elite during the 10th century in Japan is NOT correct? Select one: a. Provincial elite families often arose from local landowners, estate managers, or local state officials. b. The provincial elite came to control land and labor locally and to deny these resources to the imperial court. c. The rise of the provincial elite corresponded to the recovery of the imperial government and its overthrow of the aristocracy of the court. d. Within their little kingdoms, warrior leaders administered law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenue. e. A warrior code developed that stressed family honor and death rather than retreat or defeat.

Which of the following statements concerning the status of women during the era of the daimyos is most accurate? Select one: a. Women's status among the elite certainly improved during the era of the warlords, as they gained rights to inheritance. b. While the status of women among the artisan and merchant classes declined, the status of women among the warrior elite probably improved marginally. c. Women were excluded from inheritance and treated as defenseless appendages of their warrior fathers or husbands. d. The rise of the handicraft industry caused the status of women to decline throughout the period. e. Women often participated in martial training during the era of the warlords, thus improving their social status.

Which of the following statements concerning urbanization within the Byzantine Empire is most correct? a. Constantinople began to decline in population in the later years of the Byzantine Empire and was surpassed by the growth of other urban centers b. most people in the Byzantine Empire lasted in five great cities: Constantinople, Nicaea, Smyrna, Rome, and Athens c. Constantinople controlled the economy and grew to enormous size, but other cities were relatively small d. like China, the Byzantine Empire was heavily urbanized with many cities numbering more than 100,000 e. Constantinople was never a center of trade, but dominated the empire culturally

Which of the following was NOT a source of Western dynamism in the 14th and 15th centuries? Select one: a. The growth of cities and urban economies b. A cultural reawakening c. Two centuries of peace among the major European nations d. The strengthening of feudal monarchy e. Advances in metallurgy

Which of the following was NOT one of the reforms introduced by Wang Anshi in the face of conservative opposition? Select one: a. Taxation of the landlord and scholarly classes b. The establishment of well-trained mercenary forces c. The end of tribute payments to nomadic dynasties on the northern border d. The introduction of government-assisted irrigation projects to encourage agricultural expansion e. Reorganization of university education.

Which of the following was utilized in the Inca empire, but NOT by the Aztecs? Select one: a. Elaborate road systems b. Use of local rulers in exchange for recognition of sovereignty c. Extensive use of colonization d. Identification of the nobility with the administrative and military functions of the state e. A semi-divine emperor

Who was the Muslim leader responsible for the reconquest of most of the territories belonging to the Christian crusaders? a. Muhammad ibn Qasim b. al-Ghazali c. Saladin d. Firdawsi e. Umar

Which of the following statements best describes the indigenous religion of much of sub-Saharan Africa? a. Much of sub-Saharan Africa was Christian but later converted to Islam under military pressure. b. Sub-Saharan groups were influenced by Hindu beliefs brought in through east African trading ports such as Kilwa. c. Animistic religion, belief in the power of natural forces personified as deities, characterized much of Africa. d. Uniquely, African societies lacked any religious principles prior to the arrival of the Christians and Muslims. e. African religion prior to the arrival of the Muslims was typified by an independent form of monotheism characterized by worship in monumental temple complexes.

c. Animistic religion, belief in the power of natural forces personified as deities, characterized much of Africa.

What was the geographical location of the empire of Mali? a. Between the cities of Mogadishu and Mombasa b. Between the Zambezi and Congo rivers c. Between the Niger and Senegal rivers d. Along the Nile river valley e. In the Atlas mountains of north Africa

c. Between the Niger and Senegal rivers

What Sudanic kingdom declined in 1076, making way for new political organizations in the region? a. Songhay b. Axum c. Ghana d. Mali e. Kush

c. Ghana

Which of the following statements concerning Great Zimbabwe is NOT correct? a. "Zimbabwe" actually refers to the stone buildings that were typical of the culture. b. Sofala on the east coast of Africa was the entry point for Zimbabwean goods. c. Great Zimbabwe was constructed by Arab Muslims who were trading with the Bantu residents of the region. d. Great Zimbabwe was both the capital of the kingdom and a religious center. e. By the 15th century, a centralized state had begun to form centered on Great Zimbabwe.

c. Great Zimbabwe was constructed by Arab Muslims who were trading with the Bantu residents of the region.

The "Demographic Transition" is often associated with what change in society? a. Conversion to Christianity b. The adoption of private property c. Industrialization d. The militarization of society e. Agricultural revolution

c. Industrialization

What was the nature of trade for the towns of east Africa? a. Trade was limited to local commerce among the towns and with the hinterlands lying west of the urbanized coast. b. Most trade was focused on caravans crossing the Sahel to north Africa. c. International trade flourished in the urbanized ports of east Africa, including commerce with India and China. d. Trade was limited to gold and salt, which was obtained from Indian traders in exchange for African pottery. e. There was active trade to the Persian Gulf and Egypt, but little beyond those points.

c. International trade flourished in the urbanized ports of east Africa, including commerce with India and China.

To what extent did Islam successfully penetrate the populations of east Africa? a. Most clans and the most important lineage groups outside of the east African cities were converted to Islam in order to participate in trade. b. Few literate people converted to Islam but the vast majority of herders converted rapidly. c. Islam penetrated very little into the interior among the hunters, pastoralists, and farmers, and even the areas near the trading towns remained relatively unaffected. d. Islam spread from the cities to the hinterland in such a way that eventually the countryside was more Islamic than were the cities. e. As in Asia, the conversion of the coastal cities led to almost complete conversion of the populations lying inland.

c. Islam penetrated very little into the interior among the hunters, pastoralists, and farmers, and even the areas near the trading towns remained relatively unaffected.

The Arabic term for the east African coast was a. Gao. b. Dhow. c. Zehnj d. Mandala. e. Askia.

c. Zehnj

All of the following were outcomes of Justinian's wars of reconquest EXCEPT a. weakening of the empire's defenses in its eastern frontiers b. short-lived military successes in northern Africa and Italy c. establishments of temporary capital at the key artistic center at Ravenna d. the permanent addition of Rome to the Byzantine Empire e. increased tax pressures on the government

All of these events led to the weakening or end of medieval western European institutions EXCEPT: (A) the Bubonic Plague. (B) political and theological attacks on the Roman Catholic church. (C) the rise of national monarchies. (D) the Ottoman Turk invasion of western Europe. (E) the rise of non-aristocratic armies loyal to national monarchs.

All of these were examples of the Columbian Exchange EXCEPT: (A) the spread of smallpox and measles in the Americas. (B) New World crops such as corn and potatoes spread around the world. (C) domesticated animals such as the horse spread to the Americas. (D) Muslim and Chinese merchants came to monopolize Atlantic trade. (E) Africans and Europeans migrated or were forcibly settled in the Americas.

Although Byzantine society was patriarchal, (A) Greek traditions accorded women great freedom and influence. (B) Roman traditions granted women extensive legal rights. (C) contacts with Islam led the Byzantines to protect women's rights. (D) women could inherit the imperial throne. (E) wars kept men and husbands away from their traditional societal functions.

Around 1500 C.E., membership in Aztec society was hierarchically defined by all of these methods EXCEPT: (A) social classes. (B) gender. (C) clans or tribes. (D) ethnicity. (E) occupational groups.

As had Hammurabi's Code (Mesopotamia), Justinian's Code (Byzantine) a. led to internal disruptions and faced harsh opposition b. dealt primarily with church law and religious issues c. deviated sharply from previous legal traditions d. became the basic law code for his state, and influenced future law codes e. greatly influenced the laws of Islam

Byzantine collapse and Tartar control led to (A) different sects of Christianity in postclassical Europe. (B) Mongols and Turks ruling eastern and southern Europe peacefully for centuries. (C) Germanic cultural domination in western Europe. (D) a profound disruption of eastern European social structure. (E) a long period of anarchic warfare in the former Byzantine Empire.

During the Abbasid period, women (A) were at the center of the Shia opposition to Abbasid rule. (B) frequently became Sufi mystics because of the freedoms allowed them. (C) acquired rights to own land and engage in business. (D) became increasingly isolated in the harem and behind the veil. (E) exercised no influence in palace and harem politics

Following Chinggis Khan's death, what was the provision for the administration of the empire? Select one: a. Mandarins from China were brought in to help administer the empire under the guidance of the grand khan. b. It passed as a single government with its capital at Karakorum to Chinggis Khan's oldest son. c. It was centralized with a Mongol bureaucracy located at the Chinese capital of Tatu. d. It was divided into four regional kingdoms, or khanates, ruled by his sons and grandsons. e. The empire immediately fragmented into its constituent tribes and clans.

How did the introduction of feudal monarchy into England compare to the political experience of France? Select one: a. English feudal monarchy developed more gradually and slowly in response to the improving economy. b. England never developed a strong feudal monarchy similar to what happened in France. c. French feudal monarchy arose almost immediately in the 10th century as a result of the defeat of the Normans. d. English feudal monarchy was introduced abruptly following 1066, while French feudal monarchy developed more slowly. e. France failed to develop feudal monarchy until the 15th century unlike England.

In comparison to Spain and Portugal, the northern European states and their expeditions (A) began earlier, but conquered fewer lands. (B) were more successful. (C) had superior technologies and commercial practices but were uninterested in acquiring colonies. (D) began later and initially acquired only limited holdings outside Europe. (E) were more motivated by religion than had been Portugal or Spain.

In order to supply food to Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs (A) obtained food through tribute from conquered city-states. (B) relied largely on trade for foodstuffs. (C) used slave labor. (D) built floating agricultural islands on the lake. (E) filled in Lake Texcoco to obtain agricultural lands.

In the period shortly after the arrival of the Aztecs in the valley of Mexico, what was the nature of the political organization of the region? Select one: a. A large confederation b. Regional kingdoms c. Hunting and gathering groups d. City-states e. Imperial

In what year did Pope Urban II call for the First Crusade? Select one: a. 1236 b. 1453 c. 1066 d. 1095 e. 1130

In what year did Spanish settlement of the American mainland begin? Select one: a. 1492 b. 1588 c. 1607 d. 1509 e. 1610

In what year did the Japanese cease to send official embassies to the Chinese emperor? Select one: a. 634 b. 1232 c. 722 d. 838 e. 932

In which of the following regions was European settlement a significant factor in the establishment of colonies? Select one: a. China b. West Indies c. Indonesia d. Dutch South Africa e. Arabia

Islam was spread through west and east Africa as well as southeast Asia by (A) jihad or holy war. (B) mass conversions ordered by the rulers and monarchs. (C) wandering Sufi mystics. (D) merchants who established Muslim families and traditions. (E) migration to the areas by large groups of Muslims.

Islamic teachings in north and west Africa (A) served to divide the people. (B) fostered jihads and crusades between Christians and Muslims. (C) destroyed the trade between west and north African ports. (D) introduced a common bond but did not erase social or ethnic stratifications. (E) put an end to the African slave trade.

Life in the imperial court at Heian was described in what Japanese novel? Select one: a. Ashikage Analects b. Mirror of Lady Murasaki c. Romance of the Rose d. Tale of Genji e. Essential of Salvation

Local Vietnamese officials identified most with the interests of (A) Confucian scholar officials. (B) Hindu rulers. (C) the imperial court and high administrators. (D) the peasants and local village culture. (E) merchants.

One of the strengths of Islam which made it a successful universalizing religion similar to Christianity was its (A) use of a common language, Arabic, to unite all members. (B) insistence that there was only one God. (C) support for merchants and commercial values. (D) egalitarianism that transcended previous loyalties, ethnicities, or allegiances. (E) condemnation of violence as incompatible with faith.

One problem facing historians who study the Mongols is: (A) lack of primary sources. (B) inability to translate the Mongolian language and its literature. (C) all contemporary chroniclers used exaggeration and hyperbole to describe the Mongols. (D) the bias of historical accounts, written by those defeated by the Mongols. (E) the Mongols never wrote anything down, leaving no written records.

Sub-Saharan African societies are similar to Latin American Indian societies in that both (A) built classical civilizations without cultural diffusion from other civilizations. (B) developed in mountainous environments. (C) originated complex mathematics and scientific traditions. (D) had numerous similarities making it impossible to generalize about them. (E) were devastated by contacts with Europeans and Arabs, which led to mass epidemics and the death of whole indigenous populations.

The British East India Company through negotiation with local Mughal princes gained a station at Select one: a. Delhi. b. Ceylon. c. Constantinople. d. Calcutta. e. Goa.

The Dutch, French, and English colonies on the North American continent (A) received few colonists. (B) remained largely unsettled and unclaimed. (C) attracted little attention because they were so vast. (D) were not initially as financially important as colonies in the West and East Indies. (E) eventually were conquered by the Spanish.

The Slavic alphabet created by Orthodox missionaries to the Slavs is called a. Sanskrit b. Constantinapolitan c. Russo-Slavic d. Cyrillic e. Kievan

The Toltec capital was established at Select one: a. Tlotelolco. b. Tenochtitlan. c. Twantinsuyu. d. Tula. e. Teotihuacan.

The captain of the first Portuguese fleet to reach India was Select one: a. Amerigo Vespucci. b. Ferdinand Magellan. c. Christopher Columbus. d. Vasco da Gama. e. Panfilo de Narvaez.

The first European colonial estates (A) were set up to export foodstuffs back to Europe. (B) were set up to receive excess populations and alleviate overpopulation at home. (C) were unsuccessful and failed. (D) were set up to produce cash crops like sugar to supply European markets. (E) caused very few ecological, environmental, and demographic disruptions in the Atlantic islands.

The first flowering of Islamic civilization (A) was intolerant toward older civilizations and their learning because these cultures were pagan. (B) grew largely out of indigenous Arabia and bedouin traditions. (C) borrowed exclusively from the Chinese. (D) borrowed heavily from classical civilizations, but made significant contributions in its own areas. (E) was mostly imitative rather than creative.

The first king of Kievan Russia was a. Yaroslav b. Vladimir I c. Basil I d. Rurik e. Ivan I

The greatest beneficiaries of the sustained urban prosperity during the rule of the Abbasids were (A) women, who acquired rights to own property. (B) slaves, when the caliphs emancipated them and gave them lands to farm. (C) poor workers, who were freed from taxes. (D) artisans, artists, architects, and merchants. (E) foreigners, especially non-Muslims, who ran the empire's bureaucracy

The influence of Chinese culture in Korea produced all of the following EXCEPT: (A) legal reform. (B) Chinese forms of Buddhism. (C) an greater flow of goods between China and Korea. (D) unified resistance from the three kingdoms. (E) adoption of the Chinese writing system.

The initiative for Western exploration and conquest came from the kingdom of Select one: a. Sicily. b. Venice. c. France. d. Portugal. e. Spain.

The invention of explosive powder (gunpowder) in China (A) was borrowed by the Chinese from the nomads. (B) allowed the Song to defeat the northern nomads. (C) led to the Arab conquest of China. (D) had little initial impact on warfare. (E) had no uses in Song society except for fireworks.

The major demographic change in China between 500 and 1000 C.E. was the (A) decline of cities as populations moved to the countryside. (B) widespread migration of Chinese to foreign lands. (C) population decrease in the north due to frequent nomadic raids. (D) large population increase in the south around the Yangtze. (E) internal migration of the populace from rural to urban areas.

The medieval state, which originated in the Classical Era, and whose fall in 1453 marked the end of the postclassical era was (A) the Song China. (B) the Abbasid Caliphate. (C) Kievan Rus. (D) the Byzantine Empire. (E) the Mameluk Caliphate in Egypt

The modern image of the Inca empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole and the state regulated the distribution of resources on the basis of need is referred to as Select one: a. utopian positivism. b. Mesoamerican capitalism. c. Inca despotism. d. Inca socialism. e. Indian utilitarianism.

The most powerful of the Andean states between 900 and 1465 following the decline of Tihuanaco and Huari was Select one: a. Chavin. b. Texcoco. c. Titicaca. d. Chimor. e. Chichen Itza.

The office of the political and religious successor of Muhammad was called a. wazir. b. Ayan. c. Karbala. d. Caliph. e. dhow.

The only indigenous aspect of Japanese culture during the Heian era was (A) Mahayana Buddhism. (B) the imperial administration. (C) written characters. (D) Shinto. (E) court etiquette and protocol.

The period known as the Middle Ages in Europe (A) was an era in which European culture and civilization dominated the Mediterranean region. (B) was a period of isolation and stagnation for European society. (C) began with feudal kings in control and ended with the Roman Catholic church the dominant power in Europe. (D) began with the fall of Rome and ended with the decline of Europe's feudal and religious institutions. (E) saw Christianity confined to a few lands in western Europe.

The reasons for the Arabs' (Muslim) successful conquest of the Middle East and north Africa was most likely due to (A) the promise of booty to be won. (B) overpopulation in the Arabian peninsula. (C) the desire to convert others to Islam. (D) the weaknesses caused by their long wars of Islam's two main adversaries, Persia and the Byzantine Empire. (E) the unity provided by their faith in Islam.

The reforming monastic orders founded in Assisi in the 13th century were created by Select one: a. St. Bernard and Abelard b. St. Clare and St. Benedict. c. St Francis and Charlemagne. d. St. Francis and St. Clare. e. St. Benedict and Clovis.

The title of jinshi was reserved for those who Select one: a. traced their ancestry back to the Han. b. served in the Chinese military. c. were members of the Chinese aristocracy. d. passed the most difficult exams on Chinese literature. e. were members of the imperial family.

The wars to defeat rival prophets and restore the unity of Islam were called Select one: a. Karbala. b. the first fitnah. c. Rihla. d. Ridda. e. dhow.

To administer China, the Tang and Song dynasties relied on (A) Turkish administrators. (B) the aristocracy. (C) merchants. (D) scholar-gentry. (E) Buddhist monks.

Warrior leaders in the 10th century in Japan who controlled provincial areas and ruled from small fortresses in the countryside were called Select one: a. Gempei b. seppuku. c. kata. d. bushi. e. samurai.

What 12th century monk stressed the importance of mystical union with God over logic and philosophy? Select one: a. Duns Scotus b. Simeon of Durham c. Marsiglio of Padua d. Bernard of Clairvaux e. Augustine

What accounts for the success of the First Crusade? a. The overwhelming military superiority of Western military technology b. The Byzantine Empire provided naval support and the use of "Greek fire" c. The contemporary emergence of the Christian Seljuk Turks in Baghdad d. Muslim political fragmentation and the element of surprise e. The support and cooperation of the Jewish community of the Holy Land

What admiral commanded China's great overseas expeditions between 1405 and 1433? Select one: a. Chenla Khmer b. Yan Xuanshang c. Jung Tzi Lung d. Zheng He e. Xun Xi

What artisan was responsible for the development of movable type? Select one: a. An Lushan b. Zhu Xi c. Gaozu d. Bi Sheng e. Li Bo

What clan was responsible for the foundation of Mecca? a. Turks b. Abbasid c. Aghlabid d. Umayyad e. Almoravid

What economic policy encouraged the development of colonies, particularly by northern Europe countries? Select one: a. Socialism b. Free trade c. Boycotts d. Mercantilism e. Communism

What government replaced the Kamakura regime in the early 14th century in Japan? Select one: a. Tokugawa Shogunate b. Daimyo Empire c. Bushido Shogunate d. Ashikaga Shogunate e. Onin Shogunate

What group successfully captured Baghdad in 1055? a. Buyids b. Ghazni c. Mongols d. Seljuk Turks e. Berbers

What happened after Muhammad's death in 632? a. After a lengthy period of grief, the tribes selected a new leader based on the established principle of succession in the Quran. b. Islam remained unified under the leadership of Ali. c. A military commander, Khalid ibn al-Walid, was chosen as leader of Islam. d. Many of the bedouin tribes renounced Islam. e. Islam ceased to exist until it was reestablished under the Umayyad dynasty at Damascus.

What ministry of the central imperial government was responsible for the administration of the examination system? Select one: a. Public Works b. Justice c. War d. Rites e. Education

What two social groups that suffered low status under the Confucian social system benefited most from the Yuan administration? Select one: a. Criminals and slaves b. Military elite and scholar-gentry c. Peasants and aristocracy d. Merchants and artisans e. Scholar-gentry and aristocracy

What was Muhammad's teaching with respect to the revelations of other monotheistic religions? Select one: a. Muhammad accepted the earlier Christian revelations, but rejected completely any influence from Judaism. b. Muhammad taught that monotheistic religion was compatible with polytheism. c. Muhammad stressed that only his own revelations had merit and that others were works of the devil. d. Muhammad accepted the validity of earlier Christian and Judaic revelations and taught that his own revelations were a final refinement and reformulation of earlier ones. e. Muhammad accepted the earlier Judaic revelations, but rejected completely any influence from Christianity.

What was the Aztec view of history? Select one: a. Because they lacked a calendar system, the Aztecs had no formal historical viewpoint. b. They believed in a linear view of history dedicated to the premise of Aztec superiority for eternity. c. They believed in a linear history ending with their total destruction at the hands of the people from the East. d. Like other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs believed in a cyclical pattern of repetitive destructions of the world. e. Unlike other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs rejected the cyclical view of history for a more modern historical view based on the history of their empire.

What was the attitude of the Abbasids toward the institution of slavery? a. The dynasty forbade all slavery except for the mercenary armies loyal to the Abbasids. b. The local customs determined the status of slaves as stated in the Qur'an. c. The dynasty permitted slavery of Muslims, but forbade the enslavement of members of other religions. d. The Abbasid elite demanded growing numbers of both male and female slaves for concubines and domestic service. e. The Abbasid dynasty forbade slavery in general.

What was the basic unit of Mongol society? Select one: a. The guild b. The nuclear family c. The city-state d. The tribe e. Band

What was the difference between the Islamic invasions of India and previous incursions of the subcontinent? a. Islam proved to be a temporary setback to India but was quickly replaced by Buddhism. b. With the Muslims, the peoples of India encountered for the first time an invasion from the west rather than the east. c. The Muslims, unlike previous invaders, bypassed the Gangetic plain in preference for southern India. d. With the Muslims, the peoples of India encountered for the first time a large-scale influx of invaders with a civilization as sophisticated as their own. e. The Muslims were rapidly able to unify all of India into a single empire.

What was the extent of western European influence in Kievan Russia? a. like western Europe, Russia also moved away from the popular veneration of icons and representational images b. Russia borrowed many customs and artistic forms from both Rome and the Byzantines c. there was direct Western influence in Russia in both music and art forms d. Russia's religious culture and social and economic patterns developed separately from western Europe's e. despite the adoption of Orthodox Christianity, most of the ecclesiastical influences were Roman Catholic

What was the immediate impact of the imperial move to Heian? Select one: a. Shintoism was formally suppressed following the marriage of the Empress Koken to a former monk. b. The scholar-gentry was able to assert itself through the state's acceptance of a formal examination system modeled on the Chinese bureaucracy. c. Buddhism ceased to play a major role in Japanese society. d. The aristocracy was restored to counterbalance the power of the Buddhist monasteries and took over most of the positions in the central government. e. The aristocrats gave up positions in the central government under pressure from the Buddhists.

What was the impact of expansion and conquest on the Aztec social system? Select one: a. Conquest opened up Aztec society to incursions by the indigenous peoples who began to form a trained bureaucracy. b. Aztec social institutions became more inclusive leading to a more equalitarian society. c. Aztec society was transformed in the sense that the Mexicans adopted the social patterns of the Maya. d. From a loose association of clans, Aztec society became a highly stratified society. e. Despite the stress of warfare and invasion, the Aztec society remained remarkably unchanged by the process.

What was the impact of the Crusades on Islam? a. Islam fell into decline and was eclipsed by the Mongols. b. Although they resisted most influence, the Muslims did acquire a taste for Western cuisine. c. The Muslims adopted military technology, words, and scientific knowledge among other things from the West. d. In the long run, there was little impact on Islamic culture and society. e. The Crusades temporarily cut off all exchange between the West and Islam.

What was the impact of the Crusades on the Christian West? a. Christians rejected most Muslim influence, although they did gain a taste for Muslim wines and liquors. b. There was no Muslim influence on the Christian West. c. The Crusades led to an extension of feudalism through the use of Islamic silver. d. Christians adopted military techniques, words, scientific learning, and Arabic numerals among other things. e. The Crusades interrupted the trade of the Mediterranean and cut off the West from Islam until 1293.

What was the major difference between Medina and Mecca? Select one: a. Medina was located on the western side of the Arabian Peninsula, while Mecca was located on the Persian Gulf. b. Medina was engaged in long-distance caravan trade, while Mecca was not. c. Mecca was established in an oasis, and Medina was in a mountainous region. d. Political dominance in Medina was contested between a number of Jewish and bedouin tribes. e. Medina was controlled by Coptic Christians while Mecca was controlled by the Banu Hashim clan.

What was the outcome of the Western crusade of 1204? a. a new Christian kingdom was established in Jerusalem under the leadership of King Richard b. the crusades succeeded in temporarily pushing back the Turks and restoring the Asiatic provinces of the Byzantine Empire c. the Crusade succeeded in establishing a Western kingdom in the Holy Land, but failed to relieve the Asiatic provinces of the Byzantine Empire d. the crusaders attacked and conquered Constantinople, temporarily establishing a Western kingdom there e. the Crusade resulted in the establishment of a Western kingdom of Bulgaria in the Balkans

What was the political result of the wars that destroyed the Ashikaga Shogunate? Select one: a. Restored authority for the emperor b. The China model seemed more relevant to the Japanese. c. Restored authority for the court aristocracy d. Division of Japan into 300 little states under the daimyos e. The rise of four large aristocratic states under powerful bushi

What were the primary exports of the Byzantine Empire? a. cash crops, such as cotton and indigo b. raw materials, such as metal ores from Asia Minor c. food products d. luxury products, such as silk, cloth, and carpets e. fish products

Where was the greatest concentration of urbanization after the 10th century in Europe? Select one: a. Spain and Poland b. England and Scandinavia c. France and the Holy Roman Empire d. Italy and the Low Countries e. England and France

Which of the following areas of trade was NOT dominated by the West after the establishment of a global trading network in the 17th century? Select one: a. The Atlantic b. The Caribbean c. The Pacific d. The Indian Ocean e. The Mediterranean

Which of the following areas was not exposed to the Turkic expansion of the 1360s? Select one: a. Persia b. Fertile crescent c. Southern Russia d. China e. India

Which of the following conclusion that might be drawn about the Byzantine Empire as the result of its conflicts with its neighbors is most true? a. the wars with Islamic powers demonstrate the inherent weakness of the Byzantine military b. the outcomes of wars demonstrate that by the 10th century the empire was completely decadent and incapable of defending itself c. the Byzantine Empire continued to lose tax revenues through loss of territory in the Balkans d. despite all of its difficulties, its wars with its neighbors demonstrate that the empire had real core strength e. the role of Theodora and other women in the wars demonstrate that the intrusion of women into Byzantine politics was highly destructive

Which of the following existed in the Aztec empire, but NOT in the Inca empire? Select one: a. A tribute system b. Redistribution of tribute by the state c. Recognition of local groups and leaders d. An extensive merchant class e. Extraction of labor for use on temple projects

Which of the following groups was responsible for the slaughter of the male descendents of the Umayyad Dynasty? a. Syrians b. Berbers c. Christians d. Abbasids e. "people of the book."

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the decline of the Abbasid dynasty by the ninth century C.E..? a. The retention of regional identities by the population b. The difficulty of compelling local administrators to obey c. Disputes over succession of the caliph d. The collapse of the cities in the Islamic heartland e. The difficulty of moving armies across the great distances of the empire

Which of the following lists gives the correct chronological sequence for the Korean dynasties? Select one: a. Yi, Koryo, Mongol, Silla b. Silla, Yi, Mongol, Koryo c. Silla, Mongol, Koryo, Yi d. Silla, Koryo, Mongol, Yi e. Silla, Yi, Koryo, Mongol

Which of the following regions achieved feudal monarchy prior to the end of the Middle Ages? Select one: a. Holy Roman Empire b. Italy c. Spain d. England e. Low Countries

Which of the following regions was NOT affected by Islam during its early history (prior to 750 C.E.)? a. Europe b. Sub-Saharan Africa c. North Africa d. South America e. Asia

Which of the following regions were dependents to the core zone of the global trade network? Select one: a. Spain b. England c. Holland d. Sub-Saharan Africa e. France

Which of the following statements concerning Muhammad's flight to Medina is NOT correct? a. Once in Medina he attracted new followers to his faith. b. He fled because he was invited to mediate a dispute between the tribes of Medina. c. He fled because of the threat of assassination in Mecca. d. Muhammad fled from Mecca with nearly one quarter of the city's population. e. Muhammad fled to Medina in the year 622.

Which of the following statements concerning leadership in Mongol society is most correct? Select one: a. The Mongols recognized two royal families, and all leaders were the oldest males of the lineages. b. Mongol leadership was based on patrilineal descent from the Kuriltai tribe. c. Mongols often recognized the leadership of females who traced their descent from female deities. d. Leaders were chosen by free males and held office for as long as they could keep it. e. Leaders were drawn from the scholar-gentry class but had to exhibit military skills.

Which of the following statements concerning the Korean bureaucracy under the influence of China is most accurate? Select one: a. Although Korea emulated the Chinese bureaucratic structure, the satellite never created a Confucian examination system as a means of qualification. b. With the establishment of the Confucian examination system, advancement within the civil service was determined almost exclusively by test scores. c. Korean absolutism depended more on a warrior elite than administrative sophistication, so a formal bureaucracy was never established. d. Korea established a Confucian examination system on the Chinese model, but admission to the bureaucracy was determined almost exclusively by birth. e. Korean nobility did not welcome Chinese bureaucratic institutions and tried to introduce Korean models.

Which of the following statements concerning the Ottoman Empire is most accurate? Select one: a. The Ottomans never mastered the full territorial extent of the old caliphate. b. Scientific and philosophical investigations reached the level of innovation that they had enjoyed under the Abbasids. c. The Turks refused to patronize the traditional Persian artists and craftsmen who had dominated the later Abbasid court. d. Turkish rulers did not promote maritime trade as vigorously as had the Arabs. e. The Ottomans were more interested in cultural patronage than in military organization.

Which of the following statements concerning the agricultural laborers of the medieval West is NOT true? Select one: a. They received protection and the administration of justice from their landlords. b. They were obligated to turn over part of their goods to remain on the land. c. They had heavy obligations to their lords. d. They could be bought and sold by their landlords. e. They retained essential ownership of their houses.

Which of the following statements concerning the ethical system of early Islam is NOT correct? a. Islam stressed the dignity of all believers and their equality in the eyes of Allah. b. It recognized the truth of similar ethical ideas in Judaism and Christianity. c. A tax for charity was obligatory in the new faith. d. The teachings of the Prophet and the Quran were not formally incorporated into a body of law. e. Islam stressed the responsibility of the wealthy and strong to care for the poor and weak.

Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between Asian civilizations and the world commercial network of the 16th and 17th centuries is NOT accurate? Select one: a. China depended on extensive government regulation to keep European activities in check. b. East Asia constituted the civilization that remained most fully and consciously external to the world economy. c. Most of the silver mined and exported by the Spanish ended up in China in order for the Spanish to purchase Chinese manufactured goods. d. China was able, thanks to the existence of its coastal navy, to prevent the establishment of European ports. e. Asian civilizations had ample political strength and economic sophistication to avoid dependent status.

Which of the following statements is most accurate? Select one: a. Without European intervention, there is no reason to believe that the Inca and Aztec empires could not have survived for several more centuries. b. Both the Inca and the Aztecs stopped exploiting subject peoples after 1500 due to the intervention of the Black Plague. c. Prior to the arrival of the Europeans, both the Inca and the Aztec empires had been replaced by other, indigenous governments. d. Because of internal weaknesses, both the Inca and the Aztec empires were receding and might not have survived, even if the Europeans had not arrived. e. Without European interference, the likelihood is that the Inca Empire would have overwhelmed the Aztecs and established a unified government in the Americas.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the impact of the development of core-dependent economic zones on state formation? Select one: a. No state government benefited from the creation of core-dependent zones. Neither core regions nor colonies were able to develop strong, centralized governments. b. Dependent regions and their governments grew stronger in response to the European threat. c. The efforts of international trade tended to enrich private commercial interests but weaken core governments who were unable to tap the wealth. Dependent zone governments, based on company organization, tended to be strong. d. Forced labor and European influence tended to generate weak governments in dependent regions, while increased trade revenues tended to generate increasing government strength in core states. e. While the profits of global trade tended to strengthen the governments of core regions, the creation of colonies extended powerful governments to dependent zones as well.

Which of the following territories was always part of the Byzantine Empire? a. parts of the Italian peninsula b. Frankish territory c. Arabian peninsula d. Balkan peninsula e. parts of the Iberian peninsula

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of American civilizations during the post classical period? Select one: a. Large cities based on elaborate political and economic organization b. Diverse civilizations c. Elaborate cultural systems d. Monotheistic practices e. Highly developed agriculture

Which of the following was NOT a crop imported into Europe as a result of the "Colombian Exchange"? Select one: a. Corn b. Tobacco c. Squash d. Millet e. Potatoes

Which of the following was NOT a positive development that introduced new sources of strength by the 9th and 10th centuries to western Europe? Select one: a. Towns served as trade centers b. New agricultural techniques c. Greater regional political stability d. Development of imperial government e. End of Viking raids

Which of the following was NOT a power of the papacy immediately after 500? Select one: a. Sponsorship of missionary activity b. Excommunication c. The ability to send directives and receive information d. The appointment of all bishops e. Regulation of doctrine or dogma

Which of the following was NOT a technological improvement introduced during the 15th century in the West? Select one: a. Gunpowder adapted to gunnery b. Deep-draft, round-hulled ships c. Use of the compass for navigation d. Lateen sails e. Moveable type

Which of the following was a major change in the administration of China under the Mongols? Select one: a. The central bureaucracy was dismissed and the Mongol dynasty ruled with a military elite. b. The Mongols divided all of China into four great khanates under separate and independent rulers. c. All of the main divisions of the empire were removed and replaced by local Mongol elites. d. The Mongols discontinued the use of the examination system to keep the scholar-gentry from gaining too much power. e. Confucianism was suppressed and Daoism became the state religion of China.

Who was the founder of the Song dynasty? Select one: a. Xi-Xia b. Taizu c. Xuanzong d. Zhao Kuangyin e. Li Bo, Duke of Song

Why did the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard win importance before those farther north? Select one: a. The harsh climate of the northern colonies left those regions virtually unsettled. b. Only the southern colonies were able to eliminate the native Indian population. c. Gold was discovered within the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard. d. Cultivation of cash crops produced by coercive labor emerged there. e. The need to defend the southern colonies against Spanish settlers.

Why were the Sufis effective missionaries within the Indian subcontinent? a. They enjoyed the support of the Hindu princes because of their support for brahmin ritual. b. They rejected low-caste Hindus in preference for converts among the brahmin elite. c. Their message was totally new to India but appealing to brahmins. d. In both style and message they shared much with Indian mystics and wandering ascetics. e. They were supported by huge armies of Arabs who migrated to India in search of land.

What was the function of secret societies in African culture? a. They smuggled valuable gold across the Sahara and established vital trade routes with the Mediterranean. b. Because secret societies were restricted to females, they permitted women to have an invisible, but powerful, role in political affairs within African societies. c. They served as a disruptive and revolutionary force in African society forestalling the formation of larger states. d. Because their membership cut across lineage divisions, they acted to maintain stability within the community and diminish clan feuds. e. They brought the practice of slavery to the African continent, which led to the eventual adoption of Christianity by a majority of African tribes.

d. Because their membership cut across lineage divisions, they acted to maintain stability within the community and diminish clan feuds.

What was the most important Christian kingdom in Africa? a. Egypt b. Mali c. Songhay d. Ethiopia e. Kongo

d. Ethiopia

How was the institution of slavery viewed in Muslim society? a. Slaves could never be used as eunuchs or concubines but instead, had to convert to Islam before they could be sold again. b. Slavery was eradicated in Islamic society because of the emphasis on the equality of believers. c. Slavery was viewed as so demeaning that those who were enslaved were good for nothing beyond labor in the fields or the mines. d. In theory, slavery was seen as a stage in the process of conversion of pagans to Islam. e. Slavery was believed to be a permanent condition that rendered the enslaved incapable of entering heaven.

d. In theory, slavery was seen as a stage in the process of conversion of pagans to Islam.

What was the relationship between Islam and the indigenous religions of Africa? a. Because both indigenous African religion and Islam were monotheistic, the two became inextricably intertwined. b. Islam was less flexible than Christianity in accepting the styles and forms of native worship. c. Islam successfully overcame indigenous religious beliefs, and almost all Africans converted to Islam. d. Islam was able to accommodate pagan practices and beliefs in the early stages of conversion e. Islamic teachers attempted to eradicate the animist indigenous religions of Africa.

d. Islam was able to accommodate pagan practices and beliefs in the early stages of conversion

What does the phrase "equality before God and inequality within the world" mean? a. It refers to the indigenous African religions' emphasis on social equality. b. It refers to the powers exercised by the African rulers. c. It means that Africans favored a variety of socialism. d. It refers to the disparity between law and practice in many African societies e. It refers to the equality that all clan heads enjoyed within African society.

d. It refers to the disparity between law and practice in many African societies

Which of the following states represents the development of Bantu concepts of kingship and state-building? a. Songhay b. Mombassa c. Mali d. Kingdom of Kongo e. Ghana

d. Kingdom of Kongo

In what region of Africa was the influence of Islam most profound? a. Ethiopia b. West Africa among the Yoruba and at Benin c. Along the Kongo River d. Sudan and Swahili coast e. Central Africa

d. Sudan and Swahili coast

The puritanical reform movements of the Almoravids and Almohadis arose among what groups of people in Africa? a. The Arabs during the conquest of North Africa b. The Ethiopians and the Coptic Christians c. The Nubians of the early Sudan d. The Berbers, native desert dwellers of North Africa e. The inhabitants of the empire of Mali

d. The Berbers, native desert dwellers of North Africa

The study of population is referred to as a. populism. b. political science. c. positivism. d. demography. e. geography.

d. demography.

The Sahel refers to the a. the part of the Sahara that borders Egypt on the east and Tunisia in the west and the Mediterranean on the north. b. East African coastline that became the primary point of contact for Muslim merchants from India and southeast Asia and African traders. c. series of trading ports that rapidly developed along the Atlantic coast to support the trade in African slaves. d. grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara that served as a point of exchange between the forests of the south and north Africa. e. forest zone of central Africa that remained free of Islamic influence largely because of the inability of the camel to withstand the climate of the region.

d. grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara that served as a point of exchange between the forests of the south and north Africa.

A Spanish-led fleet defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1571 at the battle of Select one: a. Nicaea. b. the Sargasso Sea. c. Civitate. d. Cyprus. e. Lepanto.

After the 7th century, what group posed the greatest threat of the eastern frontiers of Byzantine Empire? a. the Sassanid Persians b. the Germans c. the Huns d. the Russian Empire e. the Arab Muslim

After the collapse of Charlemagne's empire, the pattern of political life in western Europe (A) was dominated by the strong empire, that his sons and heirs established. (B) was modeled on the Byzantine Empire. (C) returned to small tribes and clans with regional or local loyalties. (D) focused on religious control of states and politics. (E) consisted of regional monarchies with strong aristocracies

After the reign of Justinian, what was the official language of the eastern empire? a. Persian b. Aramaic c. Arabic d. Latin e. Greek

After the sack of Tula, the center of population and political power in Mexico shifted to Select one: a. Yucatan peninsula. b. Teotihuacan and the area west of the Pacific. c. the southern Pacific coast. d. Chimor. e. the valley of Mexico and the shores of a chain of lakes in that basin.

After their independence from China, the Vietnamese (A) slavishly copied Chinese culture and ruling styles. (B) degenerated into constantly feuding clans and villages. (C) were conquered by the Khmersand Thais. (D) became a largely commercial society in southeast Asia. (E) conquered the highlands and coasts between the Mekong River and South China Sea

All land in the Inca state (A) belonged to the priests. (B) was owned by merchants and traders. (C) belonged to the oldest woman of the family. (D) was owned by those who worked the land. (E) was owned by the state but assigned and redistributed to others.

All of the following were functions of the merchant and artisan guilds EXCEPT Select one: a. guaranteeing good workmanship in their products. b. limitation of membership. c. giving its members an equal share in resources. d. regulation of apprenticeship. e. ensuring a free-market economy.

All of these Indian groups were attracted to Islam and converted EXCEPT: (A) people who lived in the Indus and Ganges River plains. (B) Buddhists. (C) Untouchables. (D) low-caste Hindus. (E) high-caste Hindus.

As similarly compared to classical Rome, later Muslim society (A) granted women extensive rights. (B) denied merchants high social status. (C) discouraged toleration of foreigners and conversion to the official religion. (D) relied on the military to run the government. (E) used slave labor extensively and had an important landed elite.

Because of its base in the universities of western Europe, the dominant medieval philosophical approach was referred to as Select one: a. rationalism. b. corporate theology. c. social contract theology. d. existentialism. e. scholasticism.

Buddhist successes in China during the Tang era (A) were opposed by the merchants and farmers. (B) provided the state with tax revenues and conscripted labor. (C) were counterbalanced by the introduction of Islam into China. (D) encouraged the scholar-officials, who were largely Buddhist. (E) led to persecutions and seizures of Buddhist monastic lands.

By the middle of the 9th century, what aristocratic family exerted exceptional influence over imperial affairs at the Japanese court at Heian? Select one: a. Yoritomo b. Minamoto c. Genshin d. Taira e. Fujiwara

By what century did France achieve a complete feudal monarchy? Select one: a. 15th b. 12th c. 11th d. 10th e. 13th

Chinggis Khan's first campaigns were directed against Select one: a. India. b. Baghdad and the Islamic heartland. c. Korea. d. Russia. e. the Tangut kingdom of Xi Xia and the Qin kingdom of northern China.

Christianity spread to the Balkans and Russia through (A) mass migration by Greeks to these regions. (B) forced conversions of the Slavs by the victorious Byzantine armies. (C) military conquest. (D) Christian merchants who intermarried and settled amongst non-Christians. (E) missionary activities.

Demographic evidence of the Aztec Empire around 1500 C.E. indicates (A) a falling population base when the Europeans arrived. (B) decreasing birthrates. (C) women outnumbered men due to the loses during the frequent wars. (D) most Aztecs lived in cities. (E) an extremely high population density

During the Abbasid caliphate, the language associated with administration and scholarship was (A) Arabic. (B) Turkish. (C) Hebrew. (D) Armenian. (E) Persian

During the Abbasid period, the use of slaves (A) began to gradually die out as economically profitless. (B) spread throughout the region and came to dominate agriculture. (C) was legally curtailed by the Muslim courts. (D) was confined to the royal court. (E) expanded as male and female slaves were valued for their beauty, intelligence and strength.

During the period of the warring daimyos, what was the factor that led to a revival of Chinese influence on the cultural level? Select one: a. Chinese military technology b. The strength of the merchant class c. Legalism d. Confucianism e. Zen Buddhism

During the post classical period, societies in the Americas Select one: a. were united under a single government. b. experienced the initial contacts that led to the European invasion of the New World. c. abandoned Central America and migrated northward. d. failed to develop imperial forms of government similar to European society. e. remained entirely separate from those of the Old World.

During what period did the nomads of central Asia impact the other global civilizations of the Eastern Hemisphere during the postclassical era? Select one: a. 1300 to 1500 b. 800-900 c. 1100 to 1300 d. 900 to 1100 e. 1200 to 1400

For the Mesoamericans of the Aztec period, religion (A) was increasingly monotheistic. (B) developed into idealistic philosophies and intellectual discussions. (C) taught that humans should live ethical, moral lives. (D) declined and atheism began to spread widely. (E) was oppressive and made little distinction between the sacred and secular.

In comparison to the fall of the Roman Empire, changes in the Arab caliphate (A) had few repercussions on its inhabitants. (B) were not due to outside invasions by pastoral nomads. (C) produced prolonged economic and political confusion in the Middle East. (D) left no religious institutions to support the Islamic faith. (E) were not dramatic or sudden but occurred gradually over several centuries.

In general, how did Islam spread in southeast Asia? a. Most of southeast Asia was converted to Islam after the military victories of Qutb-ud-din Aibak. b. Islam was carried to southeast Asia from China. c. Isolated regimes were visited by dervishes and other Sufi sects. d. Trade to southeast Asia from Africa and Persia established Islamic centers on the mainland from which conversion took place. e. Port cities were points of dissemination to other links in trading networks.

In what decade did open persecution of Buddhism within the Chinese empire begin? Select one: a. 720s b. 910s c. 790s d. 850s e. 840s

In what region of the world did the Dutch challenge the Portuguese for commercial dominance? Select one: a. India b. Scandinavia c. Mesoamerica d. Brazil e. Southeast Asia

In what year did the Han emperors conquer the first Korean kingdom of Choson? Select one: a. 220 C.E. b. 643 C.E. c. 476 C.E. d. 500 C.E. e. 109 B.C.E.

In what year did the Ottoman Turks successfully capture Constantinople and bring the Byzantine Empire to a close? a. 1326 b. 1501 c. 1071 d. 1492 e. 1453

In what year was Jerusalem captured by Christian crusaders? a. 1245 b. 985 c. 1142 d. 1258 e. 1099

In which of the following Japanese periods was Chinese cultural influence most significant? Select one: a. Nara b. Heian c. Tokugawa d. Warlord e. Taika

Mongol armies were divided into units called Select one: a. tobruk. b. kuriltai. c. karakorum. d. khagans. e. tumens.

Pastoral nomads from the central Asian steppe who had threatened sedentary cultures throughout world history included all of these EXCEPT: (A) Indo-Europeans. (B) Hsiung-nu (Huns). (C) Scythians. (D) Turks. (E) Bantu.

The Abbasids moved the political center of their empire to Select one: a. Damascus. b. Merv. c. Constantinople. d. Jerusalem. e. Baghdad.

The Aztec innovation in intensive agriculture in the aquatic environments of the lakes of central Mexico was the development of Select one: a. Pochteca. b. pipiltin. c. quipus. d. calpulli. e. chinampas.

The Aztecs rose to power through all of the following means EXCEPT: (A) control of water and irrigation. (B) political alliances with neighboring cities. (C) marriage alliances. (D) warfare. (E) trade.

The Byzantine Empire began a. in the 9th century CE, with the missionary work of Cyril and Methodius b. in the 11th century CE, with the first Crusades c. in the 5th century CE, with the fall of Rome d. in the 1st century CE, during the reign of Augustus e. in the 4th century CE, with the building of Constantinople

The Byzantine Empire lasted from approximately a. 300 BCE to 600 CE b. 700 to 1650 c. 200 to 1200 d. 300 to 1700 e. 500 to 1450

The Slavic kingdom that attacked Byzantine territory in the Balkans after the 8th century CE was a. Anatolia b. Hungary c. Serbia d. Russia e. Bulgaria

The Toltec empire lasted until about what date? Select one: a. 1236 b. 1521 c. 1000 d. 1434 e. 1150

The capital of the Inca empire was Select one: a. Chan Chan. b. Cajamarca. c. Chichen Itza. d. Tihuanaco. e. Cuzco.

The dominant commercial nations of northern Europe made up the ________ zone of the world economy. Select one: a. peripheral b. free trade c. negative trade d. dependent e. core

The greatest long-term impact of the Mongol unification of much of central Eurasia was the (A) introduction of new technologies. (B) facilitation of trade. (C) conversion of Mongols to Christianity. (D) destruction of old states and the rise of new ones. (E) spread of the Black Death from China to Europe and the Muslim world.

The group which most directly challenged Chinese influences in Japan and Vietnam during the postclassical era was (A) the merchants. (B) Buddhist monks and priests. (C) the emperor. (D) the imperial bureaucracy. (E) aristocrats and local provincial administrators

The man responsible for the creation of the Sui dynasty was Select one: a. Li Bo. b. Xuanzong. c. Li Yuan. d. Yang Guifei. e. Wendi.

The most important basic commodity traded in the Early Modern Period was (A) grain. (B) gold. (C) tobacco. (D) cotton. (E) sugar.

The northern nomadic peoples who entered central Mexico following the decline of Teotihuacan were the Select one: a. Aztecs. b. Incas. c. Maya. d. Olmecs. e. Toltecs.

The outstanding poet of the Tang era was Select one: a. Zhu Xi. b. Gaozu. c. Zhao Kuangyin d. Bi Sheng. e. Li Bo.

The people who succeeded the Toltecs as the rulers of central Mexico were the Select one: a. Maya. b. Olmecs. c. Incas. d. Quechua. e. Aztecs.

The political and theological faction within Islam that recognized only Ali and the descendants of the family of Muhammad as rightful rulers was called a. Sufis. b. Sunnis. c. Kharij. d. Fiqhs. e. Shi'a.

The practice of judging other peoples by the standards and practices of one's own culture of ethnic group is Select one: a. aversionism. b. genocide. c. localism. d. anthropomorphism. e. ethnocentrism.

The schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches was due to all of these issues EXCEPT: (A) papal interference in Byzantine political and religious affairs. (B) clerical celibacy; Catholic priests could not marry but the Orthodox could. (C) dispute over the type of bread to be used in religious ceremonies. (D) the Byzantine state controlled the church in the eastern lands. (E) Muslim influence on the Orthodox branch of Christianity

The technological advance that facilitated Chinese overseas trade was (A) the Grand Canal. (B) sericulture or the production of silk. (C) the manufacture of paper. (D) the introduction of gunpowder. (E) maritime tools such as the junk.

The victory of the Minamoto marks the beginning of what period in Japanese history? Select one: a. The Onin wars b. The Taika period c. The Fujiwara empire d. The Tokugawa Shogunate e. The feudal age

Under the Umayyads, the political center of Islam shifted to a. Constantinople. b. Baghdad. c. Merv. d. Cairo. e. Damascus.

Unlike the Romans in the western part of the empire, the eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire (A) was never invaded or threatened by pastoral nomads. (B) recognized the political influence of the Pope and Catholic Church. (C) continued to use Latin as its chief language until its fall. (D) became Muslim. (E) did not succumb to Germanic invasions in the 5th century.

Wang Anshi, a prime minister in the 1070s and 1080s attempted to reform Song government on the basis of what Confucian school of thought? Select one: a. Shiism b. Daoism c. Constructionism d. Zhao e. Legalism

What Italian captain sailing for the monarchs of Spain reached the Americas in 1492? Select one: a. Ferdinand Magellan b. Dante Alighieri c. Bartolomeo Dias d. Amerigo Vespucci e. Christopher Columbus

What Tang ruler actually attempted to have Buddhism recognized as a state religion? Select one: a. Gaozu b. Yangdi c. Empress Wei d. Wendi e. Empress Wu

What appears to have been the primary concerns at the imperial Japanese court at Heian? Select one: a. Science and technology b. Military exercise c. Interpreting laws d. Commerce and trade e. Social interaction and status

What area represented a new conquest for the Ottoman Empire in the late 1400s? Select one: a. Asia Minor b. North Africa c. Russia d. Mesopotamia e. Southeastern Europe

What descendant of a Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan led a series of expeditions into India to seize booty in the eleventh century? a. Ibn sena b. Hajjaj c. Muhammad ibn Qasim d. Muhammad of Ghur e. Mahmud of Ghazni

What eastern emperor was responsible for the attempted restoration of a united Roman Empire after 533? a. Constantine b. Theodosius c. Diocletian d. Michael II e. Justinian

What is the most accepted figure for the percentage of the population of American Indians who died following the European colonization? Select one: a. Over 33 percent b. Over 15 percent c. Over 25 percent d. Less than 10 percent e. Over 50 percent

What kingdom was successful in establishing a unified and independent government in Korea? Select one: a. Choson b. Khitan c. Paekche d. Kyoto e. Silla

What noble was responsible for initiating a series of expeditions along the African coast and outward to the Azores in the 15th century? Select one: a. Hugh Dupuy, Count Marechal b. Duke of Saxony c. Prince Henry of England d. Cardinal Mazarin, regent of France e. Prince Henry the Navigator

What proportion of the European population died as a result of the 14th century plague? Select one: a. One fourth b. One tenth c. One eighth d. One half e. One third

What region of the world became the dominant culture in the period after 1450? Select one: a. Africa b. The Islamic Middle East c. Central Asia d. China e. The West

What regions of Asia were most drawn to Chinese cultural and political models? Select one: a. The island societies of the Pacific rim b. Western Islamic provinces c. The nomadic societies in the North d. Indianized peoples of Southeast Asia e. The agrarian societies in the East and South

What was one of the most important but indirect and unintended impacts of the Mongol drive to the west? Select one: a. The progressive desiccation of the central Asian steppes b. The closing of the Silk Road and other major trade routes led to isolation of the East c. The expansion of overseas trade to the Americas d. The tendency of the nomadic peoples to give up their lifestyle in preference for sedentary agriculture e. The demographic blow to Eurasian populations caused by the Black Death

What was the Ka'ba? Select one: a. The belief in the goodness of holy war b. The name given to Muhammad's flight from Mecca c. The tribe that dominated Mecca d. The port of Mecca e. The religious shrine that was the focus of an annual truce

What was the central purpose of the reforms of 646 in Japan? Select one: a. To destroy the Confucian scholar-gentry in favor of a military aristocracy b. The destruction of the traditional peasant-conscript army c. To increase the power of the Buddhist monastic structure d. To decentralize the imperial government e. To remake the Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor

What was the impact of the improved economy after the 10th century on the social system of western Europe? Select one: a. The merchants lost considerable power to the monarchs. b. The improvements in the agricultural system retarded the development of towns and restricted social mobility. c. Despite the improved economy, the rigid social system associated with feudalism continued to dominate western Europe. d. Harsh serfdom became the rule throughout western Europe. e. The increased pace of economic life created a less rigid structure.

What was the initial response of the Umayyads to Muhammad's new faith? Select one: a. They sought him as an ally against the Sassinians and the Byzantines. b. The Umayyads simply ignored Muhammad as an insignificant member of a weak clan. c. The Umayyads immediately accepted Muhammad as their religious and political leader and the chief power in Mecca. d. They sought to protect him from a plot on his life by the Banu Hashim. e. They regarded him as a threat to their wealth and power as he questioned the traditional gods of the Ka'ba.

What was the most significant impact of the period of the Mongol rule on Russia? Select one: a. The Mongols aided the Russians in gaining political dominance over the peoples of the Asiatic steppes. b. Mongol rule introduced Russia to advanced Asian technology imported from China. c. The Mongol domination resulted in the destruction of Eastern Orthodoxy and the rise of Nestorian Christianity. d. The period of Mongol rule introduced many Islamic people into the region of Russia. e. The period of Mongol rule reinforced the isolation of Russia from western Europe and the developments of the Renaissance and Reformation.

What was the nature of the Aztec administration of subject territories? Select one: a. All territories conquered by the Aztecs became part of a singular administration run by a trained bureaucracy located in Tenochtitlan, much like the Byzantine Empire. b. Aztecs rarely collected tribute from subject territories but did take hostages for human sacrifice. c. The Aztecs placed members of the Aztec nobility as rulers over subject peoples. d. The Aztecs established a military administration with subject territories controlled by regional generals. e. Conquered territories were often left relatively unchanged under their old rulers as long as they recognized Aztec supremacy and paid tribute.

What was the political result of the Vietnamese drive to conquer regions south of the Red River basin? Select one: a. Vietnamese domination of the South Pacific and the Philippines b. The defeat of the Vietnamese and the fragmentation of the kingdom into 300 small kingdoms ruled by a warrior elite c. The creation of a highly centralized kingdom with its capital at Hanoi d. The reconquest of the Red River valley by the Chinese during the Southern Song era e. The division of the Vietnamese into two kingdoms with capitals at Hue and Hanoi

What was the primary written language of the later Abbasid court? a. Cyrillic b. Latin c. Greek d. Arabic e. Persian

What was the principle advantage of the Islamic concept of the umma? a. It provided dietary restrictions that allowed for more equitable distribution of food in Arabia. b. It provided a clear principle of political succession that would provide the basis for an Islamic state. c. It provided for an annual treaty that would restore the trade routes of Arabia. d. It emphasized the value of individualism and fostered self-reliance among the bedouin tribes. e. It transcended old tribal boundaries and made possible political unity among Arab clans.

What was the religious affiliation of the Seljuk Turks? a. Eastern Orthodox b. Sufi c. Christian d. Shi'a e. Sunni

What was the result of the civil wars following the death of al-Rashid? a. The practice of electing caliphs in Mecca was once again instituted. b. The Abbasid dynasty came to an end with the defeat in the Battle of Zamzam. c. The Shi'as were able to take over the throne with the election of Ali. d. Private armies were abolished in an attempt to curtail future violence over the succession. e. Succession disputes led to the build up of personal armies, often of slave soldiers.

What was the status of Mongolian women during the Yuan dynasty of China? Select one: a. Mongol women were increasingly prevented from participating in hunting and martial activities, although they retained some influence in the household. b. Mongolian women suffered social and political isolation as Mongol men adopted the preference for women who had undergone foot-binding. c. Mongol women wholeheartedly adopted Chinese culture including the practice of foot-binding. d. Mongolian women lost status as they fell under the social apparatus of the Confucian ideology. e. Mongol women remained relatively independent, refused to adopt the practice of foot-binding, and retained their rights in property.

Where was the capital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan? Select one: a. Khwarazm b. Tatu c. Samarkand d. Cambolu e. Karakorum

Which kingdom was conquered by Wendi in 589? Select one: a. Liao b. Tibet c. Manchuria d. Korea e. Chen

Which of the following cultures of the Arabian Peninsula was most significant the development of Islam? a. Medieval b. Sedentary agricultural villages c. Hunting and gathering d. Urban e. Bedouin

Which of the following developments was NOT a result of the improved economy of the High Middle Ages? Select one: a. A money economy began to replace the traditional barter system used throughout western Europe. b. Urban growth allowed more specialized manufacturing and commercial activities, including banking. c. Rising trade permitted the redevelopment of commerce within the Mediterranean and beyond. d. Some peasants were able to throw off the most severe constraints of manorialism, becoming almost free farmers. e. Conflicts between peasants and the landlords became rare, if they did not disappear altogether.

Which of the following does NOT represent a similarity between the spread of civilization in eastern and western Europe? a. Civilization spread northward from a Mediterranean base b. Animism gave way to monotheism c. Christianity was spread in both cases d. In both cases newly civilized areas looked back to the Greco-Roman past e. Northern kingdoms dominated both areas

Which of the following regions was NOT part of the Spanish colonial empire? Select one: a. Panama b. Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico c. Hispaniola d. Mexico e. Brazil

Which of the following statements about the population of the Americas is most true? Select one: a. Most estimates are approximately the same. b. The early 20th-century estimate of 8.4 million still seems the most accurate. c. The population of the Americas is easy to calculate. d. North America was more densely populated than Mesoamerica or the Andes. e. The population estimates of the Americas continue to be revised upward.

Which of the following statements best accounts for the Spanish failure to hold a position of dominance in world trade? Select one: a. Spain exported more finished goods than it imported due to the high quality of its artisans and craftsmen. b. The Catholic church that dominated Spanish society argued against the establishment of a commercial mentality in Spain. c. The Spanish withdrew voluntarily from the race for world trade dominance and established a policy of international isolation. d. Spain's interests were increasingly directed toward the destruction of the Ottoman Empire. e. Spain's internal economy and banking system were not sufficient to accommodate the bullion from the new world and lacked significant manufacturing capability.

Which of the following statements concerning Arabic trade after 1100 is most accurate? Select one: a. The Arab trading complex was reduced after 1100 to the Middle East. b. Arabic control of the seas was strengthened following 1100. c. The total collapse of the Islamic world in the 12th century can best be compared to the fall of the Roman Empire. d. Their economic decline could be compared to that of Rome. e. Although Arabic trade was reduced, Muslims remained active in world markets.

Which of the following statements concerning Chinggis Khan's early life is most accurate? Select one: a. He did not become leader of the Mongols until he had secured the assistance of his rival Batu. b. He fled following his father's death to the Chinese, who provided him with military support. c. Following the death of his father, he immediately enjoyed military success over rival clans. d. He succeeded to the kingship of the Mongols at an early age as the only heir of his grandfather. e. Following his father's death, he was abandoned by many followers and captured by a rival tribe.

Which of the following statements concerning the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan is NOT accurate? Select one: a. It was built on an island in the middle of a lake. b. It and Cuzco shared a similar geography in that both cities were located on a lake. c. The city was divided into more than 60 wards controlled by kinship groups. d. By 1519 it probably had a population of about 150,000. e. Unlike other Mesoamerican cities it lacked a temple complex.

Which of the following statements concerning the Holy Roman Emperors after the 10th century is most accurate? Select one: a. Building on a feudal framework rather than the Carolingian Germanic foundations, the Holy Roman emperors created a strongly centralized government. b. Discarding much of the former Carolingian Empire, the Holy Roman emperors reestablished a centralized government in northern Italy. c. They built upon the Carolingian foundations to establish the most centralized government found in the medieval West. d. Dukedoms and city-states yielded political authority to the Holy Roman Empire throughout western Europe. e. The rule of the Holy Roman emperors became increasingly hollow, because they did not build a solid monarchy from regional foundations.

Which of the following statements concerning the Mongol conquest of Song China is most accurate? Select one: a. The campaigns against the Song were interrupted by power struggles among the Mongols, but took slightly more than five years. b. Song China appealed to the Japanese for assistance in repelling the Mongol invaders. c. The Mongols were unable to establish political control over the Song dynasty. d. Song China, because of its relative weakness, capitulated within two years after the initiation of the Mongol conquest. e. Song China proved one of the toughest areas for the Mongols to conquer, taking from 1235 to 1279 to subdue.

Which of the following statements concerning the impact of Christianity on polytheistic religions in western Europe is most accurate? Select one: a. Few polytheistic religions existed in Europe during the Middle Ages, but their influences grew. b. Small islands of polytheistic belief remained, but most Europeans converted from polytheistic faiths in the initial post-classical centuries. c. Although Christianity made inroads, many areas of Europe retained polytheistic beliefs and rejected the new religion. d. Christianity eradicated all traces of those earlier religions as the new religion became universal in western Europe. e. The process of conversion produced a religious blend in which beliefs in magic and supernatural spirits coexisted with Christianity.

Which of the following statements concerning the intellectual activity of the medieval West prior to the 8th century is most accurate? Select one: a. Universities rapidly created a new intellectual climate in which logic was applied to matters of Christian doctrine. b. All literacy and contact with the ancient culture was lost in the centuries following the fall of Rome. c. Western scholars achieved more during this period than their Islamic counterparts. d. Classical rational traditions were actively united with Christian mysticism to carve out a new intellectual world. e. With the few literate people concentrated in monasteries, little was achieved other than copying older manuscripts.

Which of the following statements concerning the nature of the Korean society is most accurate? Select one: a. Korean universities fought the trend toward Sinification by using Korean examination systems. b. Korean society followed the Chinese model of a strong scholar-gentry, a weak aristocracy, and a highly regarded though politically impotent peasantry. c. Like the Chinese, a wealthy merchant class arose in Korea, but according to Confucian dictates it never achieved high social status. d. Like the Japanese during the same period, Korean society is typified by the rise of strong merchant and artisan classes. e. Because of the monopolization of all things Chinese by the tiny Korean elite, neither a merchant nor an artisan class developed in Korea.

Which of the following statements concerning the status of women in the Tang-Song era is most accurate? Select one: a. Women had more rights than ever before due to the influence of the Legalists. b. Tang-Song law recognized no women's rights. c. The condition of women in general improved during the Tang-Song era. d. The spread of Buddhism provided women with greater opportunities and career alternatives within the monastic movement. e. The assertion of male dominance within the family was especially pronounced in the thinking of the neo-Confucian philosophers.

Which of the following statements concerning the three-field rotation system is most accurate? Select one: a. The three-field system removed fallow fields and replaced them with nitrogen-bearing crops. b. The three-field system was rapidly replaced after the 8th century by the two-field system that offered greater flexibility in terms of crop rotation. c. It represented a net increase in productivity where it was used because although crops were rotated, no fields were left fallow. d. The three-field system removed more land from production than before by reserving one-third for fallow. e. Introduced in the 8th century, the three-field rotation left a third of the land unplanted to regain fertility.

Which of the following statements concerning the ulama is most accurate? a. It brought mysticism into Islam and placed less emphasis on evangelism. b. It stressed withdrawal from the rest of the community of believers and the creation of Islamic monasteries. c. It favored a type of Byzantine worship stressing the use of icons with the picture of Muhammad. d. It embraced the full consequences of fusing Greek and Quranic traditions willingly. e. It stressed an increasingly restrictive conservatism within Islam, particularly with respect to scientific inquiry.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the position of the scholar-gentry under the Song dynasty? Select one: a. The Confucian scholar-gentry continued to exist, but the examination system weakened noticeably causing the imperial bureaucracy to depend more and more on the aristocracy. b. The scholar-gentry attempted to revive warlordism, which led to the fall of the Song. c. The Song continued to rely on the Confucian scholar-gentry, but more rigorous examination systems resulted in fewer men entering the civil service as a result of education. d. The Song emperors came to rely increasingly on the military as defense of the borders placed less emphasis on the role of intellectual ideology and more on warfare. e. The domination of the scholar-gentry over its aristocratic and Buddhist rivals was fully secured in the Song era.

Which of the following views of the Aztec practice of human sacrifice can be associated with Marvin Harris's interpretation of the "cannibal kingdom"? Select one: a. It was immoral and unnecessary and was a waste of economic resources. b. It was an essentially religious act central to their belief that humans must sacrifice that which was most precious to them in order to receive the sun, rain, and other blessings. c. The incidence of human sacrifice was grossly exaggerated by the Spanish for political purposes. d. It was the intentional manipulation of a traditional practice to terrorize their neighbors and to keep the lower classes subordinate. e. It was a response to the lack of available protein in the form of large mammals.

Which of the following was NOT a function of the Aztec kinship groups? Select one: a. Organizing military units for warfare b. Maintaining temples and schools c. Distributing land to household heads d. Organizing labor units for state service e. Assignment of people to cult groups

Which of the following was NOT a method employed by Kubilai Khan to maintain the separation of Mongols and Chinese? Select one: a. Only women from nomadic families were selected for the imperial harem. b. Mongols were forbidden to marry ethnic Chinese. c. Chinese scholars were forbidden to learn the Mongol script. d. Mongol military forces were kept separate from the Chinese. e. Chinese were forbidden to serve at any level of the Mongol administration.

Which of the following was NOT a problem during the last years of the Tang dynasty? Select one: a. The revolt of An Lushan b. The Huang-chao rebellion c. Independent rulers collected their own taxes d. The entry of nomads into large areas of the northern China plain e. A Buddhist rebellion in southern China

Which of the following was NOT a reason used by the Ming dynasty to halt the trading expeditions? Select one: a. The growing military expenses of the campaigns against the Mongols b. The traditional preference of the Chinese for Asian products c. The expense of building the new capital in Beijing d. The opposition of the scholar-gentry and bureaucracy e. The technological inferiority of Chinese ships and navigation

Which of the following was NOT an eventual impact of the development of neo-Confucian schools of thought? Select one: a. Reinforcement of class, age, and gender distinctions b. Hostility to foreign philosophical systems like Buddhism c. Historical experiences were held to be the most practical guide to life. d. The stifling of innovation and critical thinking in favor of traditionalism e. Destruction of the mandarins

Which of the following was NOT one of the major themes or cults of Aztec religion? Select one: a. Creator deities b. Gods of fertility c. The agricultural cycle d. Gods of warfare and sacrifice e. Deities devoted to contemplation and salvation

Which of the following was NOT strength of Byzantine cultural life? a. Richly colored mosaics b. Domed buildings adapted from the Roman style of architecture c. A certain amount of diversity d. Painted icons e. Innovative literary forms

Which of the following was NOT true of the career of Jacques Coeur? Select one: a. He used his wealth to arrange for his 16-year-old son to become an archbishop. b. He had the largest fleet ever owned by a French subject. c. He was tortured, admitted to various crimes, and had his property confiscated. d. Coeur built an elaborate palace at Bourges. e. He died a rich and honored advisor to the king of France.

Which of the following was a result of the Hundred Years War during the 14th and 15th centuries? Select one: a. An English victory, but only after an invasion of France by Richard the Lionhearted b. Physical destruction of both France and England, with loss of trade as well c. Mounted knights continued their dominance over foot soldiers and archers d. Major battles resulted in enormous loss of life over the course of the war e. Kings reduced their reliance on feudal forces in favor of paid armies

Which of the following was a result of the conflict between the Byzantine Empire and the Arab Muslims? a. the Arab threat to the Byzantine Empire was permanently removed b. the Byzantines made an alliance with Kievan Rus, which led to greater cooperation between the two empires c. the commercial significance of Constantinople was destroyed by the 8th century, forcing the Byzantine Empire to depend increasingly on trade with the West d. the Byzantine Empire was able to recover the provinces of Syria and Egypt, thus regaining valuable agricultural land and increased wealth e. the position of small farmers in the empire was weakened as a result of heavy taxation, resulting in greater aristocratic estates

While all of these peoples migrated to, settled, and influenced north Africa, the only indigenous inhabitants seem to be the (A) Phoenicians (Carthaginians). (B) Greeks and Romans. (C) Vandals. (D) Arabs. (E) Berbers

While the position of Aztec women in many ways paralleled that of women in other civilizations at a similar stage of development, what was the significant difference between the lives of women in Mesoamerica and in the Mediterranean world? Select one: a. Women in Mesoamerica participated fully in the military. b. There was no polygamy practiced in Mesoamerica. c. Peasant women were more highly educated in Mesoamerica. d. Aztec women were unable to inherit or to pass property on to heirs. e. Aztec women had to spend many more hours grinding grain for food.

Who was the founder of the Tang dynasty? Select one: a. Li Bo b. Yangdi c. Zhao Kuangyin d. Niu Su e. Li Yuan

Why did the khan of the Ilkhan horde decide to give up his plans to continue his conquest of the Islamic heartland in 1260? Select one: a. The Islamic forces were already preparing a massive counterattack. b. The khan died leaving a minor as the ruler of the Ilkhan horde. c. The Ilkhan horde dissipated into rival clan groups following their defeat at the hands of the Mameluks. d. The forces of the Christian crusader states were likely to bring the powerful armies of western Europe into the struggle against the Mongols. e. The successor of Batu as ruler of the Golden Horde, Berke, had converted to Islam and was a potential ally of the Mameluks.

Why was the caliph Uthman disliked by so many Arabs? Select one: a. He was not an Arab. b. He murdered Ali. c. He had halted the process of expansion and thus stopped the flow of booty to the tribesmen. d. He was a firm supporter of Muhammad's son-in-law and nephew, Ali. e. He was the first caliph to be chosen from Muhammad's early enemies, the Umayyads.

Why was the construction of the Grand Canal necessary? Select one: a. The canal connected the Tang capitals Changan and Loyang with the newly acquired regions in the North. b. Chinese population was increasingly concentrated along the northern plains of the Yangtze River. c. Peasants were moving from the countryside of southern China to the urban areas of the North. d. Major river systems in China ran from north to south, and the canal was necessary to connect the coastal regions with the western frontier. e. The Yangtze River valley was becoming the major food-producing region of China by the late Tang era.

Which of the following was NOT a belief shared by practitioners of many indigenous African religions? a. The view that the land had religious significance b. The idea of a creator deity c. The veneration of ancestors d. Well-developed concepts of good and evil e. A moral code based on one supreme god

e. A moral code based on one supreme god

What was the common cultural trait of the urbanized trading ports of the east African coast? a. Membership in the Soninke tribe b. A common descent from refugees from Bagdad c. The artistic style of the Nok culture d. A single ruling family from the Malinke tribe e. Bantu-based and Arabic-influenced Swahili language

e. Bantu-based and Arabic-influenced Swahili language

What was the social and political function of the griots? a. Griots were the classes of people of the conquest states of the Mali kings who were consigned to labor within the empire's mines. b. Griots were Malinke merchants who served as trade middlemen throughout Africa and most of the Islamic world. c. Griots were religious diviners whose function was to foretell the future and guide the decisions of kings. d. Griots were Islamic religious leaders in African empires and as such, played a powerful role in government. e. Griots mastered the oral traditions of the Malinke and by knowing the past were considered excellent advisors of kings.

e. Griots mastered the oral traditions of the Malinke and by knowing the past were considered excellent advisors of kings.

Following the decline of Songhay, smaller states developed east of Mali and Songhay among what people? a. Nok b. Berber c. Almoravid d. Masai e. Hausa

e. Hausa

What accounted for the downfall of Songhay? a. Defeat and incorporation within the Mali Empire b. Invasion by the Portuguese in their search for slaves c. The rise of the Swahili coast power states such as Kilwa and others d. The collapse of the irrigation system on which the agricultural economy depended e. Invasion by a Moroccan Muslim army equipped with firearms, followed by internal revolts

e. Invasion by a Moroccan Muslim army equipped with firearms, followed by internal revolts

How did the expansion of Islam aid in the creation of international trade on the east African coastline? a. Islamic merchants established banking houses on the coast, which in turn, led to an expansion of trade with the African interior. b. Because Islam regarded Christians as peoples of the book, Muslim merchants came to trade at the Christianized ports of east Africa. c. The connection with the Islamic states of north Africa permitted the urbanized ports of east Africa to trade widely with northern Europe. d. The direct trade routes between the African states of west Africa and the coast of east Africa stimulated commerce between the cities of the east and the Atlantic Ocean. e. Islam expanded to India and southeast Asia providing a religious bond of trust between those regions and the converted rulers of the cities of east Africa.

e. Islam expanded to India and southeast Asia providing a religious bond of trust between those regions and the converted rulers of the cities of east Africa.

Which of the following statements concerning the social organization of the Malinke people is most accurate? a. There was always a sharp division between urban, rural dwellers and outside groups such as Muslim traders. b. The Malinke regarded all members of the tribal group as children of the ruler and thus essentially equal. c. Following their conversion to Islam, the Malinke removed the worst aspects of social stratification in order to achieve social equality. d. The Malinke recognized only two sorts of people, those who were free and slaves. e. Malinke society was divided into three groups, clans of freemen, people devoted to religion, and specialists and tradesmen.

e. Malinke society was divided into three groups, clans of freemen, people devoted to religion, and specialists and tradesmen.

Which of the following statements concerning political and religious universality in Africa is most accurate? a. Universal religions found no adherents in Africa, a fact that helps to account for the failure of a universal political system to develop. b. There were no similarities in the various African religious beliefs, which led to an easy acceptance of universal religions. c. Although a universal empire did not develop in Africa, Islam provided a principle of universality in the continent. d. During the post classical period, Africa was politically united under a single government but remained religiously diverse. e. Neither universal states nor universal religion characterized Africa, but both Christianity and Islam did find adherents in Africa.

e. Neither universal states nor universal religion characterized Africa, but both Christianity and Islam did find adherents in Africa.

How did contact with the Muslim world affect the African slave trade? a. Despite the Muslim acceptance of slavery and its widespread use in Islamic society outside of Africa, Muslims generally refused to accept black slaves. b. Because of the Muslim emphasis on equality of all believers, early Muslim rulers suppressed the slave trade. c. Muslims forced southern Africans to give up slavery. d. Slavery was unknown in African society until the Muslims introduced it. e. Slavery became a more widely diffused phenomenon and the slave trade developed rapidly.

e. Slavery became a more widely diffused phenomenon and the slave trade developed rapidly.

What monarch is credited with beginning Malinke expansion and creating the Mali Empire? a. Mansa Kankan Musa b. King Lalibela c. Mahmud of Ghur d. Muhammad the Great e. Sundiata

e. Sundiata

What was the form of political organization of the Kingdom of Kongo? a. The Kongo was part of a universal Islamic empire created with the use of the Berbers as soldiers. b. The Kingdom of Kongo was part of the Mali Empire until it broke away in 1550. c. The Kingdom of Kongo was organized into a number of city-states ruled from Ile-Ife. d. The Kingdom of Kongo was a strongly centralized empire ruled by a divine king in Great Zimbabwe. e. The Kingdom of Kongo was a confederation of smaller states brought under the control of the king and divided into eight provinces.

e. The Kingdom of Kongo was a confederation of smaller states brought under the control of the king and divided into eight provinces.

Which of the following regions was NOT one of the important points of cultural contact between Africa and Islam? a. The Sahara b. The Indian Ocean c. The Atlantic Ocean d. The savanna or sahel e. The Persian Gulf

e. The Persian Gulf

Which of the following statements concerning the agricultural economy of Mali is most accurate? a. Land in Mali was owned communally and farmed in clan groups. b. Because of the early introduction of iron working in Mali's culture, the agricultural economy was able to take advantage of extremely advanced technology. c. Because of the poor soil, the majority of the people of Mali abandoned agriculture for trade. d. Metal plows were used frequently and helped spread agriculture throughout the imperial states. e. The farmers of Mali were barely able to provide the basic foods that supported the imperial states.

e. The farmers of Mali were barely able to provide the basic foods that supported the imperial states.

The ruler of the kingdom centered on Great Zimbabwe took the title of a. quadi b. alafin. c. askia. d. mansa. e. mwene mutapa.

e. mwene mutapa.

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