AP World History Module 9 Vocabulary

Alfred Dreyfus

Alfred Dreyfus was a French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans and his mistreatment and exile to Devil's Island provided the flash-point for years of bitter debate between the left and right of France. Alfred Dreyfus showed the world the start of the ideas behind the Holocaust as well as why there are many people who did not know the true horrors behind it.

Archduke Ferdinand

Archduke Ferdinand was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination sparked the events in World War I. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand sparked World War I, changing the course of world history because it initiated Germany's loss, which in turn sparked World War II as well as the destruction of German Empires.

Armenians

Armenians are Indo-Europeans that appeared shortly after World War I. Armenians allowed a brand new people to come into existence and create a new culture while blending Indian and European ideas.

Ataturk

Ataturk, also known as Mustafa Kemal, was the leader of the Turkish republic formed in 1923 and reformed the Turkish nation using Western models. Ataturk helped the Turkish republic to gain power and twist Western influences into their own image.

B. G. Tilak

B. G. Tilak believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity and he worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions. B. G. Tilak attempted to restore the original Hindu traditions and culture to India, which showed that there were some that wanted to go back to their old traditions.

David Lloyd George

David Lloyd George was a prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of World War I and the turbulent years that followed. David Lloyd George helped Britain to recover after World War I.

Effendi

Effendi were a class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt and it was a class that usually favored Egyptian independence. Effendi allowed Egyptian business owners to gain a say in the government and economy starts to prosper within the region.

Gallipoli

Gallipoli is a peninsula south of Istanbul and it was the site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during World War I. Gallipoli was the site of an important battle in World War I and it showed that some troops under large European powers were not as powerful as their governments.

Georges Clemenceau

Georges Clemenceau was a French premier in the last years of World War I and during the Versailles Conference of 1919 and he pushed for reparations from Germany. Georges Clemenceau convinced the Versailles Conference to impose reparations on Germany, fueling Germany's want for revenge in World War II.

Lord Cromer

Lord Cromer was a British Consul-General in khedival Egypt who pushed for economic reforms that reduced but did not eliminate the debts of Egypt. Lord Cromer wanted to have a positive influence on Egyptian economy and he came up with a way to at least improve their value of life.

Mandates

Mandates are governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I. Mandates allowed the Middle East to be broken up into individual regions and gave European powers more land to work with.

Marcus Garvey

Marcus Garvey was an African American political leader who had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s. Marcus Garvey helped African and African Americans to gain a voice and create a better environment for them.

Mohandas Gandhi

Mohandas Gandhi led a sustained all-Indian campaign for independence from the British Empire after World War I and he stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protests. Mohandas Gandhi allowed the idea that nonviolence could bring about change and those who want something and work for it will be able to do anything.

Negritude

Negritude was a literary movement in Africa that attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture and it celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique. Negritude taught Africans to take pride in themselves instead of believe they are flawed like they were treated.

Nicholas II

Nicholas II was the Tsar of Russia who forcefully suppressed political opposition and constitution. Nicholas II helped rule Russia during the time of World War I and he made sure that the loyalty of his country would not waver, giving Russia a large advantage in the war.

Pan-African

Pan-African was an organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I. Pan-African allowed Africans a voice in the world, improving their place in the world.

Reparations

Reparations are payments paid to cover damage caused by war. Reparations allowed the Triple Entente to grow in wealth while it wiped Germany's economy out.

Satyagraha

Satyagraha is literally "truth-force" and it is a strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers. Satyagraha gave protesters a way to let their voices be heard in a nonviolent way, allowing more people to get involved with protesting and standing up for what they believe in.

Self-Determination

Self-determination is the right of people in a region to choose their own political system and its leaders. Self-determination allowed people the freedom of choice within their individual countries, giving people more rights in the grand scheme of things.

Balfour Declaration

The Balfour Declaration was British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of the Jewish homeland in Palestine. The Balfour Declaration attempted to help the Jewish gain their land back, creating an ally.

Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks were an organization representing the revolutionary working class of Russia under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin. The Bolsheviks changed Russian government, which helped the ideas of Vladimir Lenin to take hold and prosper.

Dinshawai Incident

The Dinshawai Incident was a clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers that arose after the wife of the prayer leader of the mosque was accidently shot by army officers hunting pigeons. The Dinshawai Incident sparked Egyptian movements for independence, which allowed Egypt to become a free country.

Eastern Front

The Eastern Front was the most mobile of the fronts established during World War I and military defeats there led to the downfall of the tsarist government in Russia. The Eastern Front led to government reforms in Russia, changing the course of Russian history.

League of Nations

The League of Nations was an international diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I. The League of Nations helped to negotiate the end of World War I and assisted in the building up of the countries after the war.

Morley-Minto Reforms

The Morley-Minto Reforms provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils. The Morley-Minto Reforms gave Indians more chances to improve their world, improving their value of life significantly.

Rowlatt Act

The Rowlatt Act placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press and it acted to offset the concessions granted under the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms. The Rowlatt Act kept Indians under control while giving them specific and certain freedoms in order to avoid revolt.

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was the 1919 peace treaty imposed upon Germany. The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I while also put firewood under Germany, waiting for a spark to begin World War II.

Triple Alliance

The Triple Alliance, otherwise known as the Central Powers, is the name for the alliance including Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The Triple Alliance forever marked Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy as "losers" or "bad guys" of World War I.

Triple Entente

The Triple Entente is the name for the alliance including Britain, France, and Russia. The Triple Entente allowed Britain, France, and Russia to gain more capital and power as the "winners" of World War I.

Wafd Patry

The Wafd Party was an Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I. The Wafd Party allowed Egypt to create a diplomatic voice in the world, even after being denied a voice in the Versailles Conference.

Western Front

The Western Front was the front established in World War I that was generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland that featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties. The Western Front was one of the major battlefields of World War I, showing the major damage just some of the battles caused.

World Zionist Organization

The World Zionist Organization was founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state. The World Zionist Organization wanted to help the Jewish get their own land back and create a safe environment for them while also trying to increase popularity for Zionism.