AP World History - Period 5

Indian Removal Act

(1830) legislation leading to the dispossession of Amerindian peoples in the southeastern United States; thousands of Cherokee died when forcibly marched to Oklahoma along the "Trail of Tears"

Josiah Wedgwood

(1730 - 1795) English ceramics manufacturer who combined the use of steam power with factory organization to greatly increase the output and lower the cost of his products; he was a prominent supporter of the abolition of slavery

George Washington

(1732 - 1799) commander of the Continental Army in the American War of Independence from Britain; also the first president of the United States of America

James Watt

(1736 - 1819) Scottish inventor who developed the world's first powerful and cost-effective steam engine; one of the most important contributors to Britain's Industrial Revolution

Andrew Jackson

(in office 1829-1837) the seventh president of the United States; a symbol of the expansion of voting rights and an aggressive advocate of westward expansion

Tupac Amaru II

(1741 - 1781) Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui Noguera, a descendant of the last Inca ruler; called himself Tupac Amaru II while leading a large-scale rebellion in the Andes against Spanish rule; he was defeated and executed

Toussaint L'Ouverture

(1744 1803) leader of the Haitian revolution; under his military and political leadership, Haiti gained independence and abolished slavery, becoming the first black-ruled republic in the Americas; he died in exile in France

Miguel de Hidalgo y Costilla

(1753 - 1811) Mexican priest who launched the first stage of the Mexican war for independence; Hidalgo appealed to Native Americans and mestizos and was thus viewed with suspicion by Mexican criollos; in 1811, he was captured and executed

Napoleon Bonaparte

(1769 - 1821) military commander who gained control of France after the French Revolution; he declared himself emperor in 1804 and attempted to expand French territory, but failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814; he died in exile after a brief return to power in 1815

Declaration of Independence

(1776) document written by Thomas Jefferson justifying the separation of Britain's North American colonies, declaring them free and independent states

Simon Bolivar

(1783 - 1830) revolutionary who was born in Venezuela and led military forces throughout present-day Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru, becoming the most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America

Constitution of the United States of America

(1787) agreement that created a more unified national structure for the United States, providing for a bicameral national legislature and independent executive and judicial authority, and incorporating a Bill of Rights

National Assembly

(1789) assembly that launched the French Revolution, formed by members of the Third Estate after the failure of the Estates-General; they agreed on the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen," forcing the king to sign the assembly's constitution

Commodore Matthew Perry

(1794 - 1858) American naval officer and diplomat whose 1853 visit to Japan opened that country's trade to the United States and other Western countries

John Stuart Mill

(1806 - 1873) English philosopher and economist who argued for the paramount importance of individual liberty and supported greater rights for women

Giuseppe Garibaldi

(1807 - 1882) Italian nationalist revolutionary who unified Italy in 1860 by conquering Sicily and Naples; though he advocated an Italian Republic, the new country became a constitutional monarch instead

Louis Napoleon

(1808 - 1873) conservative nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte who was elected president of the Second Republic before winning a plebiscite making him Emperor Napoleon III in 1852; he was forced to abdicate in 1870 after losing the Franco-Prussian War

Charles Darwin

(1809 - 1882) English natural historian, geologist, and proponent of the theory of evolution

David Livingstone

(1813 - 1873) Scottish missionary and explorer idolized in Britain for his commitment to the spiritual and moral salvation of Africans

Mikhail Bakunin

(1814 - 1876) a Russian anarchist and revolutionary imprisoned for his role in the revolutions of 1848; he escaped from Siberian exile, circled the world, and returned to Europe to continue his campaign for liberty

Otto von Bismarck

(1815 - 1898) unified Germany in 1871 and became its first chancellor; previously, as chancellor of Prussia, he led his state to victories against Austria and France

Congress of Vienna

(1815) conference at which the balance of power among European states was restored after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte

Karl Marx

(1818 - 1883) German author and philosopher who founded the Marxist branch of socialism; wrote "The Manifesto of the Communist Party" (1848) and "Das Kapital" (1867)

Congress of Angostura

(1819) congress that declared Venezuelan independence after Simon Bolivar gave an opening address arguing for a strong central government with effective executive powers

Porfirio Diaz

(1830 - 1915) president of Mexico from 1876 - 1880 and 1884 - 1911; while he ignored Mexican civil liberties, Diaz courted foreign investment to develop infrastructure and provided much-needed stability

Fukuzawa Yukichi

(1835 - 1901) Japanese writer, teacher, political theorist, and founder of Keio Academy (now Keio University); his ideas about learning, government, and society greatly influenced the Meiji Restoration; considered one of the founders of modern Japan

Empress Ci Xi

(1835 - 1908) the "Dowager Empress" who dominated Qing politics in the late nineteenth-century, ruling as regent for the emperor Guangxu; she blocked the Hundred Days' Reforms and other "Self-Strengthening" measures

Tanzimat Reforms

(1839 - 1876) restructuring of the Ottoman empire; control over civilian law was taken away from religious authorities, while the military and government bureaucracies were reorganized to gain efficiency

Treaty of Nanjing

(1842) one-sided treaty that concluded the first Opium War; Britain was allowed to trade in additional Chinese ports and took control of Hong Kong; the provision for extraterritoriality meant that Britons were subject to British rather than Chinese law

Muhammad Ahmad, the Mahdi

(1844 - 1885) Mahdi is the term some Muslims use for the "guided one" expected to appear before the end of days; Muhammad Ahmad took this title in Sudan and called for a jihad against British-dominated Egypt

Yucatan Rebellion

(1847) Maya uprising on Mexico's Yucatan peninsula, challenging the authority of the Mexican government and local landowners; some Maya communities defended their sovereignty into the 1890s

Taiping Rebellion

(1850 - 1864) massive rebellion against the Qing led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ come to earth to create a "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace"; the imperial system was greatly weakened as a result of the uprising

Crimean War

(1853 - 1856) war fought in the Crimean peninsula between the Russian and Ottoman empires; France and Britain sent troops to aid the Ottomans and prevent Russian expansion

Cecil Rhodes

(1853 - 1902) British entrepreneur, mining magnate, head of the British South African Company, and prime minister of the Cape Colony; played a major role in the expansion of British territory in southern Africa

Xhosa Cattle Killing

(1856 - 1857) a large cattle die-off in Africa caused by a European disease; some Xhosa accepted Nongqawuse's prophecies that if the people cleansed themselves and killed their cattle their ancestors would return and bring peace and prosperity; the result was famine and Xhosa subjection to the British

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

(1856 - 1920) Indian nationalist who demanded immediate independence from Britain, mobilizing Hindu religious symbolism to develop a mass following and arguing that violence was an acceptable tactic for anti-colonial partisans

Pauline Johnson-Tekahionwake

(1861 - 1913) Canadian poet of mixed English and Mohawk ancestry

Kishida Toshiko

(1863 - 1901) an early Japanese feminist who urged that as part of the Meiji reforms, women should have equal access to modern education and be allowed to take part in public affairs

Reconstruction

(1865 - 1877) period immediately after the American Civil War during which the federal government took control of the former Confederate states and oversaw enforcement of constitutional provisions guaranteeing civil rights for freed slaves

Metis Rebellion

(1867 and 1885) rebellions led by the metis of the Red River Valley settlement in Manitoba, a group of mixed French-Amerindian ancestry that resisted incorporation into the Canadian Confederation; in 1885 their leader, Louis Riel, again led them in rebellion against Canadian authority

Confederation of Canada

(1867) confederation of former British colonies united under a single federal constitution, a dominion within the British empire

Meiji Restoration

(1868) a dramatic revolution in Japan that overthrew the Tokugawa, restored national authority to the emperor, and put the country on a path of political and economic reform; Meiji industrialization turned Japan into a major world power

Suez Canal

(1869) French-designed canal built between the Mediterranean and the Red Seas that greatly shortened shipping times between Europe and Asia; dominated by European economic interests

Emiliano Zapata

(1879 - 1919) leader of a popular uprising during the Mexican Revolution; mobilized the poor in southern and central Mexico to demand "justice, land, and liberty"

War of the Pacific

(1879) war among Bolivia, Peru, and Chile over the natural resources of the pacific Coast; Chile emerged victorious, gaining international prestige, while Bolivia's loss made it a poor, landlocked country

Canadian Pacific Railway

(1881 - 1885) the railway's completion led to the transcontinental integration of Canada and opened Canada's Great Plains to European settlement

Berlin Conference

(1884) conference organized by the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck in which representatives of the major European states divided Africa among themselves

Indian National Congress

(1885) formed by wealthy, Western-educated Indians to advance the cause of Indian involvement in their own governance; in the twentieth-century, it would become the vehicle for India's independence under the leadership of Mohandas K. Gandhi

Sino-Japanese War

(1894 - 1895) a war caused by a rivalry over the Korean peninsula; ended with a one-sided treaty that favored Japan, which obtained treaty rights in China as well as control of Korea and Taiwan

Federation of Indochina

(1897) federation created by the French after having conquered Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos - an administrative convenience, as the societies that made up the federation had little in common

Boxer Rebellion

(1898) Chinese uprising triggered by a secret society called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, a fiercely anti-Western group; intended to drive out Westerners, it resulted instead in foreign occupation of Beijing

Russo-Japanese War

(1904 - 1905) war caused by territorial disputes in Manchuria and Korea; Japan's defeat of Russia was the first victory by an Asian military power over a European one in the industrial age (1772 - 1833)

Partition of Bengal

(1905) a British partition of the wealthy northeastern Indian province of Bengal for administrative expediency; became a touch point of anti-colonial agitation

King Khama III

(c. 1837 - 1923) king of the Bangwato, a Tswana-speaking southern African group; his successful diplomacy helped establish the Bechuanaland protectorate, putting the Bangwato and other kingdoms under British rather than South African rule

Samori Toure

(c. 1830 - 1900) founder of a major state in West Africa who adopted the pose of a jihadist leader in competition with neighboring kingdoms; after being forced into confrontation by the French, he launched a long but unsuccessful guerilla campaign against them

Sitting Bull

(c. 1831 - 1890) Lakota chieftain who led Amerindian resistance to white settlement of the Black Hills; after defeating U.S. cavalry and Lieutenant Colonel George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, he was killed in 1890 during conflict surrounding the Ghost Dance Movement

Abraham Lincoln

(in office 1861 - 1865) sixteenth president of the United States and the country's first Republican president; his election on an anti-slavery platform led eleven states to secede from the Union, plunging the country into the American Civil War

Louis XVI

(r. 1774 - 1793) king of France whose inability to adequately reform the French fiscal system laid the foundation for the French Revolution; after showing reluctance to rule as a constitutional monarch, Louis was arrested and beheaded by republican revolutionaries

Muhammad Ali

(r. 1808 - 1848) Egyptian ruler who attempted to modernize his country's economy by promoting cotton cultivation and textile manufacturing and by sending young Egyptians to study in Europe

Shaka

(r. 1820 - 1828) founder and ruler of the Zulu empire; Zulu military tactics revolutionized warfare in southern Africa; through the mfecane, or "crushing," Shaka violently absorbed many surrounding societies into his empire

King Leopold II of Belgium

(r. 1865 - 1909) ignited a "scramble for Africa" when he claimed the large area of Central Africa he called the Congo Free State; the ruthless exploitation of Congolese rubber by Leopold's agents led to millions of deaths

Chulalongkorn

(r. 1868 - 1910) king of Siam (Thailand) who modernized his country through legal and constitutional reforms; through successful diplomacy he ensured Siam's continued independence while neighboring societies were absorbed into European empires

Menelik II

(r. 1889 - 1913) emperor who used diplomacy and military reorganization to retain Ethiopian independence, defeating an Italian army of invasion at Adowa in 1896

Emancipation Edict

1861 edict by Tsar Alexander II that freed the Russian serfs; however, serfs had to pay their former owners for their freedom, and the land they were allocated was often insufficient to produce the money needed to meet that cost for freedom

caudillos

Latin American military men who gained power through violence during and after the early nineteenth-century

Self-Strengthening Movement

nineteenth-century Chinese reform movement with the motto "Confucian ethics, Western science"; advocates of Self-Strengthening sought a way to reconcile Western and Chinese systems of thought

New Imperialism

an increase in European imperial activity during the late nineteenth-century, caused primarily by increased competition between industrial states for raw materials and markets and by the rise of a unified Germany as a threat to the British empire

Frankfurt Assembly

assembly held in 1848 to create a constitution for a unified German Confederation; elected Friedrich Wilhelm IV as a constitutional monarch, but Wilhelm refused the offer on the principle that people did not have the right to choose their own king

Third Estate

before the French Revolution, the order of French society that included the common people (the First Estate was the clergy, the Second was aristocracy, and the Third everyone else)

Reform Bill of 1832

bill that significantly reformed the British House of Commons by lowering property qualifications for the vote; still, only wealthier middle-class men were enfranchised

Industrial Revolution

changes that began in late-eighteenth-century Britain and transformed the global economy by creating new markets for raw materials and finished goods; accompanied by technological changes that revolutionized production processes, living and working conditions, and the environment

Asante kingdom

dominant power in the West African forest in the eighteenth- and early nineteenth-centuries; the Asante capital was sacked by British forces in 1874 and again in 1896; in 1900, Yaa Asantewa's War represented a final attempt to expel the British

Opium War

in the first Opium War (1839 - 1842), Britain invaded the Qing empire to force China to open to trade; in the second Opium War (1856 - 1860), an Anglo-French force once again invaded to enforce unequal treaties that resulted from the first war and extract further concessions

zaibatsu

large corporations that developed the Japanese industrial economy in close cooperation with the imperial government

responsible government

nineteenth-century constitutional arrangement in British North America that allowed colonies to achieve dominion status within the British empire and elect parliaments responsible for internal affairs; the British appointed governors as their sovereign's representative and retained control of foreign policy

Gilded Age

period of economic prosperity in the United States in the last two decades of the nineteenth-century, when the opulence displayed by the wealthy masked the poverty, political corruption, and unsafe living and occupational conditions for the working class

Indian Revolt of 1857

revolt of Indian soldiers against British officers when they were required to use greased ammunition cartridges they suspected were being used to pollute them and cause them to convert to Christianity; the revolt spread across north India

Union of South Africa

self-governing dominion within the British empire created in 1910 from a number of British colonies and Boer republics after the South African War; this compromise protected both British mining and Boer agriculture at the expense of African interests

nationalism

the defining ideology of the nation-state, emphasizing the rights and responsibilities of citizens toward the nation as superior to those based on regional, religious, familial, or other identities; nationalism often asserts a common ethnic and linguistic heritage in legitimizing state power

Second Industrial Revolution

the more technologically sophisticated and capital intensive industrialism of the later nineteenth-century; electricity, steel, and petroleum superseded coal and iron, and large corporations now required secure access to natural resources from around the world

Jacobins

the most radical republican faction in the National Convention; they organized a military force that saved the republic, but their leader Maximilien Robespierre, head of the Committee of Public Safety, ruled by decree and set in motion the Reign of Terror