Tingnan ang lahat ng mga set ng pag-aaral

AP world history unit 1-unit 4 (first semester final)

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

Which of the following factors best explains the distribution of Muslim populations shown on the map above?

Merchant activity

Voyages such as those referred to in the third paragraph were most directly facilitated by which ofthe following?

Merchants' understanding of the patterns of the monsoon winds

The map above indicates that

Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade

The map below indicates

Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade

In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., states in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam had which of the following in common?

All were culturally influenced by China.

Based on the information in the table, the Black Death outbreak of the bubonic plague struck Essex County in which of the following periods?

Between 1320 and 1350

Which of the following developments best explains why many historians argue that the Song dynasty period (960-1279 C.E.) was pivotal in the development of China as an economic world power?

China's population doubled and Chinese urban centers experienced massive growth during the Song period.

Which of the great religious systems below were characterized by monotheism combined with a sacred text and a strong missionary thrust?

Christianity and Islam

"Lu Hui's parents died when he was young and he was brought up in his mother's family. His uncle often encouraged him to take the imperial examination. Uprisings, however, prevented Lu from being able to take the examinations. Unable to make a living, Lu became a poor wandering student. One day, Zheng Xu, who was a high-ranking government official, offered to make arrangements that would allow Lu to bypass the exams and advance himself with Zheng's support. Zheng tried to tempt Lu to skirt the rules, saying 'How long can a man live? If there is a shortcut to riches and fame, why insist on going through examinations?' But Lu firmly refused the offer, saying, 'Our great nation has established the examination system for the outstanding and the talented. My uncle always encouraged me to take the examinations and I cannot bring myself to break our agreement. If I have to die as a mere student, it is my fate. But I will not change my mind for the sake of wealth.' When Zheng saw Lu's determination, he respected him even more than before. Another ten years passed before Lu finally passed the examination. He died as one of the highest officials in the whole empire." Wang Dingbao, government official in a regional state established after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, Selected Stories From the Time of The Tang, a collection of biographies, written circa 940 C.E The passage most strongly reflects the continuing influence of which of the following belief systems in Chinese society?

Confucianism

"Zhu Seng Du came from an intellectual family in South China. He lived with his mother and was a dutiful son. He later proposed to a woman from the respected Yang family. Before the marriage was set, however, his fiancée's mother and father died and soon after Du's mother died as well. Realizing the transience of this world, Du left everything behind and entered a monastic order. His fiancée realized that there was no place in society for a woman like her. So, she wrote to Du and said 'The ancestral temples should not be abandoned as you have done. Moreover, considering the teaching of Confucian society, you should abandon your lofty religious ideals and make a name for yourself in the world. Through your success you would glorify the spirits of your ancestors and bring comfort to those close to you.' Du responded 'Serving the ruler cannot be compared to pursuing the path of Buddhism for the benefit of all people. Serving one's parents cannot be compared to seeking perfection for the sake of all beings in the universe. I have chosen the path of the Buddha. Dear one, let this be our last goodbye. The student of the dharma must learn to cast away his attachments to this world.'" The Lives of Eminent Monks, a collection of Buddhist biographies, China, sixth century C.E. The passage most directly illustrates which of the following differences between Confucianism and Buddhism

Confucianism is a cultural tradition emphasizing ethical norms, whereas Buddhism is a religious tradition emphasizing spiritual practices.

"Throughout its history, Central Asia has provided the ancient civilized empires on its borders with new Shahs, Sultans, or Sons of Heaven. These periodic invasions by the nomads of the steppe, whose khans ascended the thrones of Changan, Luoyang, Kaifeng, or Beijing*, of Isfahan or Tabriz**, Delhi or Constantinople, became one of the geographic laws of history. But there was another, opposing law which brought about the slow absorption of the invaders by the ancient civilized lands. The civilizations of China and Persia, though conquered, would in the long run vanquish their conquerors, intoxicating them with the pleasures of settled life, lulling them to sleep, and assimilating them culturally. Often, only fifty years after a conquest, the culturally Sinicized or Persianized former barbarian would be the first to stand guard over his adopted civilization and protect it against fresh nomadic onslaughts." *capital cities of various Chinese dynasties **capital cities of various Persian dynasties René Grousset, French historian of Central Asia, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 1939 Which of the following developments in the period circa 1250-1450 represents a situation that is the opposite of nomadic conquerors assimilating into the cultures of the conquered societies?

Conquered peoples being drawn into their conquerors' economic and cultural orbits, as illustrated by Turkic peoples converting to Islam and integrating into Muslim societies

The letter best illustrates which of the following continuities in the period circa 1200-1450 C.E.?

Diasporic communities were often established in key locations along important trade routes.

The photograph above shows a fourteenth century C.E. mosque in the city of Xi'an, central China. This image most clearly supports which of the following conclusions about the spread of Islam?

Early Muslim communities in China adopted local architectural styles for their religious buildings

Between 200 B.C.E. and 1450 C.E., the Silk Roads linked which of the following?

East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea

As Islam spread between 1200 and 1600, it affected gender relations in which of the following ways?

Existing local customs regarding marriage and the role of women blended with Islamic models.

The act of the countess of Béarn in the image is most closely identified with which of the following political systems?

Feudalism

Based on the description of the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the second paragraph, which of the following conclusions about Mota y Escobar is best supported?

He was critical of the motivations of the Spanish conquistadors

"O King! The city of Madurai was famed for its sweet beauty, but has now become the city of wild animals since the Muslims conquered it [in 1335]. Its famed Hindu temple has been reduced to rubble. The mighty Kaveri River used to flow in its proper channels because our noble Hindu rulers of the past had curbed it with dams. But now, the river flows without discipline like her new Muslim lords because the dams have been damaged beyond repair. My Lord, it is hard to say whether we get more troubled by hearing the owls that now live in our abandoned gardens, or get more perturbed by the Persian language uttered by the pet-parrots from the houses of the Muslims. There is no agriculture left, as the angry Lord Indra* has stopped sending rains. My King! The Vedas have disappeared. With dharma gone, character and nobleness have disappeared. My king, this sword that you hold is now placed into your lotus-hands by divine providence. Take it and without further delay uproot from my lands this Muslim kingdom. Go forth my dear Lord, win your victory, and establish One Hundred Victory Pillars!" *the Hindu god of the heavens who brings thunder and rain Speech of a female petitioner from the South Indian city of Madurai made at the court of the king of Vijayanagara, a Hindu empire in South India. The speech is recorded in a fourteenth-century poem written by a princess of Vijayanagara describing Vijayanagara's conquest of the Muslim sultanate of Madurai in 1378. Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph?

Hindu rulers had constructed irrigation works to control the Kaveri River.

Which of the following best describes the historical circumstances of Rashid al-Din's career?

His career illustrates the possibilities for diffusion and intermingling of cultures brought about by the Mongol conquests.

"At that time, there happened great disturbances among the lower ranks of people, by which England was nearly ruined. Never was a country in such jeopardy, and all because some commoners sought to claim liberties to which they were not entitled. It is customary in England, as in other countries, for the nobility to have great privileges over the commoners, who are bound by law and custom to plow the lands of nobles, to harvest the grain, to carry it home to the barn, and to perform various other services for their lords. The evil-disposed in these districts began to rise, saying they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no unfree people, and that no one ought to be treated as such, unless he had committed treason against his lord, as Lucifer had done against God: but they had done no such thing, for they were men formed after the same likeness as their lords, who treated them like beasts. They could no longer bear this, but had determined to be free. And if they were to do any work for their lords, they demanded to be paid for it." Jean Froissart, French chronicler, late 1300s All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which most likely explains Froissart's view of the peasants' grievances discussed in the passage?

History writing in medieval Europe was aimed primarily at elite audiences.

Beki [the daughter-in-law of Chinggis Khan] laid a sound basis for the management of the Mongol court's affairs. One can say that no turban-wearing male minister would have been capable of dealing with these matters as brilliantly as she did. Her husband used to consult her first on any state business, be it military or political, and would always take the course she recommended. After her husband's death, she took control of her sons with great wisdom. Even though each one of them was prince and therefore capable of ruling by his own will, she made sure they never departed from the rules of the ancient Mongol laws of conduct. When her son, Güyük Khan, was raised to the throne, he and his brothers were the only princes who—because of Beki's wise guidance—were found always to have acted according to the laws. The great nobles of the assembly that gave the khanate to Güyük are said to have praised Beki with the following verse: And if all women were like her, then women would indeed be superior to men. Although she herself was a Christian, Beki generously supported the Muslim religion. She gave 1,000 silver coins to build an Islamic school in the city of Bukhara. She also gave alms every year to be distributed among the poor and needy Muslims. — Ata-Malik Juvayni, Persian Muslim historian who served as a provincial governor in the Mongol Ilkhanate, History of the World Conqueror, chronicle of the Mongol Empire, written circa 1270 C.E. The description of Beki's actions in the passage can best be used to illustrate which of the following unique aspects of Mongol society?

In part because of Mongol society's nomadic nature, elite Mongol women exercised considerably more political power and influence than did women in most other contemporary societies.

Which of the following best explains why trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks increased in the period 1200-1450 ? *

Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves

Which of the following best explains why trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks increased in the period 1200-1450 ?

Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves.

In part because of Mongol society's nomadic nature, elite Mongol women exercised considerably more political power and influence than did women in most other contemporary societies.

A comparison between the data for the three manors shown in the table best illustrates which of the following about the bubonic plague?

In some but not all areas, the population was beginning to recover by 1400.

"One of the things that struck me most in Peru was its great, splendid highways, and I wondered how many men it must have required to build them and what tools and instruments were used to level the mountains and cut through the rock to make them as broad and good as they are. It seems to me that if the king of Spain wanted to build a highway from Quito to Cuzco, I do not think that he could do it even with all of his power unless he followed the method that the Inca employed. When an Inca king decided to build one of these highways, all he needed to do was give the command. Then, the inspectors would go through the provinces, laying out the highway's route and assigning Indians to help build the road. In this way, the road was built in a short time from one boundary of the kingdom to the other. The Inca rulers built many of these roads and were so full of pride that when one ruler died, his heir would build his road larger and broader if he intended to set out on a conquest." Pedro Cieza de León, Spanish soldier and historian, Chronicles of Peru, 1553 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his argument about the pride of Inca rulers in the second paragraph?

Inca rulers typically tried to construct bigger and broader highways than their predecessors if they wanted to undertake conquests.

The establishment of the Mongol Empire directly facilitated which of the following?

Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China

The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. The establishment of the Mongol Empire directly facilitated which of the following?

Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China

The spread of cotton as described by Eaton in the passage most directly contributed to which ofthe following economic developments in the period 600-1450 C.E.?

Increased demand for and production of textiles in India, Persia, and the Middle East

In the pre-Columbian Americas, urban development of the scale shown in the image was primarily facilitated by which of the following?

Increased tax and tribute collection over wider areas

Ibn Battuta's claim in the second paragraph that the ceremony that he observed at the court of the sultan of Sumatra was similar to a ceremony that he had seen at the court of the Delhi sultan in India is most likely understood in the context of which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1200-1450 ?

Increasing cross-cultural interactions facilitated the spread of cultural traditions.

"Emperor Zhengzong, being deeply concerned with agriculture, came to know that the Champa rice was drought resistant and that the green lentils of India were famous for their heavy yield and large seeds. Special envoys, bringing precious things, were dispatched with a view to securing these varieties.... When the first harvests were reaped in the autumn, the emperor called his closest ministers to taste them and compose poems for Champa rice and Indian green lentils." Shu Wenying, Buddhist monk, China, eleventh century C.E. The activities of the state described in the passage are consistent with which of the following Song dynasty policies?

Increasing state investment in economic development, such as improving the Grand Canal

Which of the statements below is most solidly supported by the information contained in the web on this page?

India served as the geographical hub of this system of exchange

Which of the following was the main reason that Buddhist thought had important social implications for South Asia?

It challenged hierarchies based on caste.

Which of the following best describes the change in the total population of males age 12 and older in the three manors shown in the table from 1320 to 1400 ?

It declined to less than a half of its 1320 level (over 50% decline).

Which of the following best explains an effect of the expansion of the Mali Empire on the trans-Saharan trade networks?

It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.

Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following best describes the effect of the spread of Islam on Indian Ocean trade?

It led to the expansion and intensification of commerce along already existing trade routes.

The image most directly illustrates which of the following features of the political development of medieval Europe?

Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates.

The Primordial Beginning "Heaven is everlasting; Life itself is brief; The world is fleeting, but the Way eternal. 'Tis the road of meditation that begins the distant journey, While the sea of craving sets adrift the lighter crafts. Before the dust of bondage has been cleared away, How can the plantings of the mind be contemplated? Yet, what need is there to wash away the grime of passion? In the waters of the Truth there is a tranquil flow." Wang Jung, Chinese poet, "Songs of Religious Joy," fifth century C.E. Source: The Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 107, No. 1 (Jan.-Mar., 1987), pp. 31 38 In which of the following regions did Chinese cultural traditions have the longest-lasting influence?

Korea

Which of the following technological innovations played the largest role in enabling the system of exchange described by the web on this page?

Lateen sails

In Europe, political relationships of the type depicted in the image emerged most directly on account of which of the following developments?

Local elites' need for military protection from more powerful lords

"The East African coast was certainly known to the people of Arabia by the eighth century b.c.e. In fact, the ancient Southern Arabian state of Ausan traded extensively there and may have actually held a portion of the coast. Traders who reached the coast discovered a number of potentially valuable raw materials there. Among these were spices, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, and later, gold and slaves. It was not until almost 1000 c.e., however, that the first important commercial city-states emerged along the coast. These city-states fluctuated in wealth and prestige as they competed for coastal hegemony. Because of their way of life, they tended to have a broad regional perspective. Their destinies and fortunes were at least partly determined in distant lands by foreign merchants and rulers. Information on early political aspects of East African states remains very limited. We know that they had kings or sultans, who wielded a good deal of power. Sultans were advised by councils of princes, elders, and members of the ruling household. It seems probable that the sultan and his close relatives controlled the religious and military offices of the state." Terry H. Elkiss, historian, "Kilwa Kisiwani: The Rise of an East African City-State," article published in African Studies Review, a scholarly journal, 1973. The interregional connections of states such as those on the East African coast can best be used as an illustration of the continued importance of which of the following?

Long-distance trade

The pattern of trade described in the passage was most characteristic of which of the following types of goods in the period 1200-1450 ?

Luxury goods such as spices or porcelain

The involvement of Ibn Daud in the activities described in the passage most directly reflects which of the following developments in the period 600-1450 C.E.?

Migrations and commercial contacts led to the spread of linguistic and literary traditions.

The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments?

Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.

Muslim scholars' incorporation of cultural and intellectual influences from pre-Islamic societies can best be used as evidence that

Muslim states and empires were central to the processes of intellectual transfer in Eurasia

Which of the following factors contributed the most to Omani traders' ability to undertake the voyages depicted on the maps?

Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail

The graph above shows the effect of which of the following?

Plague on the populations of Asia and Europe

The graph below shows the effect of which of the following?

Plague on the populations of Asia and Europe

Which of the following best describes the historical situation in Eurasia at the time the passage was written?

Political upheaval and reorganization increased cultural and scientific exchanges across regions.

"Emperor Zhengzong, being deeply concerned with agriculture, came to know that the Champa rice was drought resistant and that the green lentils of India were famous for their heavy yield and large seeds. Special envoys, bringing precious things, were dispatched with a view to securing these varieties.... When the first harvests were reaped in the autumn, the emperor called his closest ministers to taste them and compose poems for Champa rice and Indian green lentils." Shu Wenying, Buddhist monk, China, eleventh century C.E. The agricultural developments described in the passage contributed most directly to which of the following?

Population growth and urbanization in southern China

A likely purpose for including the religious figure in the plaque was to show that

Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces

"At that time, there happened great disturbances among the lower ranks of people, by which England was nearly ruined. Never was a country in such jeopardy, and all because some commoners sought to claim liberties to which they were not entitled. It is customary in England, as in other countries, for the nobility to have great privileges over the commoners, who are bound by law and custom to plow the lands of nobles, to harvest the grain, to carry it home to the barn, and to perform various other services for their lords. The evil-disposed in these districts began to rise, saying they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no unfree people, and that no one ought to be treated as such, unless he had committed treason against his lord, as Lucifer had done against God: but they had done no such thing, for they were men formed after the same likeness as their lords, who treated them like beasts. They could no longer bear this, but had determined to be free. And if they were to do any work for their lords, they demanded to be paid for it." Jean Froissart, French chronicler, late 1300s The events described in the passage represent a reaction against which of the following forms of coerced labor?

Serfdom

Which of the following best represents a significant change in labor organization from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.?

Serfdom arose as an alternative form of coerced labor in parts of Europe and East Asia.

English nobles resisted peasant demands such as those described in the passage because agricultural labor in many parts of fourteenth-century Afro-Eurasia had become scarce as a result of which of the following developments?

Significant increase in mortality due to the spread of epidemic diseases

Which of the following best supports the conclusion that Japan borrowed extensively from Tang and Song China?

Societal relations in Japan were based on Confucian principles of hierarchy.

The photograph above of a mosque (first erected in the fourteenth century) in the modern-day West African country of Mali best exemplifies which of the following historical processes?

Spread of religion along trade routes

Before 1450 C.E. which of the following is true of sub-Saharan Africa's commercial economy?

Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe.

"Let the blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his companions universally. In the year 1640 C.E. I wanted to behold the mystics of every sect, to hear the lofty expressions of monotheism, and to cast my eyes upon many books of mysticism. I, therefore, examined the Book of Moses, the Gospels, and the Psalms. Among the Hindus, the best of their heavenly books, which contain all the secrets of pure monotheism, are called the Upanishads. Because I do not know Sanskrit, I wanted to make an exact and literal translation of the Upanishads into Persian*. For the Upanishads are a treasure of monotheism and there are few thoroughly conversant with them even among the Indians. Thereby I also wanted to make the texts accessible to Muslims. I assembled Hindu scholars and ascetics to help with the translation. Every sublime topic that I had desired or thought and had looked for and not found, I obtained from these most ancient books, the source and the fountainhead of the ocean of religious unity, in conformity with the holy Qur'an." *Persian was the primary language used at the Mughal court. Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, account of the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, 1657 C.E. Based on the passage, which of the following most strongly influenced Dara Shikoh's religious views?

Sufism

Based on Ibn Battuta's description of the sultan of Sumatra in the first paragraph, his point of view could most likely be characterized as that of a

Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam

"The commercial area of the capital extends from the old Qing River market to the Southern Commons and to the city border on the north. . . . Some famous fabric stores sell exquisite brocade fabric and fine silk, which are unsurpassed elsewhere in the country. . . . Most other cities can only boast of one special product; what makes the capital unique is that it gathers goods from all places. Furthermore, because of the large population and the busy commercial traffic, there is a demand for everything." Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E. Which of the following assertions in the description of Hangzhou above would be most difficult to verify?

That the merchandise sold in Hangzhou was of higher quality than that sold in other Chinese cities

"Seeing that it is a girl's destiny, on reaching womanhood, to go to a new home, and live in submission to her father-in-law and mother-in-law, it is even more incumbent upon her than it is on a boy to receive with all reverence her parents' instructions. Should her parents, through excess of tenderness, allow her to grow up self-willed, she will infallibly show herself capricious and thus alienate his affection." Kaibara Ekken, Japanese author, Greater Learning for Women, 1716 The excerpt above exemplifies the continued influence on eighteenth-century Japan of which of the following?

The Confucian emphasis on filial submission

Commerce was a key mode of exchange between which of the following pairs of political entities?

The Crusader states and the Fatimid caliphate

"One of the things that struck me most in Peru was its great, splendid highways, and I wondered how many men it must have required to build them and what tools and instruments were used to level the mountains and cut through the rock to make them as broad and good as they are. It seems to me that if the king of Spain wanted to build a highway from Quito to Cuzco, I do not think that he could do it even with all of his power unless he followed the method that the Inca employed. When an Inca king decided to build one of these highways, all he needed to do was give the command. Then, the inspectors would go through the provinces, laying out the highway's route and assigning Indians to help build the road. In this way, the road was built in a short time from one boundary of the kingdom to the other. The Inca rulers built many of these roads and were so full of pride that when one ruler died, his heir would build his road larger and broader if he intended to set out on a conquest." Pedro Cieza de León, Spanish soldier and historian, Chronicles of Peru, 1553 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author most directly use to support his argument about the king of Spain following the Inca method of highway construction?

The Inca rulers only had to command their officials to construct a highway, and it was completed quickly.

The spread of Islam into sub-Saharan West Africa in the period circa 1200-1450 was mostly a result of the conversion of the rulers of which of the following states?

The Mali Empire

The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent?

The Mongol Empire

The map below shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent?

The Mongol Empire

Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade?

The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially

Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade?

The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.

"O King! The city of Madurai was famed for its sweet beauty, but has now become the city of wild animals since the Muslims conquered it [in 1335]. Its famed Hindu temple has been reduced to rubble. The mighty Kaveri River used to flow in its proper channels because our noble Hindu rulers of the past had curbed it with dams. But now, the river flows without discipline like her new Muslim lords because the dams have been damaged beyond repair. My Lord, it is hard to say whether we get more troubled by hearing the owls that now live in our abandoned gardens, or get more perturbed by the Persian language uttered by the pet-parrots from the houses of the Muslims. There is no agriculture left, as the angry Lord Indra* has stopped sending rains. My King! The Vedas have disappeared. With dharma gone, character and nobleness have disappeared. My king, this sword that you hold is now placed into your lotus-hands by divine providence. Take it and without further delay uproot from my lands this Muslim kingdom. Go forth my dear Lord, win your victory, and establish One Hundred Victory Pillars!" *the Hindu god of the heavens who brings thunder and rain Speech of a female petitioner from the South Indian city of Madurai made at the court of the king of Vijayanagara, a Hindu empire in South India. The speech is recorded in a fourteenth-century poem written by a princess of Vijayanagara describing Vijayanagara's conquest of the Muslim sultanate of Madurai in 1378. A historian would most likely cite which of the following claims made in the second paragraph to demonstrate that Hindu teachings influenced the development of South Asian societies?

The absence of dharma has caused nobleness and character to disappear.

In the period circa 1200-1450, which of the following most directly enabled merchants to bring salt and other bulk products to markets in sub-Saharan Africa?

The adoption of innovative practices in overland trading, such as the use of camel caravans and saddles

Which of the following best describes Middle Eastern trade in the period 1000 to 1450 ?

The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa.

The economic relationships associated with this system of exchange described by the web on this page was most disrupted by which of the following?

The arrival of European merchants and explorers

Which of the following factors helps explain the rise of urban centers and the increase in trade in Afro-Eurasia during the second half of the thirteenth century?

The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes

"Let the blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his companions universally. In the year 1640 C.E. I wanted to behold the mystics of every sect, to hear the lofty expressions of monotheism, and to cast my eyes upon many books of mysticism. I, therefore, examined the Book of Moses, the Gospels, and the Psalms. Among the Hindus, the best of their heavenly books, which contain all the secrets of pure monotheism, are called the Upanishads. Because I do not know Sanskrit, I wanted to make an exact and literal translation of the Upanishads into Persian*. For the Upanishads are a treasure of monotheism and there are few thoroughly conversant with them even among the Indians. Thereby I also wanted to make the texts accessible to Muslims. I assembled Hindu scholars and ascetics to help with the translation. Every sublime topic that I had desired or thought and had looked for and not found, I obtained from these most ancient books, the source and the fountainhead of the ocean of religious unity, in conformity with the holy Qur'an." *Persian was the primary language used at the Mughal court. Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, account of the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, 1657 C.E. Dara Shikoh's views about the value of the Upanishads, as expressed in the second paragraph, are most likely based on which of the following features of Hinduism?

The belief in an ultimate universal principle

The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia?

The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China

"Consider how in our time God has transferred the West into the East. He who was a Roman or a Frank is now an inhabitant of Palestine. We have already forgotten the places of our birth. Some already possess homes and servants here. Some have taken wives not merely of their own people, but Syrians, or Armenians, or even Muslims who have received the grace of baptism. Different languages, now made common, become known to both peoples, and faith unites those whose forefathers were strangers. Our parents and relatives from day to day come to join us, abandoning, even though reluctantly, all that they possess. For those who were poor there, here God makes rich. Those who had few coins, here possess countless riches. Those who did not have a home in the West, by the gift of God, already possess a city in the East. Therefore, why should one who has found the East so favorable return to the West? God does not wish those to suffer poverty who, carrying their crosses, have vowed to follow Him, even unto the end." Fulcher of Chartres, French clergyman, chronicle written in Jerusalem, early twelfth century C.E. Which of the following earlier developments best explains the difference in wealth between western Europe and the Middle East as observed by Fulcher in the passage?

The consolidation of Muslim rule over long-distance trade networks in Eurasia

The outbreaks of plague described in the passage led most directly to which of the following?

The decline of many major cities across Eurasia

The ﬁgures in the foreground represent the clergy, nobility, and townspeople. Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following?

The decline of many urban areas

The ﬁgures in the foreground represent the clergy, nobility, and townspeople. Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following?

The decline of many urban areas

The activities described in the passage exemplify which of the following cross-cultural interactions in the period 600-1450 C.E.?

The diffusion of scientific and philosophical knowledge

Based on the pattern of trade described in the third paragraph, the Egyptian karim merchants were most likely directly involved in which of the following broader developments in the Indian Ocean in the period circa 1200-1450 ?

The establishment of diasporic merchant communities

Malian Emperor Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 can best be understood in the context of which of the following?

The expansion of Islam throughout Afro-Eurasia

"Between the eighth and tenth centuries Arabs brought back from India a variety of crops that they then began cultivating in the Middle East. These included staple crops such as hard wheat, rice, sugarcane, and new varieties of sorghum; fruits such as banana, sour orange, lemon, lime, mango, watermelon, and the coconut palm; vegetables such as spinach, artichoke, and eggplant; and the key industrial crop, cotton. From Iraq, many of these crops then spread westward all the way to Muslim Spain, which was transformed into a veritable garden under Muslim rule. Other crops passed by ship from southern Arabia to East Africa, while still others moved by caravan from northwest Africa across the Sahara to tropical West Africa. This was especially true for cotton, whose diffusion in Africa directly paralleled the spread of Islam itself." Richard Eaton, United States historian of South Asia, Islamic History as Global History, 1990. Which of the following political contexts most directly led to the developments in Afro-Eurasia described in the passage?

The expansion of the Islamic caliphates

The passage above is best seen in light of which of the following historical developments?

The formation of far-flung diaspora communities as a result of interregional commerce

This system of exchange described by the web on this page would have encouraged which of the following social and cultural developments most directly?

The formation of merchant diaspora communities

Which of the following best explains a development in the trans-Saharan trade networks in the period 1200-1450 ?

The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices.

"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic law Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 The passage by al-Khatib best illustrates which of the following?

The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain

Based on the passage below, the Statute of Laborers was most likely a direct response to which of the following?

The impact of the bubonic plague epidemic on England's economy

Based on the passage, the Statute of Laborers was most likely a direct response to which of the following?

The impact of the bubonic plague epidemic on England's economy

Trade in the items referred to in the second paragraph is best understood in the context of which of the following?

The increasing demand for high-value goods and manufactures in Afro-Eurasia

Trade in the items referred to in the second paragraph is best understood in the context of which ofthe following

The increasing demand for high-value goods and manufactures in Afro-Eurasia

The Primordial Beginning "Heaven is everlasting; Life itself is brief; The world is fleeting, but the Way eternal. 'Tis the road of meditation that begins the distant journey, While the sea of craving sets adrift the lighter crafts. Before the dust of bondage has been cleared away, How can the plantings of the mind be contemplated? Yet, what need is there to wash away the grime of passion? In the waters of the Truth there is a tranquil flow." Wang Jung, Chinese poet, "Songs of Religious Joy," fifth century C.E. Source: The Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 107, No. 1 (Jan.-Mar., 1987), pp. 31 38 The poem most clearly illustrates which of the following?

The integration of Buddhism into Chinese religious beliefs

Based on the passage, it could be inferred that the high prices of firewood in the seventeenth century Zacatecas were a result of which of the following processes?

The introduction of European practices of resource extraction

The first paragraph most directly illustrates how increasing regional interactions led to which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean in the period 1200-1450? *

The introduction of new cultural traditions

"O King! The city of Madurai was famed for its sweet beauty, but has now become the city of wild animals since the Muslims conquered it [in 1335]. Its famed Hindu temple has been reduced to rubble. The mighty Kaveri River used to flow in its proper channels because our noble Hindu rulers of the past had curbed it with dams. But now, the river flows without discipline like her new Muslim lords because the dams have been damaged beyond repair. My Lord, it is hard to say whether we get more troubled by hearing the owls that now live in our abandoned gardens, or get more perturbed by the Persian language uttered by the pet-parrots from the houses of the Muslims. There is no agriculture left, as the angry Lord Indra* has stopped sending rains. My King! The Vedas have disappeared. With dharma gone, character and nobleness have disappeared. My king, this sword that you hold is now placed into your lotus-hands by divine providence. Take it and without further delay uproot from my lands this Muslim kingdom. Go forth my dear Lord, win your victory, and establish One Hundred Victory Pillars!" *the Hindu god of the heavens who brings thunder and rain Speech of a female petitioner from the South Indian city of Madurai made at the court of the king of Vijayanagara, a Hindu empire in South India. The speech is recorded in a fourteenth-century poem written by a princess of Vijayanagara describing Vijayanagara's conquest of the Muslim sultanate of Madurai in 1378. Which of the following is a claim made by the petitioner in the third paragraph?

The king has the support of the gods in his efforts to drive Muslims out of Madurai.

the trend shown on the graph below is best explained by

increased production of cash crops like sugar

"Throughout its history, Central Asia has provided the ancient civilized empires on its borders with new Shahs, Sultans, or Sons of Heaven. These periodic invasions by the nomads of the steppe, whose khans ascended the thrones of Changan, Luoyang, Kaifeng, or Beijing*, of Isfahan or Tabriz**, Delhi or Constantinople, became one of the geographic laws of history. But there was another, opposing law which brought about the slow absorption of the invaders by the ancient civilized lands. The civilizations of China and Persia, though conquered, would in the long run vanquish their conquerors, intoxicating them with the pleasures of settled life, lulling them to sleep, and assimilating them culturally. Often, only fifty years after a conquest, the culturally Sinicized or Persianized former barbarian would be the first to stand guard over his adopted civilization and protect it against fresh nomadic onslaughts." *capital cities of various Chinese dynasties **capital cities of various Persian dynasties René Grousset, French historian of Central Asia, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 1939 The general pattern of nomadic conquest followed by the assimilation of the conquerors into the cultures of the conquered societies was most clearly expressed in which of the following developments in the period circa 1250-1450 ?

The rulers of the Yuan dynasty adopting Chinese court culture and methods of rule

The ﬁgures in the foreground represent the clergy, nobility, and townspeople. The scene depicted in the painting is best understood in the context of which of the following wider Afro-Eurasian developments?

The spread of epidemic diseases

The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following?

The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests

Which of the following is the most probable cause of the marital strain evident in the passage above?

The strain placed on merchant families by long periods of separation

Abbasid reliance on Persian bureaucrats and the introduction of Confucianism to Japanese political institutions both illustrate which of the following processes?

The synthesis of foreign political traditions in the formation of new states

Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how the spread of rice cultivation contributed to changing the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in China, India, and the Middle East between 1200 and 1300 ?

The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions.

Which of the following best describes how the table illustrates the effect of the spread of the bubonic plague on the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in Europe and the Middle East between 1300 and 1400 ?

The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined substantially in Europe and slightly in the Middle East.

Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how an emphasis on wheat cultivation in Europe affected the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops there compared with the rice-producing regions of China and India between 1200 and 1300 ?

The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased considerably in Europe and declined in China and India.

"Lu Hui's parents died when he was young and he was brought up in his mother's family. His uncle often encouraged him to take the imperial examination. Uprisings, however, prevented Lu from being able to take the examinations. Unable to make a living, Lu became a poor wandering student. One day, Zheng Xu, who was a high-ranking government official, offered to make arrangements that would allow Lu to bypass the exams and advance himself with Zheng's support. Zheng tried to tempt Lu to skirt the rules, saying 'How long can a man live? If there is a shortcut to riches and fame, why insist on going through examinations?' But Lu firmly refused the offer, saying, 'Our great nation has established the examination system for the outstanding and the talented. My uncle always encouraged me to take the examinations and I cannot bring myself to break our agreement. If I have to die as a mere student, it is my fate. But I will not change my mind for the sake of wealth.' When Zheng saw Lu's determination, he respected him even more than before. Another ten years passed before Lu finally passed the examination. He died as one of the highest officials in the whole empire." Wang Dingbao, government official in a regional state established after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, Selected Stories From the Time of The Tang, a collection of biographies, written circa 940 C.E The use of the examinations referred to in the passage best illustrates which of the following continuities in world history?

The ways in which imperial states created centralized bureaucracies to increase their power

The particular routes and timings of the voyages depicted on the maps best reflect which of the following characteristics of Omani merchants?

Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns

Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following could be best inferred about the South and East Asian trading cities on the map?

They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities.

"One of the things that struck me most in Peru was its great, splendid highways, and I wondered how many men it must have required to build them and what tools and instruments were used to level the mountains and cut through the rock to make them as broad and good as they are. It seems to me that if the king of Spain wanted to build a highway from Quito to Cuzco, I do not think that he could do it even with all of his power unless he followed the method that the Inca employed. When an Inca king decided to build one of these highways, all he needed to do was give the command. Then, the inspectors would go through the provinces, laying out the highway's route and assigning Indians to help build the road. In this way, the road was built in a short time from one boundary of the kingdom to the other. The Inca rulers built many of these roads and were so full of pride that when one ruler died, his heir would build his road larger and broader if he intended to set out on a conquest." Pedro Cieza de León, Spanish soldier and historian, Chronicles of Peru, 1553 Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the author's arguments about the quality of the highways described in the passage?

They were very broad, and some extended across the entire kingdom.

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the travel depicted in the illustration?

To bind diverse communities to a common tradition

"Lu Hui's parents died when he was young and he was brought up in his mother's family. His uncle often encouraged him to take the imperial examination. Uprisings, however, prevented Lu from being able to take the examinations. Unable to make a living, Lu became a poor wandering student. One day, Zheng Xu, who was a high-ranking government official, offered to make arrangements that would allow Lu to bypass the exams and advance himself with Zheng's support. Zheng tried to tempt Lu to skirt the rules, saying 'How long can a man live? If there is a shortcut to riches and fame, why insist on going through examinations?' But Lu firmly refused the offer, saying, 'Our great nation has established the examination system for the outstanding and the talented. My uncle always encouraged me to take the examinations and I cannot bring myself to break our agreement. If I have to die as a mere student, it is my fate. But I will not change my mind for the sake of wealth.' When Zheng saw Lu's determination, he respected him even more than before. Another ten years passed before Lu finally passed the examination. He died as one of the highest officials in the whole empire." Wang Dingbao, government official in a regional state established after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, Selected Stories From the Time of The Tang, a collection of biographies, written circa 940 C.E Based on the passage, which of the following was the most likely reason that Wang Dingbao chose to record the story of Lu Hui?

To offer an example of proper social behavior for others to follow

"On several occasions, Ghazan Khan* went to the observatory at Maragha** and watched the Muslim, Christian, and Chinese astronomers make their observations. He looked at all the operations and instruments, studied them, and asked about their procedures, which he understood in spite of their difficulty. He also ordered the construction of a dome in order to investigate the Sun's motion and he spoke out with his astronomers about it. All of them said that although they had never seen such an instrument, it was reasonable and sensible. He gave orders for the construction of an observatory next to his tomb in Tabriz in Persia. He explained how to construct the observatory with such clarity that local wise men marveled at his intelligence, because such work had not been done in any era. Those wise men said that constructing the observatory would be extremely difficult. He guided them, whereupon they commenced building it and they finished it following his instructions. Those wise men and all the engineers agreed that nobody had done such a thing before nor had imagined doing it." *ruler of the Mongol Ilkhanate, whose territories included most of the Muslim Middle East; reigned 1295-1304 **an astronomical observatory in present-day Azerbaijan, established by a grant from the first Ilkhanid ruler in the mid-thirteenth century Rashid al-Din Hamdani, Persian Muslim historian and government minister in Ghazan Khan's court, excerpt from a universal history commissioned by Ghazan Khan, completed circa 1316 Which of the following best describes the author's purpose in the passage?

To portray his patron as a generous supporter of the sciences and a man of unusual intelligence

The map above shows what significant economic developments?

Trading networks that promoted the growth of new cities from 600 C.E. through 1450 C.E.

The illustration would be most useful to a historian studying which of the following?

Transportation and maritime technologies

From the founding of each religion, Christians and Muslims shared a belief in

a single omnipotent deity

Inca and Aztec societies were similar in that both

acquired empires by means of military conquest

All of the following were part of the Confucian social order EXCEPT

chastity by husbands

Muslim scientists in the period before 1450 c.e. generally participated in intellectual and scholarly exchanges with neighboring cultures by

expanding upon the legacy of earlier scientific works by conducting their own research

The sponsoring of scholarship by Turkic dynasties, such as the Timurids, best shows that, in the period circa 1200-1450, scholarly activities in the Muslim world continued despite the

fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate

"[Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries] . . . Muslim maritime traders from Egypt sought goods coming from China and Southeast Asia [and] purchased these items on India's southwestern coast. . . . Sea voyages between Egypt and India were still dangerous and still involved long voyages, as well as long stays in harbors where they waited, sometimes for several months, for the winds to shift direction. . . . To protect themselves, Muslim merchants organized karim, convoyed merchant fleets. The rulers of Egypt began providing an armed escort for the fleets and succeeded in making the trade between the Red Sea and India a government-protected, regularly accomplished endeavor. The karim merchants were organized in large family firms with substantial assets and clients in markets all over the trading networks. In the Indian Ocean trade, Muslim traders not only dealt with other Muslims, but also Hindus, Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews. Traders of various religious backgrounds boarded the same ships or stayed in the same caravanserai. In Egypt, many Jewish traders actually operated their businesses within the framework of Muslim business networks." Xinru Liu and Lynda Norene Shaffer, historians, Connections across Eurasia, published in 2007 The "long stays in harbors" mentioned in the description of the sea journeys in the first paragraph were most likely necessary because Indian Ocean maritime trade in the period circa 1200-1450

had to take into account environmental factors such as the timing and direction of the monsoons

The purpose of Ibn Battuta's account was most likely to

inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited

The responsibilities of aristocratic women in both feudal Japan and medieval Europe usually included

managing household supplies and finances

Based on the content of the inscription, Adityawarman's Malayapura kingdom most likely participated in the communication and exchange networks of the

maritime eastern Indian Ocean trade

The inclusion of the caravan in the painting's background could best be used as evidence that Yuan rulers

portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce

The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. The inclusion of the caravan in the painting's background could best be used as evidence that Yuan rulers

portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce

the map below illustrates which of the following

predominant areas of origin and destinations of African slaves in the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries

the ethnic makeup of Zacatecas, as described in the passage, can best be used as evidence of which of the following?

the dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor

Based on the chart and your knowledge of world history, which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century?

the development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies

The production of the plaque in Goa is best understood in the immediate context of which of the following?

the development of trading-post empires

the economic activities described i the passage contributed most directly to which of he following?

the emergence of the first truly global exchange networks

which of the following is best concluded about slavery in British North America from the graph below and knowledge of the period?

the increase in the number of slaves reflected a probable increase in the demand for plantation laborers

"The East African coast was certainly known to the people of Arabia by the eighth century b.c.e. In fact, the ancient Southern Arabian state of Ausan traded extensively there and may have actually held a portion of the coast. Traders who reached the coast discovered a number of potentially valuable raw materials there. Among these were spices, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, and later, gold and slaves. It was not until almost 1000 c.e., however, that the first important commercial city-states emerged along the coast. These city-states fluctuated in wealth and prestige as they competed for coastal hegemony. Because of their way of life, they tended to have a broad regional perspective. Their destinies and fortunes were at least partly determined in distant lands by foreign merchants and rulers. Information on early political aspects of East African states remains very limited. We know that they had kings or sultans, who wielded a good deal of power. Sultans were advised by councils of princes, elders, and members of the ruling household. It seems probable that the sultan and his close relatives controlled the religious and military offices of the state." Terry H. Elkiss, historian, "Kilwa Kisiwani: The Rise of an East African City-State," article published in African Studies Review, a scholarly journal, 1973. The coexistence of rulers and councils of elders in African states in the period circa 1200-1450 best demonstrates

the influence of indigenous African political practices

Navarro's economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following?

the influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy

"Throughout its history, Central Asia has provided the ancient civilized empires on its borders with new Shahs, Sultans, or Sons of Heaven. These periodic invasions by the nomads of the steppe, whose khans ascended the thrones of Changan, Luoyang, Kaifeng, or Beijing*, of Isfahan or Tabriz**, Delhi or Constantinople, became one of the geographic laws of history. But there was another, opposing law which brought about the slow absorption of the invaders by the ancient civilized lands. The civilizations of China and Persia, though conquered, would in the long run vanquish their conquerors, intoxicating them with the pleasures of settled life, lulling them to sleep, and assimilating them culturally. Often, only fifty years after a conquest, the culturally Sinicized or Persianized former barbarian would be the first to stand guard over his adopted civilization and protect it against fresh nomadic onslaughts." *capital cities of various Chinese dynasties **capital cities of various Persian dynasties René Grousset, French historian of Central Asia, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 1939 The Mongol conquests resulted in all of the following developments EXCEPT

the initial diffusion of Buddhism and Christianity to East Asia

For the period circa 1580-1650, which of the following most directly caused the price fluctuations shown in the chart?

the intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes

"The East African coast was certainly known to the people of Arabia by the eighth century b.c.e. In fact, the ancient Southern Arabian state of Ausan traded extensively there and may have actually held a portion of the coast. Traders who reached the coast discovered a number of potentially valuable raw materials there. Among these were spices, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, and later, gold and slaves. It was not until almost 1000 c.e., however, that the first important commercial city-states emerged along the coast. These city-states fluctuated in wealth and prestige as they competed for coastal hegemony. Because of their way of life, they tended to have a broad regional perspective. Their destinies and fortunes were at least partly determined in distant lands by foreign merchants and rulers. Information on early political aspects of East African states remains very limited. We know that they had kings or sultans, who wielded a good deal of power. Sultans were advised by councils of princes, elders, and members of the ruling household. It seems probable that the sultan and his close relatives controlled the religious and military offices of the state." Terry H. Elkiss, historian, "Kilwa Kisiwani: The Rise of an East African City-State," article published in African Studies Review, a scholarly journal, 1973. The example of an ancient Arabian state that traded extensively and controlled territories on the East African coast can best be used as evidence of

the long-term continuities in state building in coastal East Africa

on a global scale, which of the following most directly led to the expansion of the trade between Europe and Asia in the time period reflected in the chart?

the shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver

the material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450-1750?

trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods

The integration of West African states into wider regional and transregional economic networks in the period circa 1200-1450 was carried out mostly via the

trans-Saharan trade routes

The third paragraph most directly illustrates the ways in which rulers in the Indian Ocean in the period before 1450

AP world history unit 1-unit 4 (first semester final)

Kaugnay na mga set ng pag-aaral

Chapter 12 Macro

What is Climate (17-1)/Climate types (17-2)

Chapter 27 bio

History Exam: 03.07 Module Exam

Stats

AWS

BCOM 9 Chapter 13: Preparing Resumes and Application Messages

APUSH Chapter 16

OB PrepU: Chapter 20

Modern American Literature

Peds: Exam 1

PreLicense Insurance Flash Texas

Bio 2 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 19- Blood Vessels

Dialogue 3

Chapter 20: Care of Patients with Hypersensitivity (Allergy) and Autoimmunity

Vocabulary: Numbers and the Number Line

Health and illness 2 exam 1 quiz questions

ACCY 171 CH 11

اجتماعيات

HA - Chapter 11: Assessing Culture- (not Lippincott )