AP WORLD - UNIT 3 REVIEW
The contractors described in the passage are an example of which of the following? A Traditional elites attempting to subvert imperial authority B New elites recruited to generate increased revenue after imperial conquests C Representatives intended to make the central government more responsive to local issues D Professionalized military administrators who centralized land-based empires
Answer B Correct. The contractors referred to in the passage, like the governors, represented a new bureaucratic elite of administrators.
Between 1450 and 1750, empires such as the Ottoman and Chinese shared which of the following? A Dependence on trade as the main basis for the economy B An elite fighting force made up primarily of slaves C The use of a large bureaucracy to support the government D Continual military campaigns against European armies
C The use of a large bureaucracy to support the government
Which of the following describes a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A The Ottoman Empire successfully pursued mercantilist economic policies. B Ottoman citizens unified by their recent conversion to Islam were strongly motivated to conquer. C Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals. D The decentralized federalism of the Ottoman Empire encouraged competition and technological innovation.
C Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals.
Which of the following world history processes was most responsible for the eighteenth-century cityscape of St. Petersburg, Russia, shown above? A Disease diffusion B World climate changes C Westernization D Democratization E Isolation
C Westernization
Which of the following is a similarity between the Ottoman and Chinese governments during the period 1450—1750 ? A The dominance of the imperial government by a landed aristocracy B The creation of overseas colonial holdings C Heavy reliance on overseas trade for government revenues D An extensive governmental bureaucracy
D An extensive governmental bureaucracy
Which of the following is true of both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire between 1450 and 1750 ? A The rulers of both believed in strictly separating secular and religious concerns. B The top administrators in both empires were chosen by a system of competitive examinations. C Christianity was prohibited in both empires. D Both empires were established by skilled warriors on horseback who came originally from Central Asia. E Both empires experienced a drastic decline in population after 1500 owing to the spread of diseases brought as a result of contact with Europeans.
D Both empires were established by skilled warriors on horseback who came originally from Central Asia.
Which of the following are the states that dominated the Mediterranean trade during the sixteenth century? A Italian city-states and the Ottoman Empire B The Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire C Spain and Portugal D The Hapsburg Empire and France E The Crusader states
A Italian city-states and the Ottoman Empire
Which of the following was a method rulers in Eurasia used to legitimize and consolidate their power during the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? A Developing professional militaries B Promoting free trade C Adopting the religious practices of minority groups D Enacting reforms to decrease economic and social inequalities
A Developing professional militaries
The changes depicted in Map 1 were mostly a result of which of the following? A The Ottoman alliance with France against rival Christian powers B The decline of surrounding empires and the Ottoman Empire's use of gunpowder weapons C The Ottoman Empire's unrivaled naval superiority in the Mediterranean D The power vacuum left by the collapse of the Umayyad caliphate
B The decline of surrounding empires and the Ottoman Empire's use of gunpowder weapons
Which of the following contributed the most to the Ottoman Empire's successful expansion in Europe and the Middle East in the period from 1450 to 1600 ? A The Ottomans' use of revenues from transoceanic trade to build a powerful army B The Ottomans' use of nomadic tribes as cavalry troops C The Ottomans' adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology D The Ottomans' exploitation of Muslim desire to avenge the crusades
C The Ottomans' adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology
Which of the following was an important continuity from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing dynasty in the seventeenth century? A The ongoing assimilation of Manchu cultural traditions by the imperial elite B Maintenance of the Silk Roads to promote cultural exchanges with the Middle East C The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices D Financial support for maritime expeditions similar to those led by Zheng He
C The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices
"It is most evident that kings, queens, and other princes . . . are ordained of God, are to be obeyed and honored by their subjects; that such subjects as are disobedient or rebellious against their princes, disobey God." An Homily Against Disobedience and Willful Rebellion, Church of England, 1570 What could most reasonably be concluded from the sermon above? A The clergy generally appointed kings, queens, and princes. B Rulers often used religious ideas and institutions to justify their rule. C Rulers were most often chosen from members of the clergy. D The clergy believed in the separation of church and state.
B Rulers often used religious ideas and institutions to justify their rule.
Which of the following about Afro-Eurasian trade is supported by the map above? A The states of the Middle East did not participate in the Indian Ocean trading system. B The Ottoman Empire was located at the intersections of major trading routes. C The Delhi Sultanate relied primarily on sea routes to participate in the silk trade across Asia. D The Islamic states of West Africa maintained close commercial ties with eastern Europe.
B The Ottoman Empire was located at the intersections of major trading routes.
Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century? A The Mughals practiced religious tolerance toward non-Muslim subjects, while the Ottomans did not. B The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not. C The Mughals used gunpowder weapons to expand their territory, while the Ottomans did not. D The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion.
B The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not.
WALL PAINTING FROM THE PALACE OF THE RULERS OF THE SOUTHERN INDIAN STATE OF GOLKONDA, CIRCA 1650 The painting shows celebrations of the wedding of the Muslim ruler of Golkonda and his Hindu bride. The newlyweds are surrounded by attendants of both religions. The particular event depicted in the painting was likely important to Golkonda rulers mostly because it A could be used as a symbol of the union between the state's ruling class and the majority of its population B provided a source of pride for Golkonda's Muslim population by reminding them of the Muslim conquests of India C led to the decline of patriarchal social structures in the Indian subcontinent D illustrated the extent to which Golkonda elites relied on various forms of coerced labor
Answer A Correct. Because the painting depicts the union of the Muslim and Hindu ruling classes and shows both Hindu and Muslim attendants, it likely was important to Golkonda rulers to serve as a symbol of unity in a religiously divided society.
Which of the following states in the period 1450-1750 adopted a religious policy that was most different from the religious policy expressed in Source 2 ? A The Mughal Empire under Akbar B The Safavid Empire under Shah Ismail I C The Ottoman Empire D The Tokugawa Shogunate
Answer A Correct. The Mughal Empire under Akbar encouraged religious tolerance and dialogue. Indeed, Akbar even introduced a new religion (Din-i-Ilahi) that combined elements of Islam, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity. Akbar's policies, therefore, were most different from the strict religious conformity demanded in Source 2.
"[D]espite his ferocity, his military genius and his shrewd adaptation of tribal politics to his imperial purpose, Tamerlane's* system fell apart at his death..." John Darwin, British historian, After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000, published in 2008 Which of the following most strongly contributed to the shift of power from nomadic empires to settled states that Darwin identifies in the second paragraph? A The development and spread of gunpowder weapons across Eurasia B The development of new shipbuilding and navigational techniques C The spread of epidemic diseases across Eurasia, such as the Black Death D The increased recruitment of nomadic soldiers by large agricultural states
Answer A Correct. The development and spread of gunpowder weapons across Eurasia most strongly contributed to the military shift identified by Darwin in the second paragraph, because it reduced the strategic value of fast-moving archers on horseback while increasing that of disciplined infantry forces operating in regular formations and supported by artillery.
LLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT WRITTEN TO CELEBRATE THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE OTTOMAN SULTAN SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT, CIRCA 1560 Paul Fearn / Alamy Stock Photo The image shows Ottoman officials forcibly enlisting boys from the empire's Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy. The Ottoman Empire's recruitment of soldiers and bureaucrats through the system depicted in the image is most similar to which broader method that rulers used to strengthen their empires in the period 1450-1750 ? A The collection of tribute B Establishment of religious uniformity C Abolition of feudal privileges D The granting of autonomy to minority groups
Answer A Correct. The image illustrates the Ottoman devshirme system, through which young boys were forcibly recruited to serve as soldiers in the Ottoman army or as officials in the Ottoman administration. Although the devshirme system produced military and bureaucratic professionals, not money or goods for the Ottoman treasury, it was similar to a tribute collection system in that it extracted resources for the use of the state from conquered or tributary regions.
Image 1: OTTOMAN SOLDIERS RECONQUERING A FORTRESS IN GREECE FROM VENETIAN FORCES... Image 2: MUGHAL FORCES LED BY THE EMPEROR AURANGZEB CAPTURE THE FORTRESS OF GOLCONDA, CAPITAL OF A RIVAL MUSLIM INDIAN... All of the following pieces of additional information regarding the events portrayed in Image 2 are factually accurate. Which would be most useful in evaluating the message that the image was intended to convey? A Emperor Aurangzeb was a strong proponent of Sunni Islam, while the rulers of Golconda were supporters of Shiism. B Emperor Aurangzeb overthrew his father in order to become the Mughal emperor, while the ruler of Golconda succeeded his father peacefully. C Emperor Aurangzeb ruled over India during a time when it was the largest agricultural and manufacturing economy in the world. D Emperor Aurangzeb increased taxes on all non-Muslims in his empire which contributed to unrest in his multi-religious state.
Answer A Correct. The image portrays conflict between two rival Muslim states in India. An important part of the conflict resulted from differences between supporters of Sunni Islam in the Mughal Empire and Shi'a Islam in Golconda.
MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION INCLUDED IN A PERSIAN HISTORY OF THE MUGHAL CONQUEST OF INDIA SHOWING THE MUGHAL DEFEAT OF THE SULTAN OF DELHI AT THE BATTLE OF PANIPAT IN 1526 The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450-1750 ? A It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states' military capabilities grew. B It led to the emergence of new religious disputes over theological interpretations. C It led to the establishment of pan-Eurasian nomadic empires, such as the Mongol Empire. D It led to the adoption of feudal systems of government, as monarchs could not prevent the rising power of military aristocracies.
Answer A Correct. The image shows gunpowder weapons contributing to the expansion of the Mughal Empire as a result of its conflict with the Delhi Sultanate. In a similar way, the Ottomans used gunpowder weapons to defeat the Safavids and expand their territory in the Middle East, which drove the Safavids to acquire more gunpowder weapons and improve their armies to resist Ottoman expansion and reconquer lost territories.
"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,'..." Outside of the Ottoman Empire, Sufis contributed most directly to which of the following during the period before 1750? A Scientific exchanges between the Muslim world and the rest of Afro-Eurasia B The establishment of Arabic as the language of philosophy and theology in the Muslim world C The spread of Islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as southeast Asia D The introduction of new practices for recruiting and training slave soldiers in Muslim states, such as the Mughal Empire
Answer C Correct. Sufis were instrumental in the spread of Islam to new locations in this period, both through the popularity of Sufi religious practices with merchants and through the ability of Sufi leaders to effect the conversion of political leaders in some regions on the margins of the Muslim world
"[D]espite his ferocity, his military genius and his shrewd adaptation of tribal politics to his imperial purpose, Tamerlane's* system fell apart at his death..." John Darwin, British historian, After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000, published in 2008 Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 could best be used as evidence to modify Darwin's argument in the first paragraph about the establishment of Eurasian empires on "nomadic foundations"? A The creation of the Ottoman Empire B The Ming overthrow of the Yuan dynasty in China C The fall of the Mughal Empire D The establishment of the Safavid Empire
Correct. The establishment of the Safavid Empire in the early sixteenth century primarily relied on the military power of Turkic nomads and ruled over a mostly sedentary population. Hence, this evidence could best be used to modify Darwin's argument in the first paragraph that it was no longer possible to build a Eurasian empire on nomadic foundations after Tamerlane's death.
"The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself are called gods. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power." King James I, speech to Parliament, England, 1610 The passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following? A European monarchs' continued use of religion to legitimize political authority B The influence of Islamic political thought on Europe after the Crusades C The establishment of theocracies throughout Eurasia D The differential treatment of Protestants and Catholics in England
A European monarchs' continued use of religion to legitimize political authority
Which of the following contributed most to the emergence of Russia as an expanding Eurasian power in the period between 1450 and 1750? A Its absorption of traditions and technology from the Byzantine Empire and western Europe B Its success in creating alliances with European powers to expel Turkish invaders from the south C The eradication of Islam from Central Asia D The fall of the kingdoms of Poland and Prussia E The use of its strong navy to acquire colonial holdings worldwide
A Its absorption of traditions and technology from the Byzantine Empire and western Europe
Source 1 A Mughal painting depicting a Mughal official (the kneeling figure holding a piece of paper near the center of the image) and his companions meeting a group of Hindu holy men (sadhus), circa 1635 C.E. Source 2 Ms E-14, from a Moraqqa (gouache on paper), Indian School, (17th century) / Sayings attributed to Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, circa 1500 C.E. • "Oh God, the tongue of man has given Thee numerous names; but 'the Truth' is Thy real name from time immemorial."... Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following factors contributed most directly to the Mughal Empire's territorial expansion in South Asia? A The Mughals' adoption and effective use of gunpowder weapons B The Mughals' adoption of Sikhism C The Mughals' friendly relations with neighboring states, such as the Safavid Empire and Tibet D The Mughal emperors' claims that they were directly descended from
A The Mughals' adoption and effective use of gunpowder weapons
Which is the most likely reason that rulers during the seventeenth century built elaborate palaces such as the one at Versailles, France, shown above? A To demonstrate their wealth and power B To provide jobs for artists, architects, and builders C To create fortresses as a defense against invading armies D To glorify and demonstrate the power of the official state religion
A To demonstrate their wealth and power
From 1400 to 1750, Eurasian rulers sponsored the arts primarily for which of the following reasons? A To display power and legitimize their rule B To spend excess money collected in taxes C To encourage tourism and pilgrimages D To increase employment opportunities for struggling artists
A To display power and legitimize their rule
"Concerning his greatest project, the Selimiye imperial mosque, Sinan himself said this: 'Sultan Selim II [reigned 1566-1574] ordered the building of a great mosque in the city of Edirne. I, Sinan, his humble servant,..." Based on the intended purpose of Sinan's biography, it is most likely that the information in the passage might be A overstating the extent of the architectural challenges Sinan faced in building the mosque B understating the extent of Ottoman royal support for the building of the mosque C overstating Christian architects' achievements and their contributions to the building on the mosque D intentionally attributing the building of the mosque to Sinan even though he was not the architect
A overstating the extent of the architectural challenges Sinan faced in building the mosque
"The Jiaqing emperor asked the governor Sun Yuting: 'Is Britain wealthy and powerful?' Sun Yuting responded, 'Britain is larger than other European countries and is, therefore, powerful..." The emperor's question to Sun Yuting was most likely intended to assess which of the following? A The degree to which religious conflicts in Europe had weakened Great Britain militarily B The relative risks of continuing to pursue a trade policy that forced foreign states to acknowledge China's political superiority C The possibility for the establishment of Chinese colonies in Asia and the Americas D The potential advantages of making an alliance with Great Britain to prevent further Japanese expansion in East Asia
Answer B Correct. Because China for centuries had pursued a policy that demanded that foreigners acknowledge Chinese superiority and pay tribute in order to conduct trade, the emperor's question to Sun Yuting most likely reflects a concern about Britain's growing power in the region and whether that growing power made it wise for China to continue its tribute-trade policies.
JEAN-BAPTISTE DU HALDE, FRENCH HISTORIAN, ENGRAVING INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION OF CHINA, PUBLISHED IN PARIS, 1735 In the top panel, the engraving shows three Jesuit missionaries and scholars who served at the courts of Chinese emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the bottom panel, the engraving shows two Chinese Christian converts... Which of the following developments in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries most directly helps to explain the presence of the scholars shown in the image of China? A The Inquisition led to the expulsion of enemies of the Catholic Church from Europe. B The Protestant Reformation led the Catholic Church to seek new converts outside of Europe. C The wars of religion led many to question the role of religion in European society. D The expansion of the Ottoman Empire in Europe led many to leave their homes as refugees.
Answer B Correct. Because the Protestant Reformation reduced the number of Catholics in Europe, the Church commissioned many Jesuit scholars, like those seen in the engraving, to convert others abroad.
All the following statements about Bernier are factually accurate. Which would most increase historians' confidence in the reliability of his account? A He originally studied for a position in the Catholic Church, but then shifted to a nonreligious education. B He spent several years as an official at the Mughal imperial court. C He made extensive travels in Europe before going to India. D He wrote the description of Mughal administration at the request of Colbert, who founded the French East India Company.
Answer B Correct. Bernier's account of conditions in the Mughal court have greater credibility to historians because he spent time at the Mughal court and observed the practices he describes firsthand, rather than acquired his information from other sources.
Image 1 FRESCO PAINTED ON THE OUTER WALL OF THE MOLDOVITA MONASTERY IN ROMANIA DEPICTING THE OTTOMAN SIEGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE IN 1453 Image 2 NAKKASH OSMAN, OTTOMAN COURT PAINTER, MINIATURE DEPICTING AN OTTOMAN SIEGE OF A EUROPEAN CITY DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN SÜLEYMAN I (1520-1566) The image was produced for an official history of the Ottoman Empire compiled circa 1585. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, many states responded to threats of the type depicted in the two images by A forcing Muslims within their territories to convert to Christianity B seeking to increase tax revenues and professionalize their militaries C recruiting large numbers of Ottoman military advisors D engaging in economic boycotts against Ottoman trade goods
Answer B Correct. Gunpowder technologies were expensive and depended on greater military coordination, so many states interested in adopting these methods required both increases in tax revenues and more professionalized militaries.
"To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord. Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement..." *a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444 Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528 A historian could best explain the arguments made in the passage regarding the pope and the clergy in the context of Protestant claims that the Catholic Church A had not adequately supported earlier Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land B had become corrupted by power C had become too heavily influenced by Renaissance Humanism D had failed to convert Muslims living in Europe to Christianity
Answer B Correct. One of Luther's main arguments against the Catholic Church during the early stages of the Reformation is that it had become corrupted by worldly power. The passage illustrates that Luther believed that the pope and the clergy were ignoring the most important duties of their respective offices in the pursuit of worldly political goals. Luther's complaints about the corrupting influence of political power on the Church were adopted by Protestants across Europe.
"Last Will and Testament I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner:..." The passage best illustrates which of the following features of colonial Latin American history? A Racial categories were used to divide colonial societies. B Christian religious practices were shared by many social groups. C Plantation agriculture dominated economic production. D Competition between European states influenced colonialism.
Answer B Correct. The Christian Portuguese made efforts to spread their faith as early as the sixteenth century to all levels of society, including to native Brazilian and African slaves. The author, a former slave who purchased her freedom, affirms the continuity of this practice in the nineteenth century when she declares her Catholic faith in the first sentence.
Image 1 FRESCO PAINTED ON THE OUTER WALL OF THE MOLDOVITA MONASTERY IN ROMANIA DEPICTING THE OTTOMAN SIEGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE IN 1453 Image 2 NAKKASH OSMAN, OTTOMAN COURT PAINTER, MINIATURE DEPICTING AN OTTOMAN SIEGE OF A EUROPEAN CITY DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN SÜLEYMAN I (1520-1566) The Ottoman practices shown in the two images directly contributed to which of the following developments before 1600 ? A A series of Ottoman defeats in wars against an expanding Russian Empire B Large-scale Ottoman conquests in the Middle East and North Africa C Weakening of the Ottoman economy as the empire failed to keep pace with an industrializing Europe D The consolidation of Sunni Islam as the state religion of the Ottoman Empire
Answer B Correct. The Ottoman Empire used the military practices illustrated in the image, including the use of field artillery, to defeat its rival Safavid Empire and greatly expand its territorial holdings in the Middle East and North Africa, beginning in the early 1500s.
Source 1 "People who follow Judaism should pass their lives among Christians quietly, practicing their own religion and not speaking ill of Christianity. Moreover, a Jewish person should not attempt to convert any... Source 2 "King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Spain, greetings. We learned that some wicked Christians in our kingdom adopted Jewish religious practices..." The attitude toward religious practice expressed in Source 2 was most directly apparent in which of the following Spanish policies in the Americas in the period circa 1500-1750 ? A The establishment of the casta system B The state sponsorship of Jesuit missions to native populations C The use of the encomienda system D The development of Candomblé and Voudun among African slave populations
Answer B Correct. The Spanish state's sponsorship of Jesuit missions to convert native populations to Christianity directly derives from the state's intolerance of religious diversity, which is apparent in Source 2.
Which of the following developments in the late fifteenth century could best be used as evidence to support Darwin's argument in the second paragraph regarding a change in patterns of long-distance trade? A The growing naval power of the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean B The discovery of maritime routes that linked Europe and Asia through the Indian Ocean C The naval expeditions of the Ming admiral Zheng He D The development of the Atlantic system that linked Europe to the Americas and Africa
Answer B Correct. The discovery of maritime routes that linked Europe and Asia through the Indian Ocean in the late fifteenth century could best be used as evidence to support Darwin's argument regarding a change in patterns of long-distance trade, because those new routes led to large increases in the scale and profitability of maritime commerce at the expense of the overland Silk Road routes.
In the top panel, the engraving shows three Jesuit missionaries and scholars who served at the courts of Chinese emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the bottom panel, the engraving shows two Chinese Christian converts: Xu Guangxi (left) and his granddaughter, Candida Xu (right). The spread of new cultural ideas, such as those illustrated by the religious beliefs of Xu Guangxi and Candida Xu, most strongly encouraged some Asian governments in Eurasia in the period 1450-1750 to A expand educational opportunities for the lower classes B limit trade and other contacts with foreigners C advocate for the peaceful settlement of existing religious conflicts D develop national joint-stock companies
Answer B Correct. The image depicts the spread of Christianity in China and indicates that it was Jesuit influence that was responsible for the conversion of Xu Guangxi. The spread of foreign cultural influences such as Christianity encouraged some governments, such as Tokugawa Japan, to impose very strict isolationist policies that greatly limited trade and other contacts with foreigners.
MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION INCLUDED IN A PERSIAN HISTORY OF THE MUGHAL CONQUEST OF INDIA SHOWING THE MUGHAL DEFEAT OF THE SULTAN OF DELHI AT THE BATTLE OF PANIPAT IN 1526 The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT A the Safavid Empire B the Qing (Manchu) Empire C the Aztec (Mexica) Empire D the Ottoman Empire
Answer C Correct. Although the Aztec (Mexica) created a very large empire in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries from their power base in the valley of Mexico, they did so without the use of gunpowder weapons. Gunpowder weapons were first introduced to the Americas with the arrival of the Spanish at the end of the fifteenth century.
Which of the following most accurately describes Bernier's main argument concerning Mughal administration? A The Mughal government functioned more efficiently than the government of France. B The Mughal government discouraged reckless spending by imposing high tax rates. C The Mughal government's practice of tax farming was not an effective means of promoting economic growth. D The Mughal government's tolerance of large-scale imports of precious metals weakened the empire's economy.
Answer C Correct. Bernier contends that the tax-farming system creates an oppressive system that discourages commercial activity and wealth creation.
Image 1: OTTOMAN SOLDIERS RECONQUERING A FORTRESS IN GREECE FROM VENETIAN FORCES, MINIATURE IN A VENETIAN-PRODUCED BOOK OF HISTORY AND DIPLOMACY, CIRCA 1665 Image 2: MUGHAL FORCES LED BY THE EMPEROR AURANGZEB CAPTURE THE FORTRESS OF GOLCONDA, CAPITAL OF A RIVAL MUSLIM INDIAN STATE, IN 1687. PAINTING BY AN ANONYMOUS INDIAN ARTIST, CIRCA 1760. Taken together, the two images best support which of the following claims regarding developments in the period from 1450 to 1750 ? A European military technology was inferior to Asian military technology. B Rulers served as military commanders and typically led armies into battle themselves. C Gunpowder technology facilitated the expansion of land-based empires. D Religious divisions were not a significant source of military conflict.
Answer C Correct. Both images portray how the Ottoman and Mughal armies used cannons very effectively in the process of imperial expansion. Cannons were critical to the Ottoman capture of Constantinople.
"The Muslims are not the greatest traders in Asia, though they are dispersed in almost every part of it. In Ottoman Turkey, the Christians and Jews carry on the main foreign trade, and in Persia the Armenian Christians and Indians..." Which of the following most directly caused a disruption in the land-based trade of the Safavid empire during the period circa 1500-1750 ? A Price inflation caused by the global spread of American silver B Competition between European joint-stock companies C Conflicts between the Shi'a Safavids and neighboring Sunni empires D Widespread violence between European trading companies and Muslim empires
Answer C Correct. Shi'a Safavid conflict with the neighboring Ottoman and Mughal empires most directly impacted Safavid trade as religious differences gave rise to economic competition.
The two passages best illustrate which of the following continuities in world history? A While some states sought to impose religious uniformity on their populations, others embraced religious syncretism. B While some states used religion to legitimize their power, others used military or bureaucratic means. C While some states were willing to tolerate diversity within their territories, others suppressed diversity. D While some states allowed for numerous official religions, others recognized only one official religion.
Answer C Correct. Source 1 illustrates that some states were willing to tolerate religious diversity within their territories to an extent, while Source 2 shows that other states were unwilling to tolerate minority populations and attempted to enforce uniformity.
WALL PAINTING FROM THE PALACE OF THE RULERS OF THE SOUTHERN INDIAN STATE OF GOLKONDA, CIRCA 1650 The painting shows celebrations of the wedding of the Muslim ruler of Golkonda and his Hindu bride. The newlyweds are surrounded by attendants of both religions. Which of the following most likely describes the fate of the Golkonda state after 1650 ? A It expanded to control most of India. B It was conquered by the Portuguese. C It was conquered by the Mughal Empire. D It was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
Answer C Correct. The Mughal Empire expanded rapidly in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, eventually coming to rule almost all of present-day India and Pakistan. The Golkonda Sultanate was forced to recognize Mughal overlordship in 1636 and was fully conquered by the Mughals in 1687.
Image 1 FRESCO PAINTED ON THE OUTER WALL OF THE MOLDOVITA MONASTERY IN ROMANIA DEPICTING THE OTTOMAN SIEGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE IN 1453 Image 2 NAKKASH OSMAN, OTTOMAN COURT PAINTER, MINIATURE DEPICTING AN OTTOMAN SIEGE OF A EUROPEAN CITY DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN SÜLEYMAN I (1520-1566) The image was produced for an official history of the Ottoman Empire compiled circa 1585. Image 1 best illustrates which of the following? A The importance of slave soldiers to Ottoman expansion B The growing reliance on foot soldiers in the Ottoman armies C The importance of gunpowder to Ottoman expansion D The increasing professionalization of the Ottoman officer corps
Answer C Correct. The Ottoman Empire, like the Mughals and Qing China, depended on the use of gunpowder weaponry to expand territorially, and the image prominently shows cannons being fired at the besieged city.
"To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord. Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement..." *a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444 Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528 A historian interpreting the passage would most likely explain that the audience of the sermon is an illustration of the fact that A papal alliances with the Holy Roman emperors led to widespread religious persecutions in Germany B the Protestant German nobility was wary of confronting the Ottomans without Catholic support C political support from the German nobility aided in the development of the early Protestant community D the Protestant German nobility adopted pacifist attitudes during religious disputes with their Catholic and Muslim opponents
Answer C Correct. The fact that Luther wrote a highly critical letter chastising the Catholic clergy and the pope to a German prince indicates that this prince supported Luther. Luther and early Protestant communities received protection from many members of the German nobility, either because they embraced the Protestant message of reform or because they wanted to limit the power of the Holy Roman emperor within Germany.
LLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT WRITTEN TO CELEBRATE THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE OTTOMAN SULTAN SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT, CIRCA 1560 Paul Fearn / Alamy Stock Photo The image shows Ottoman officials forcibly enlisting boys from the empire's Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy. The recruitment depicted in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 ? A Attempts by imperial states to expand their economic power B Attempts by imperial states to prevent religious conflict C Attempts by imperial states to centralize their authority D Attempts by imperial states to control population growth
Answer C Correct. The forced recruitment of soldiers and officials through practices such as the Ottoman devshirme increased the military and administrative capacity of states. In some cases, such that of the Ottoman Empire, these soldiers and officials were solely dependent on the ruler's favor and thereby helped expand and centralize state authority.
"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,'..." Which of the following most directly strengthened Sunni religious scholars' role as official interpreters of Islamic doctrine within the Ottoman Empire, as suggested by the passage? A The establishment of the Mughal Empire in India B The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople C Ottoman sultans' extensive conquests in Europe D The Ottoman Empire's rivalry with the Safavid Empire
Answer D Correct. Conflicts with the Shi'a Safavid Empire, fueled by religious differences, led Sunni scholars in the Ottoman Empire to attempt to enforce stricter adherence to Sunni orthodoxy, contributing to their critical views of Sufism.
"To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord. Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement..." A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to A promote religious war against fellow Christians B encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence C demonstrate that an individual's destiny was predetermined by God D reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings
Answer D Correct. In the passage, Luther claims that holy war against the Turks in the name of Jesus Christ is wrong because Jesus taught that Christians should not resist evil with violence or take revenge. He further states that scripture requires the bishops and clergy to mind the duties of their office instead of engaging in holy war. Luther's arguments illustrate his and other Protestants' belief that scripture was the foundation of faith, that Christians should rely on the teachings of scripture to guide their actions, and that adhering more closely to the teachings of scripture would create a more just and pious Christian society.
Image 1: OTTOMAN SOLDIERS RECONQUERING A FORTRESS IN GREECE FROM VENETIAN FORCES, MINIATURE IN A VENETIAN-PRODUCED BOOK OF HISTORY AND DIPLOMACY, CIRCA 1665 Image 2: MUGHAL FORCES LED BY THE EMPEROR AURANGZEB CAPTURE THE FORTRESS OF GOLCONDA, CAPITAL OF A RIVAL MUSLIM INDIAN STATE, IN 1687. PAINTING BY AN ANONYMOUS INDIAN ARTIST, CIRCA 1760. Which of the following imperial expansions was most similar to those of the Ottoman and Mughal Empires? A The Portuguese Empire in Brazil B The Dutch Empire in South Africa and Indonesia C The Spanish Empire in the Americas and Asia D The Manchu Empire in East Asia
Answer D Correct. Like the Ottomans and Mughals, the Manchus were seminomadic in origin, from the northern frontier of China (Manchuria), and they succeeded in establishing a large land-based empire through the use of heavy cavalry and gunpowder technology in Eurasia.
LLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT WRITTEN TO CELEBRATE THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE OTTOMAN SULTAN SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT, CIRCA 1560 Paul Fearn / Alamy Stock Photo The image shows Ottoman officials forcibly enlisting boys from the empire's Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy. The inclusion of the image in the manuscript best illustrates which of the following features of the period 1450-1750 ? A Rulers using art as a way to communicate with their illiterate subjects B Rulers using art to expand their territories C Rulers using art as a way to increase literacy D Rulers using art to legitimize their rule
Answer D Correct. The illustration was included in a manuscript intended to glorify the achievements of Suleiman the Magnificent and thereby demonstrate his legitimacy. The image thus illustrates how art was used by rulers to legitimize their rule in the period 1450-1750.
Image 1 FRESCO PAINTED ON THE OUTER WALL OF THE MOLDOVITA MONASTERY IN ROMANIA DEPICTING THE OTTOMAN SIEGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE IN 1453 Image 2 NAKKASH OSMAN, OTTOMAN COURT PAINTER, MINIATURE DEPICTING AN OTTOMAN SIEGE OF A EUROPEAN CITY DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN SÜLEYMAN I (1520-1566) The image was produced for an official history of the Ottoman Empire compiled circa 1585. Which of the following most likely explains the inclusion of Image 2 in a court history of the Ottoman Empire? A To highlight the Ottoman sultans' role as caliphs of the Muslim world B To illustrate the growing influence of Persian art and culture at the Ottoman court C To celebrate the ethnic and cultural diversity of the Ottoman court D To glorify imperial power by referring back to a celebrated era of Ottoman history
Answer D Correct. The miniature celebrates earlier victories of the Ottomans at a time when the empire reached the height of its territorial expansion under the reign of Sultan Süleyman I.
The actions of peasants, artisans, and merchants discussed in the third paragraph are an example of A religious conflict in a multiethnic state B challenges to imperial legitimacy based on ideas of human rights C opportunities for upward mobility created by larger states D resistance against state attempts to collect revenue
Answer D Correct. The third paragraph of the passage references often futile efforts of peasants, artisans, and merchants to resist state tax collection efforts by concealing whatever wealth they had.
Image 1 Ivory tip for a king's ceremonial scepter showing a female ancestor spirit, Kongo, western Africa, circa 1800 Image 2 Female figure on a crucifix, Kongo, western Africa, circa 1800 The object in Image 1 best illustrates which of the following continuities in world history? A The power of traditional elites was continuously challenged by the emerging power of new elites. B The power of states was based on the ability of rulers to monopolize the use of violence. C Artists depended on royal patronage for their livelihoods. D Rulers used religious imagery to legitimize their political authority.
Answer D This option is correct. African rulers, like many leaders before the 20th century, sought to acquire legitimacy by associating their rulership with important societal religious values.
Which of the following empires in the period 1450-1750 engaged in a type of territorial expansion most similar to that depicted in Map 1 ? A The Spanish Empire B The Portuguese Empire C The British Empire D The Mughal Empire
Answer D This option is correct. Like the Russian Empire, the Mughal Empire engaged in significant overland expansion, extending its rule across large swaths of territory in India and Central Asia during the period 1450 to 1750.
Image 1 MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A GLOBE, SOUTH ASIA, 1617 Image 2 MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A PICTURE OF THE VIRGIN MARY, SOUTH ASIA, 1620 Which of the following was the most likely purpose of the portraits of the emperor? A To demonstrate the Mughal Empire's conversion to Islam B To honor the continued influence of Hellenistic art forms in India C To represent the Mughal belief in the emperor's divinity D To glorify his rule through the sponsorship of artworks
Answer D This option is correct. Mughal rulers often sponsored works of art and architecture to illustrate their power and glorify their rule.
Source 1 A Mughal painting depicting a Mughal official (the kneeling figure holding a piece of paper near the center of the image) and his companions meeting a group of Hindu holy men (sadhus), circa 1635 C.E. Source 2 Sayings attributed to Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, circa 1500 C.E. • "Oh God, the tongue of man has given Thee numerous names; but 'the Truth' is Thy real name from time... Source 2 indicates that all of the following were likely factors contributing to Sikhism's popularity in India EXCEPT: A It offered a set of religious beliefs that combined elements of both Hinduism and Islam. B It advocated a direct and personal approach to God that paralleled Islamic beliefs. C It appealed to members of the lower socioeconomic strata by rejecting the rigid social hierarchy of Hinduism. D It offered a set of principles around which all Indians could rally in resisting British imperial encroachment
Answer D This option is correct. Sikhism developed prior to British imperial expansion in South Asia and became one of the many Indian religious traditions in which Indian responses to British imperial encroachment were couched. The statement is, therefore, factually inaccurate, meaning that the option is the correct answer.
Which of the following best describes the relationship that the Chinese and Aztec empires had with their respective peripheral states during the fifteenth century C.E.? A Both empires used military force to severely limit the sovereignty of their peripheral states to their core states. B Both empires welcomed the diffusion of cultural traditions from their peripheral territories. C Both empires established tributary relationships with their peripheral states. D Both empires actively sought to assimilate the citizens of their peripheral states into their respective core cultures.
C Both empires established tributary relationships with their peripheral states.
Which of the following statements is true about both the Mughal and the Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century? A In each, the majority of the people were Muslims. B Each had a powerful navy that engaged European navies. C Each had developed an efficient administrative structure. D Each enjoyed peaceful relations with its neighboring states. E Each gave little monetary support to artistic and cultural endeavors.
C Each had developed an efficient administrative structure.
"Concerning his greatest project, the Selimiye imperial mosque, Sinan himself said this: 'Sultan Selim II [reigned 1566-1574] ordered the building of a great mosque in the city of Edirne. I, Sinan, his humble servant,..." Sinan's service to the Ottoman state best illustrates the fact that land-based empires in the period 1450-1750 often relied on A appointed bureaucrats to break the power of entrenched landed aristocracies B mass conscription of soldiers to carry out their territorial expansion C methods of recruitment of officials that made use of the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects D members of the clergy to perform religious services, administer religious law, and oversee public order
C methods of recruitment of officials that made use of the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects
Which of the following characteristics of the Ottoman Empire best explains why Sinan was determined to match the dimensions of the Hagia Sophia church, as discussed in the third paragraph? A The Ottoman dynasty was descended from Turkic pastoralist nomads who did not have their own tradition of monumental architecture. B Ottoman art often illustrated the historical and spiritual connections between Islam and other monotheistic religions, such as Christianity and Judaism. C By the time the Ottoman Empire began to expand, the Byzantine Empire had already been dramatically reduced in size and geopolitical importance. D Bringing Constantinople, with its imperial traditions, under Islamic rule was one of the central pillars of Ottoman rulers' claims to political legitimacy.
D Bringing Constantinople, with its imperial traditions, under Islamic rule was one of the central pillars of Ottoman rulers' claims to political legitimacy.
MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION INCLUDED IN A PERSIAN HISTORY OF THE MUGHAL CONQUEST OF INDIA SHOWING THE MUGHAL DEFEAT OF THE SULTAN OF DELHI AT THE BATTLE OF PANIPAT IN 1526 The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image? A States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires. B The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively. C The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before. D States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.
D States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires. Correct. The image illustrates the Mughals using cannons against the forces of the sultan of Delhi. Gunpowder weapons were a decisive factor in the Mughal victory in this battle and in their other conquests in Central Asia and India.
Which of the following factors contributed most to Manchu expansion in Asia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A The development of large trading companies B The adoption of Buddhist beliefs C The military alliances with western European states D The use of cannons and gunpowder
D The use of cannons and gunpowder
CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the way Khubilai Khan chose to have himself portrayed in the painting? A The Yuan dynasty's potential monopolization of the Eurasian trade routes would force other Asian rulers to recognize Khubilai Khan's supremacy. B The demonstration of military skill in the painting would encourage the Abbasid caliphs to submit to Khubilai Khan's rule. C The Yuan dynasty's employment of a Chinese artist to create the painting would encourage the Japanese to accept Khubilai Khan's rule. D The nomadic tradition depicted in the painting would bolster Khubilai Khan's claim to be the legitimate successor to Genghis Khan.
D. The nomadic tradition depicted in the painting would bolster Khubilai Khan's claim to be the legitimate successor to Genghis Khan.
JEAN-BAPTISTE DU HALDE, FRENCH HISTORIAN, ENGRAVING INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION OF CHINA, PUBLISHED IN PARIS, 1735 In the top panel, the engraving shows three Jesuit missionaries and scholars who served at the courts of Chinese emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the bottom panel, the engraving shows two Chinese Christian converts... All of the following statements about Du Halde are factually accurate. Which would most likely lead historians to question the objectivity of his portrayal of the scholars shown in the image? A He was the confessor to an important French noble. B He never traveled to China. C He based his observations of China on unpublished translations of Chinese texts. D He was a Jesuit and based his book on Jesuit missionary reports.
nswer D Correct. The Jesuit scholars are portrayed in the image as illustrious men of faith, science, and wisdom. Because Du Halde had an institutional affiliation with the Jesuit order, he was likely motivated to depict the Jesuit scholars positively. Moreover, because he based his book directly on Jesuit missionary reports that also likely portrayed Jesuit scholars in China positively, a historian would likely consider the account shown in the engraving to be potentially biased in favor of the Jesuits.
Image 1 MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A GLOBE, SOUTH ASIA, 1617 Image 2 MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A PICTURE OF THE VIRGIN MARY, SOUTH ASIA, 1620 The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 1 was most likely a symbolic representation of which of the following? A The Mughal Empire's scientific achievements B The expanding power of the Mughal Empire C The extended travels of Emperor Jahangir to Eurasian pilgrimage sites D The Mughal Empire's control of global trade networks
swer B This option is correct. The image of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, whose name in Persian means "holder of the world," holding a globe is a symbolic representation of the growing power and territorial expansion of the Mughal Empire.
