AP World Unit 4: Ch. 23-28

Batavia

occupied a strategic site near the Sunda Strait, and its market attracted both Chinese and Malay vessels.

Population of Portugal

one million in 1500

Hacienda

or the estate. The most prominent site of agricultural and craft production which produced food for its own use and for markets.

Slave Raiding in the Kongo

Portuguese sought to obtain high value metals and slaves. They often embarked on slave raiding expeditions or they made alliances with kings for slaves.

Who was the earliest European slave traders?

Portuguese. In 1441, they took 12 Africans to Portugal as slaves.

Transoceanic Trade

European merchants created a genuinely global trading system of supply and demand, linking the ports of the world. Especially in the Atlantic Ocean Basin. Traded mostly silver, sugar, and tobacco.

Population Growth

European population increased from 81 million in 1500 to 180 million in 1800

What were products?

European products like wheat, grape, meat

European Arrival in S Africa

Europeans allied with natives and intervened in disputes.

Spread of Christianity in Russia

Government-sponsored missionaries sought to convert Siberian peoples to Orthodox Christianity. Little Interest.

Where did European establish permanent settlements in the Pacific Islands?

Guam and the Marianas Islands

Who occupied the Canary Islands?

Guanche people

Where could the British only trade with China?

Guangzhou

What manufactured cannons or small arms?

Gun Foundries

How many slaves that crossed the Atlantic went to Caribbean?

Half

Religious War in Netherlands and Dutch Provinces

In 1567 Philip of Spain sent an army to tighten his control over the Dutch provinces and to suppress the Calvinist movement there. By 1610 the seven northern provinces rebelled and won their independence.

American Food Crops

Potatoes appeared in the curries of southern India, and tomatoes enlivened dishes in the Ottoman empire as well as other Mediterranean lands. Maize fed animals

United Provinces

Representative assemblies organized local affairs in each of the provinces, and on this foundation political leaders built a Dutch republic.

Constitutional States in Engand

Characterized by limited powers, individual rights, and representative institutions. a constitutional monarchy. Change in England it followed a civil war

Why did Charles V summon him?

Charles V, a devout Roman Catholic, summoned Luther to an assembly of imperial authorities and demanded that he recant his views

The Dream of the Red Chamber

Through the prism of a sentimental love story, the novel shed fascinating light on the dynamics of wealthy scholar-gentry families.

What happened to his land?

Charles bestowed his holdings in Spain, Italy, the Low Countries, and the Americas on his son, King Philip II of Spain, while his brother Ferdinand inherited the Habsburg family lands in Austria and the imperial throne.

Imperial Fragmentation

Charles gave energy to the Lutheran movement and to imperial princes. Charles ruled each of his lands according to its own laws and customs. Drew on the money from the Low Countries and Spain to maintain a powerful army

Religious War in England

In 1588 King Philip II of Spain (reigned 1556-1598) attempted to force England to return to the Roman Catholic church by sending the Spanish Armada to dethrone the Protestant Queen Elizabeth

What happened in 1661

In 1661 Virginia recognized all blacks as slaves

Resistance to Slavery

Resistance to slavery widespread, though dangerous. Slow work, sabotage, and escape. Slave revolts were rare and were brutally suppressed by plantation owners

Where was witch hunting especially prominent?

Rhineland

Peter I

In 1697-1698 he led Russian observers on a tour of Germany, the Netherlands, and England to learn about western European administrative methods and military technology. He took his observations and reformed Russia.

What city had an Islamic university?

Timbuktu. It also had 180 schools that taught the Quran

What did Europeans refer to Australia as?

"New Holland" because the Dutch visited it so frequently

What were their rulers known as?

"new monarchs"

The volta do mar

"return through the sea" that enabled them to sail from the Canaries to Portugal. They sailed northwest into the open ocean until they found westerly winds and then turned east for the last leg of the homeward journey

Ukiyo

("floating worlds"), entertainment and pleasure quarters

Daimyo

("great names"), powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary landholdings. The 260 acted as near-absolute rulers within their domains. Each maintained a government

Qizilbash

("red heads"). Ismail's father had instructed his Turkish followers to wear a distinctive red hat with twelve pleats in memory of the twelve Shiite imams

Kepler

(1571- 1630) demonstrated that planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular as in Ptolemaic theory.

The Seven Years' War

(1756-1763) "the great war for empire," It laid the foundation for 150 years of British imperial hegemony

Seven Years' War

(1756-1763) pitted France, Austria, and Russia against Britain and Prussia, and it merged with conflicts between France and Britain in India and North America to become a global war for imperial supremacy.

King Henry VIII

(reigned 1509-1547) came into conflict with the pope. Henry wanted to divorce his wife, but the pope refused to allow him to do so. Henry's response was to sever relations with the Roman church and make himself Supreme Head of the Anglican church—an English pope.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

(reigned 1600-1616), established a military government known as the Tokugawa bakufu ("tent government,"). Ieyasu and his descendants ruled the bakufu until 1867.

What was his army mostly used for?

To suppress rebellion

Who established the first colony?

In 1788 a British fleet arrived at Sydney carrying about one thousand passengers, eight hundred of them convicts, who established the first European settlement in Australia as a penal colony

What was the population of Edo?

1 million

Who took advantage of slave trade?

Asante, Dahomey, and Oyo obtained firearms and built a powerful state in the west.

What exchange did the Manila galleons bring?

Asian luxury goods to Mexico, silver from Mexico to China. Silver was very prized in China

The Peace of Westphalia

Laid the foundations for a system of independent, competing states. They regarded one another as sovereign and equal. They also mutually recognized their rights to organize their own domestic affairs.

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to King Louis XIII from 1624 to 1642. Richelieu worked to undermine the nobility and enhance the authority of the king. He destroyed nobles' castles and crushed aristocratic conspiracies. Richelieu built a large bureaucracy staffed by commoners loyal to the king. Richelieu attacked French Calvinists who helped nobles.

What remained the dominant power in East Asia?

China

Who invented rudders?

Chinese

Who were most prominent?

Chinese merchants. They accounted for about one-quarter of Manila's forty-two thousand residents.

Who invented compass?

Chinese. Used compasses to determine their heading in Mediterranean and Atlantic waters.

How much of the German population did the war kill?

1/3

How large was the Pacific?

1/3 of the world's surface

Quinto

1/5th of the silver production from the Americas taken by the Spanish monarchy. It helped them maintain a powerful army and a bureacracy

How many slaves left their homes in the Islamic Slave Trade?

10 million

How much of China's land was cultivatable?

11%

Spanish Missionaries in Mexico

12 Franciscan missionaries arrived in Mexico and founded a school in Tlatelolco. Where they educated the sons of nobles in Latin, Spanish, and Christian doctrine

How many English migrants came to north america?

150,000

What happened with the pope?

1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated the unrepentant monk

Galileo

1564-1642 showed that the heavens were not the perfect, but, a world of change. Galileo used the telescopes and saw spots on the sun and mountains on the moon.

What slave revolt brought slavery to an end?

1793: slaves in French colony of Saint-Domingue revolted, abolished slavery, and established the free state of Haiti

How long did it take to build the Taj?

18 years

What was the population of India?

190 million in 1800.

How many women made up the adult population in Angola?

2/3

How many positions were available?

20,000 positions were available for 1 million degree holders

How many people are still oppressed today?

200 Million people

What was the population of China?

225 million

What was the population of the Ottoman?

24 million

How long did it take Europeans to chart the Pacific Ocean?

3 centuries

How much did it export in 1638?

3 million pounds

What was the population of Japan?

32 million

How long did it take to suppress the pirates?

40 Years

How many slaves were lost every year?

5 - 10% of slaves

Population of North America in the 1800s

5 million migrants, 600,000 natives, 1 million African slaves.

How many slaves that crossed the Atlantic went to North America?

5%

How many Portugese trade posts were there from west Africa to east Asia?

50

How many Spanish were there in the Americas? Portugese?

500,000 Spanish; 100,000 Portuguese.

Population Growth

60 Million in 1800

How many residents did the capital city, Gao have?

75,000 residents

What was the population of Safavid?

8 million in 1800

How much of Spanish migrants were men?

85%. Portuguese had more men.

What is the population of Anatolia?

9 million in 1800

Triangular Trade

All three legs of voyage profitable. European goods traded for African slaves. Slaves traded in the Caribbean for sugar or molasses. American produce traded in Europe

The Great Wall

Along the Northern border. A Ming dynasty project. It ran 2,500 kilometers and 10-15 m high

Who was Saint Anthony?

A 13th Century, Franciscan missionary. He was a patron saint of Portugal.

St. Ignatius Loyola

A Basque nobleman and soldier. He read spiritual works and popular accounts of saints' lives. In 1540, together with a small band of disciples, he founded the Society of Jesus.

Kangxi

A Confucian scholar as well as an enlightened ruler. He composed poems. He studied the Confucian classics. He also generously patronized Confucian schools and academies.

Martin Luther of Wittenberg

A German monk that denounced the church's sale of indulgences. He published works condemning the Roman church using the printing press. He advocated the closure of monasteries, translation of the Bible into vernacular languages, and an end to priestly authority.

Fall of Songhay

A Moroccan army opened fire on the empire. Others began to rebel.

Fatehpur Sikri

A city planned and constructed by Akbar that served as his capital from 1569 to 1585. It commemorated his conquest of Gujarat. Fatehpur Sikri was also a private residence and retreat for the ruler. It was centered on the mausoleum of Akbar's Sufi guru, Shaykh Salim Chisti.

Olaudah Equiano

A freed slave whose autobiography became a best-seller. He lobbied officials and strengthened movements in England.

Potosi

A large vein of silver was found. It became a boomtown with a population of 150,000. Relied on voluntary labor?

Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala

A native of Peru, fired off a 1,200-page letter—accompanied by some four hundred hand-drawn illustrations—to King Philip III of Spain asking for protection for native peoples against colonists. It went to Denmark

Monsoon Currents

During the summer months monsoon winds blow from the southeast, whereas during the winter from the northwest.

What happened after the Songhay crumbled?

A series of small, regional kingdoms emerged in west Africa

Early African Religion

A supreme creator god. Other lesser gods intervened in human affairs. Others thought that their ancestors roamed the earth through their spirits.

Who invented astrolabe?

A tool used by Greek and Persian astronomers to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or the pole star above the horizon.

What did slaves do in the Songhay empire?

Administrators

Where did labor come from?

African slaves

African Culture

African-American Christianity was a distinctive syncretic practice. African rituals and beliefs: ritual drumming, animal sacrifice, magic, and sorcery. Other African-American cultural traditions: hybrid cuisine (okra and american food to make gumbo), weaving, pottery, Rice cultivation

When did Europeans become more serious about Australia?

After Cook's charting of the eastern coast in 1770 did European peoples become seriously interested in Australia

Decline of Mughal

After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, Mughal India experienced provincial rebellions and foreign invasions. By midcentury the subcontinent was falling under British imperial rule

After the shoguns limited communication with the outside world who provided info?

Dutch Merchants

Süleyman the Magnificent

Ottoman imperialism climaxed. He conquered Baghdad and Belgrade. He killed the king of Hungary and put Vienna under a siege.

Akbar

Akbar took personal control of the Mughal government and did not tolerate challenges to his rule. He created a centralized admin. His military campaigns consolidated Mughal power in Gujarat and Bengal. He also began to absorb the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar.

How many slaves went to the western hemisphere?

Altogether about twelve million brought to Americas, another four million died en route

Where did the fur come from?

American beaver populations

American Crops

American crops included maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, peppers, peanuts. Maize and potatoes increased number of calories in Eurasian diets. American bean varieties added protein, and tomatoes and peppers provided vitamins.

American Food Crops

American food crops improved Europeans' nutrition and diets. Most notable of the introductions was the potato. Maize, served as feed for livestock, although peasants sometimes used cornmeal to make bread or porridges like polenta. Tomatoes and peppers also arrived.

Matteo Ricci

An Italian Jesuit in the Ming court. A learned man who mastered written and oral Chinese. He corrected the calendars and prepared maps. They casted cannons for the Chinese. Popular mechanical devices: glass prisms, harpsichords, clocks

The Council of Trent

An assembly of bishops, cardinals, and other high church officials who met intermittently to address matters of doctrine and reform.

Capitalism

An economic system in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market and seek to take advantage of market conditions to profit.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

An influential treatise that codified Protestant teachings and presented them as a coherent and organized package

Songhay Administration

Appointed governors to oversee provinces. Created a navy to patrol the Niger river. Effective military.

Reasons for English Civil War

Arose because of tensions between the kings and parliament. English kings had tried to institute new taxes without approval of the parliament. Kings were Anglicans while most of the parliament was Puritan.

Ottoman Mariners

Ottoman mariners reconnoitered the Indian Ocean basin from east Africa to Indonesia. Ottoman geographers also manifested great interest in European knowledge of geography

Istanbul

At its heart was the great Topkapi palace. At its core was the sultan's residence. It had a population of more than one million people.

Under who did Mughal reach its greatest extent?

Aurangzeb

Promotion of Islam in India

Aurangzeb reached the Mughal throne in 1659, this policy gained strength. Aurangzeb reinstated the jizya and promoted Islam as the official faith of Mughal India.

Aurangzeb and Religion

Aurangzeb was a devout Muslim, and he broke with Akbar's policy of religious toleration. He demolished several famous Hindu temples and replaced them with mosques. He also imposed a tax on Hindus in an effort to encourage conversion to Islam.

Who didn't participate in world trade?

Australia

What happened to Poland?

Austria, Prussia, and Catherine II's Russia picked the weak kingdom of Poland apart. In a series of three "partitions," the predatory absolutist states seized Polish territory and absorbed it into their own realms, ultimately wiping Poland entirely off the map.

Religious Minorities in Ottoman

Autonomous religious communities known as millet retained their civil laws, traditions, and languages. Millet communities usually also assumed social and administrative functions

Songhay Empire

Based in Gao. They rejected Mali authority and mounted raids.

Kabuki

Bawdy skits where stylized acting combined with lyric singing, dancing, and spectacular staging. A crucial component of kabuki was the actor's ability to improvise and embellish the dialogue

Deism

Believed in the existence of a god but denied the supernatural teachings of Christianity. Deists held that a god set the universe in motion and established natural laws that govern it, but did not intervene in its affairs.

What happened after reaching Guam?

Better conditions. Magellan proceeded to the Philippine Islands, where he became involved in a local political dispute that took the lives of Magellan himself and 40 of his crew. The survivors continued on to the spice islands of Maluku, where they took on a cargo of cloves.

Population Decline

Between 1500 and 1800, upwards of 100 million people may have died of diseases imported into the Americas and the Pacific islands.

Wars of Louis XIV

Between 1668 and 1713, the sun king expanded his borders into Germany and absorbed Spain and the Netherlands into his kingdom. That prospect prompted England, the United Provinces, and Austria to mount a coalition against Louis.

What was the most prominent raiding area?

Between Senegal and Angola

Benefits of Constitutional States

Both had a prominent merchant class and enjoyed unusual prosperity. Both built commercial empires overseas with minimal state interference

What was the wealthiest sugar producing land?

Brazil

What became a staple?

Bread with manioc flour

What does ming mean?

Brilliant

Süleymaniye

Built by Sinan Pasha. Which blended Islamic and Byzantine architectural elements. It was similar to the Hagia Sophia.

Trade in Ottoman

Bursa was also the terminus of a caravan route that brought raw silk from Persia to supply the Italian market. They allowed merchants from England and France to trade. Aleppo became an emporium for foreign merchants engaged primarily in the spice trade and served as local headquarters for the English Levant Company

Portuguese Conquest of Kongo

By 1665, Portuguese colonists in the south went to war with Kongo. Portuguese defeated the Kongolese. They then searched for better trade relations in the kingdom of Ndongo.

How did disease affect their populations?

By 1695 the Chamorro population had declined from about fifty thousand at midcentury to five thousand

Endings of Witch-Hunting

By 1700 the fear of witches had largely diminished. The last legal execution for witchcraft in Europe took place in Switzerland in 1782.

Decline of Ottoman

By 1700 the sultans lost control over remote provinces such as Lebanon and Egypt, and European and Russian states placed pressure on the shrinking Ottoman realm.

How many Russians were living in Siberia?

By 1763 some 420,000 Russians lived in Siberia, nearly double the number of indigenous inhabitants.

How did the Ottoman try to limit the problem of bad princes?

By confining princes in the palace. The princes were exposed to plots and intrigues of the various factions

The Early Slave Trade

By fifteenth century African slaves shipped to sugar plantations on Atlantic islands. Portuguese planters imported slaves to Brazil, 1530s. Spanish settlers shipped African slaves to the Caribbean, Mexico, Peru, and Central America, 1510s and 1520s. English colonists brought slaves to North America early seventeenth century

How did they kill family?

By strangling victims with a silk bow string so as not to shed royal blood

Joint-Stock Companies

EEIC and VOC spread the risks and took advantage of communications and transportation networks. The trading companies organized commercial ventures on a larger scale than ever before.

What were the soldiers called?

Janissaries from the Turkish yeni cheri ("new troops").

Hernan Cortes

Came in search of gold. He led his soldiers to Tenochitlan and captured the emperor Moctezuma the 2. Aztec made the Spanish leave, and Cuauhetmoc became the leader. Later the Spanish placed the city under siege and they surrendered.

What words were borrowed from the natives?

Canoe, hammock, hurricane, barbecue, maize, tobacco

Politics and Empire

Capitalism actively supported by governments, especially in England and Netherlands. Protected rights of private property, upheld contracts, settled disputes. Chartered joint-stock companies and authorized these to explore, conquer, and colonize distant lands

Who was the most important of the Pacific explorers?

Captain James Cook

Mehmed the Conquer

Captured Constantinople, renamed Istanbul, and move the capital to Istanbul. He was known as the emperor of two lands and two seas. He laid the foundations for an absolute monarchy.

What was the first sight of interaction between the Europeans and Americans?

Caribbean

Who conquered the Canary Islands?

Castilian forces conquered the islands and made them an outpost for further exploration.

Who was his best successor?

Catherine II (reigned 1762-1796), also known as Catherine the Great

Where did Russia extend its rule to?

Caucasus, a vibrant multiethnic region embracing the modern-day states of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.

Where and when was the first mechanical clock chimed in China?

January 1601 in Beijing

For what reason did Vasco claim that he wanted to find in India?

Christians and spices

English Colonies

Colonies at Jamestown and the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Afonso d'Alboquerque

Commander of Portuguese in the Indian Ocean. His fleets seized Hormuz in 1508, Goa in 1510, and Melaka in 1511. Alboquerque sought to control Indian Ocean trade by forcing all merchant ships to purchase safe-conduct passes and present them at Portuguese trading posts.

Dutch Domination and Conflict

Dutch forces expelled most Portuguese merchants from southeast Asia and prevented English mariners from establishing secure footholds there

Control of Foreign Relations

Japan mostly didn't allow Europeans to trade with the Japenese

Jesuits

Completed a rigorous and advanced education. They received instruction not only in theology and philosophy. Jesuits made extraordinarily effective missionaries. They often served as counselors to kings and rulers.

Prince Henry of Portugal

Conquered the Moroccan port of Ceuta and sponsored a series of voyages down the west African coast.

How were they originally organized?

Conquerors first organized native workforces under the encomienda system. Spanish landowners used debt peonage to recruit labor. Landowners advanced loans to native peoples and the debtors then repaid the loans with labor

Conservative Muslims

Conservative Muslim clerics strongly objected to policies and practices that they considered affronts to Islam. The clerics mistrusted the emperors' interests.

Common Elements of Plantations.

Crops were in high demand. Maintained gardens for locals. Their main goal was to profit. They relied on slave labor. There were racial divisions of labor: one hundred or more slaves with a few white supervisors

Thomas Peters

Crossed the Atlantic 4 times. He joined the Black Pioneers in America which was a company of escaped slaves to maintain British rule in the colonies.

What was the last documented slave trade?

Cuba in 1867

What did they get from the natives?

Cultivation of american plants, words, clothing, and used drums and flying colors in battles

Knowledge of Winds and Currents

European mariners ventured into the oceans and gradually compiled a body of practical knowledge about the winds and currents. In both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, strong winds blow regularly to create giant "wind wheels"

Who best epitomized royal absolutism?

King Louis XIV

Jan Carstenzs

Dutch mariner that reported that his party had not seen "one fruit-bearing tree, nor anything that man could make use of

Who imposed on Indonesia?

Dutch mariners for trade in spices, particularly cloves, nutmeg, and mace

Dutch development in markets

Dutch merchants imported, wheat from south Africa, cowry shells from India, and sugar from Brazil. The wheat fed domestic consumers. Purchased the cowry shell and exchanged them for slaves destined for plantations in the western hemisphere. The sugar went on the market at Amsterdam and found its way to consumers.

Who were most prominent in the Indian Ocean?

Dutch vessels were most numerous in the Indian Ocean, and they enabled the VOC to dominate the spice trade.

Dynastic decline

Dynastic decline caused by negligent rulers, factions, and government corruption.

Who killed Dona?

King Pedro of Kongo. But her disciples continued to work and spread her values. In 1708, 20,000 Antonians challenged King Pedro.

Dahomey

Dahomey, on the "slave coast," grew powerful as a slave-raiding state. Their army mostly consisted of women and they job was to raid

Who abolished slave trade first?

Denmark

Vivaldi brothers

Departed In 1291 from Genoa in two ships with the intention of sailing around Africa to India. They did not succeed

The 3 Islamic Empires

Descended from Turkish. They adopted the city based agricultural societies.

Religious Tensions in Ottoman

Disaffected religious students often joined the Janissaries in revolt. Conservative Muslims fiercely protested the construction of an astronomical observatory and forced the closure of the Ottoman printing press.

Who dominated the coasts?

Diula and Mande

Who promoted voyages into west Africa?

Dom Henrique of Portugal

How did his work impact society?

Drew severe criticism from religious and political authorities. Church officials subjected Luther's views to examination and judged them erroneous

Christianity in Spanish America

Due to disease and conquest, native leaders concluded that their gods abandoned them and looked to missionaries for guidance. They blended their traditions with Christianity

What became the second capital?

Edirne. This served as a base of expansion into the Balkans.

The Kingdom of Kongo

Emerged in the 14th century. Rulers built a centralized state with officials overseeing military affairs.

Shah Jahan

Emperor of Mughal India. He is known for his lavish Peacock Throne and and he built the Taj Mahal.

What religion did emperors follow?

Emperors were all Muslim. They maintained an Islamic university at Timbuktu.

What was the most complex business enterprise in the Americas?

Engenho

Who were most prominent after the Portugese?

English and Dutch mariners

English and Dutch Trading Posts

English and Dutch merchants built trading posts on Asian coasts. Dutch fleet conquered Melaka in 1641. English merchants concentrated on India.

How did the English and French start to trade again?

English and French merchants working from trading posts in India became the dominant carriers in the Indian Ocean for tea and cotton

Conflict in the Caribbean and Americas

English pirates preyed on Spanish shipping from Mexico, seizing vessels silver. English and French forces constantly skirmished and fought over sugar islands while also contesting territorial claims in North America.

William Bedwell

English scholar that described Arabic as the only important language of trade, diplomacy, and religion from Morocco to the China seas

Artisans/Workers

Enjoyed higher income. They usually were employees of the state or gentry.

State Power

Enlarged their administrative staffs. The French and Spanish monarchs also maintained standing armies with cannons. The English kings did not need a standing army

Enlightenment

Enlightenment thinkers sought natural laws that governed human society in the same way that Newton's laws governed the universe

Migration

Enslaved Africans were largest group of migrants from 1500 to 1800. Sizable migration from Europe to the Americas Nineteenth century. European migration to South Africa, Australia, and Pacific Islands

Ferdinand Magellan

Established a western route to Asian waters. His Pacific expedition and circumnavigation of the world (1519-1522), Magellan sailed in the service of Spain

Importance of Serfs

European lands relied on semi-free labor to cultivate grains and provide raw materials

The Nuclear Family

Families more independent economically, socially, and emotionally. Love between men and women, parents and children became more important

Who founded the Spanish Inquisition?

Fernando and Isabel founded the Spanish Inquisition in 1478, and they obtained papal license to operate the institution as a royal agency.

Who supported Christopher?

Fernando and Isabel of Spain agreed to underwrite Columbus's expedition

Why did Europeans first go to North America?

For fish

Slavery in Africa

Slavery was common within Africa. Mostly war captives. No civil rights they were treated as private property. Worked as cultivators. Wealth came from control over human labor.

Decline of Charles' Rule

Foreign problems prevented Charles V from establishing his vast empire as the supreme political authority in Europe. The emperor abdicated his throne and retired to a monastery in Spain.

Jan Pieterszoon Coen

Founded Batavia on the island of Java to serve as an entrepôt for the VOC. Coen's plan was to establish a VOC monopoly over spice production and trade. Coen brought his naval power. He took advantage of tensions between local princes and authorities

Who was the founder?

Founder Shah Ismail (reigned 1501-1524) claimed ancient Persian title of shah.

What was the center of enlightenment?

France where philosophes debated issues of day

Who was Voltaire?

François-Marie Arouet

Who joined the English in exploring?

French

Metis

French and native

John Calvin

French lawyer who in the 1530s converted to Protestant Christianity. Calvin slipped across the border to French-speaking Geneva. There he organized a Protestant community.

Who worked actively to spread Christianity?

French missionaries worked actively among native communities in the St. Lawrence, Mississippi, and Ohio River valleys and experienced modest success in spreading Christianity.

What was the most conspicuous absolutist state?

French monarchy

Growth of world population

From 425 million in 1500 to 900 million in 1800

Where did the ruling elite get their income from after the shoguns limited their power?

From rice collection

Shah Abbas the Great

Fully revitalized the Safavid empire. He moved the capital to Isfahan. He incorporated "slaves of the royal household" into the army, increased gunpowder weapons, and sought European assistance.

What were Russians looking for in Siberia?

Fur

Origins of Fur Trade

Fur trade originated when Europeans traded manufactured goods for furs, they quickly learned how to acquire them on their own

Environmental Effects of Global Trade

Fur-bearing animals came under pressure, as hunters sought their pelts for sale to consumers. Modern hunters harvested enormous numbers of deer, codfish, whales, walruses, seals, and other species

Inertia

Galileo also anticipated the modern law of inertia, which holds that a moving body will continue to move in a straight line until some force intervenes to check or alter its motion

What was a major source of income?

Gentry who owned land

Where did it mainly take place?

Germany.

What was the earliest kingdom in the west?

Ghana. They controlled and taxed trade in gold.

What Portugese colony remained in the Indian Ocean.

Goa remained the official capital of Portuguese colonies in Asia

Viceroys

Governed America lands and were responsible to the king of Spain. They wielded considerable power.

What academy was established for a Confucian education?

Hanlin Academy and several provincial schools.

Who dominated the region to the west?

Hausa

How did Akbar want to integrate religious communities?

He abolished the jizya, tolerated all faiths, and sponsored discussions and debates between Muslims, Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians, and Christians. In India, the Muslim rulers closely cooperated with Hindu majority

Shah Abbas's Military Power

He attacked and defeated the nomadic Uzbeks in central Asia, expelled the Portuguese from Hormuz, and harassed the Ottomans. His brought most of northwestern Iran, the Caucasus, and Mesopotamia under Safavid rule.

His Conquests

He conquered Serbia, moved into southern Greece and Albania, captured Genoese ports in the Crimea, initiated a naval war with Venice in the Mediterranean. He launched an invasion of Italy and briefly occupied Otranto

Kangxi as a Conqueror

He conquered the island of Taiwan. His conquests in Mongolia and central Asia extended almost to the Caspian Sea, and he imposed a Chinese protectorate over Tibet.

The Circumnavigation

He found and sailed through the tricky and treacherous Strait of Magellan near the southern tip of South America. His fleet sailed almost four months before taking on fresh provisions at Guam.

What empire did Babur found?

He founded a dynasty called the Mughal (a Persian term for "Mongol"), which expanded to embrace almost all the Indian subcontinent.

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

He joined an expedition leaving from Hispanola to Florida. Most members died and some survivors made their way to mexico. They ended up in Texas as slaves of natives for 8 years.

What did Peters do after he went to Nova Scotia?

He led a community. He was designated to go to London where he asked for a black colony in Sierra Leone. The request was granted.

Louis Administration

He promulgated laws and controlled a large standing army. Established new industries, built roads and canals, abolished internal tariffs, and encouraged exports. Finally, they waged a series of wars designed to enlarge French boundaries.

Voltaire

He published ten thousand letters and filled seventy volumes. Voltaire championed individual freedom and attacked any oppressive institution. He targeted the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic church.

Akbar and Religion

He pursued a policy of religious toleration. He encouraged the elaboration of the "divine faith" that focused attention on the emperor as a ruler common to groups of India.

Safavid Expansion

He seized control of the Iranian plateau and launched expeditions into the Caucasus, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and central Asia.

Akbar's Divine Faith

He supported the efforts of the early Sikhs. His "divine faith" emphasized loyalty to the emperor. They drew most heavily on Islam. The divine faith was strictly monotheistic, and it reflected the Shiite and Sufi teachings. Akbar referred to himself as the "lord of wisdom." The divine faith was tolerant of Hinduism, and drew inspiration from Zoroastrianism.

Edward Waterhouse

He survived the raid and advocated for the annihilation of their race.

Osman

He was the chief of the semi nomadic Turks in northwestern Anatolia. Osman and his followers sought above all to become ghazi, Muslim religious warriors.

Christovão Ferreira

Head of the Jesuit mission in Japan, who gave up Christianity under torture, adopted Buddhism, and interrogated many Europeans who fell into Japanese hands

Early Views of Heaven

Heavens consisted of matter unlike any found on earth. Heavenly bodies were composed of a pure substance that did not experience change or corruption. They followed perfect circular paths.

What were Portugese vessels equipped with?

Heavy artillery

Qianlong and his Reign

Height of Qing under Qianlong. He delegated many responsibilities to his favorite eunuchs.

Who were the largest forced migration in history?

Slaves

Who were the new monarchs?

Henry VIII of England, Louis XI and Francis I of France, and Fernando and Isabel of Spain

English Reformation

Henry VIII severed ties between the English and Roman churches. This enabled Henry to enhance royal power by increasing the size of the state. The state began to provided poor relief and support for orphans.

Regional Differences

High death rates in the Caribbean and Brazil; continued importation of slaves. In North America, slave families more common and they imported more women

What did Henry's successors do?

His successors replaced Roman Catholic with Protestant doctrines and rituals. By 1560 England had permanently left the Roman Catholic community.

What were conditions like?

Horrible conditions led to scurvy. 29 of his members died.

Social Effects of the Slave Trade

Impact uneven: some societies spared, some societies profited. Distorted African sex ratios, since two-thirds of exported slaves were males. Encouraged polygamy and forced women to take on men's duties

Military Decline

Importing European weapons only promoted European weapon industries. Imported arsenals outdated. Ottomans even purchased military vessels from abroad

Ottoman Expansion

In 1326, they captured the Anatolian city of Bursa. This became the capital. Then in 1352 they seized the fortress of Gallipoli.

How many slaves went to Portugal and Spain a year?

In 1460, 500 slaves went a year. They worked as miners or porters.

Magellan and the Pacific Islands

In 1521 Magellan was the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean. They only encountered one inhabited island group - the Marianas

The Dutch Republic

In 1567 King Philip of Spain, a Catholic, suppressed an a popular Calvinist movement in the Netherlands— which provoked large-scale rebellion against Spanish. In 1579 a Dutch provinces formed an anti-Spanish alliance, and in 1581 they proclaimed themselves the United Provinces.

War in Europe

In Europe the war pitted Britain and Prussia against France, Austria, and Russia.

War in India

In India, British and French forces each allied with local rulers and engaged in a contest for hegemony in the Indian Ocean.

The Antonian Movement

In Kongo. Dona Beatriz claimed to be possessed by St Anthony.

Where were Chinese merchants most prominent?

In Manila. They also traded at Batavia and Southeast Asia

Witch Hunting in America

In New England, where a population of about 100,000 colonists tried 234 individuals for witchcraft and executed 36 of them by hanging.

Where were blacks free?

In Nova Scotia

Where was the first commercial crop of tobacco?

In Virginia 1612

How did the Protestant Reform increase power?

In lands that adopted Protestant faiths rulers expropriated the monasteries and used church wealth to expand their powers. Catholic kings mobilized resources.

War in Caribbean

In the Caribbean, Spanish forces joined with the French in an effort to limit British expansion in the western hemisphere.

Women and Politics

In the Islamic empires the ruler's mother and his chief wife or favorite concubine enjoyed special privileges and authority. Royal women often wielded great influence on politics

The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven

In which Ricci argued that the doctrines of Confucius and Jesus were very similar, if not identical. Jesuits held services in Chinese.

What did Christopher call the Taino?

Indians

Survival of Native Religions

Indigenous peoples continued to observe their inherited faiths. Native peoples honored idols in caves and inaccessible mountain sites

Charles V

Inherited authority over the Habsburgs' Austrian domains, duchy of Burgundy and the kingdom of Spain. When he became emperor in 1519, he acquired authority over Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, and parts of northern Italy

Indentured Labor

Initially, Chronically unemployed, orphans, political prisoners, and criminals—were often willing to sell a portion of their working lives in exchange for passage across the Atlantic and a new start in life.

Who did the inquisitors imprison?

Inquisitors imprisoned the archbishop of Toledo—the highest Roman Catholic church official in all of Spain—because of his political independence.

Process of Inquisition

Inquisitors usually observed rules of evidence, and they released many suspects after investigations turned up no sign of heresy. Fear of the inquisition intimidated many into silence.

Political Effects of Slave Trade

Introduced firearms; fostered conflict and violence between peoples

What did China import?

It included spices from Maluku, exotic products such as birds and animal skins from tropical regions, and small quantities of woolen textiles from Europe. Compensation for exports came in the form of silver bullion

Spanish Inquisition

It originally was to find those practicing Judaism or Islam, but Charles V charged it for detecting Protestant heresy. It extended well beyond the Iberian peninsula. Inquisitors worked to protect Spanish colonies from heretical teachings

Who was it for?

It was a tomb for his departed wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It was built on the basis of Islamic culture.

Why was tobacco popular?

It was popular due to the nicotine which was addictive Named after Jean Nicot who introduced tobacco to Paris in 1560

Who visited the eastern coast?

James Cook approached Australia from the southeast and charted the region in 1770

Captain Cook and Hawai`i

James Cook sailed north of Tahiti and encountered Hawaii. He was able to communicate with them and got along well. In 1779 he revisited Hawaii and found islanders less accommodating than before. He lost his life when disputes over petty thefts escalated into a bitter conflict between his crew and islanders of Hawai`i.

Who restricted foreign influence more the Chinese or Japanese?

Japanese

The Printing Press in Mughal

Jesuit missionaries in Goa published books. Yet Mughal rulers displayed little interest in the press

What were members of the society known as?

Jesuits

Who were the most prominent missionaries?

Jesuits

Jesuits Transfer of Info

Jesuits made China known in Europe. Rulers liked Confucian civil service system. Confucianism appealed to enlightenment philosophers.

Confucianism and Christianity

Jesuits respectful of Chinese tradition, but won few converts only 200,000. Chinese had problems with exclusivity of Christianity

Who introduced the printing press to Anatolia?

Jewish refugees from Spain introduced the first printing presses to Anatolia in the late fifteenth century.

Who dominated the region around Lake Chad?

Kanem-Bornu

Who helped to consolidate rule over China?

Kangxi and Qianlong

What was more influential than Yongles Encyclopedia?

Kangxi's Collection of Books

Who continued expansion?

Kangxi's grandson Qianlong. He maintaining military garrisons in eastern Turkestan and conquered Vietnam, Burma, Nepal.

Which king was a devout Christian?

King Afonso I sought to convert all his subjects to Christianity. He attended religious service daily.

Religion in the kingdom of Kongo

Kings converted to Christianity to endorse monarchical rule. Saints were similar to Kongolese spirits.

What were societies based on in Africa?

Kinship groups

King Louis XIV

Known as le roi soleil ("the sun king") He built a magnificent residence at Versailles and in the 1680s he moved his court there.

What were principal states in central Africa?

Kongo, Ndongo, Luba

Yongle

Launched naval expeditions and sailed throughout the Indian Ocean. Went as far as Malindi.

Protestants in Germany

Lay Christians flocked to hear Luther preach in Wittenberg, and several princes of the Holy Roman Empire warmed to Luther's views. The most important German cities passed laws prohibiting Roman Catholic observances and requiring all religious services to follow Protestant doctrine.

Queen Nzinga

Led a spirited resistance. Came from a long line of warriors. She dressed as a male warrior. She mobilized Africans against the Portuguese and allied with Dutch mariners.

Fransisco Pizzaro

Led an expedition to Peru. He took advantage of disputes in the ruling elite and killed most of them. He spared Atahualpa and made him give Pizzaro gold. In 1533, They took Cuzco.

Captain James Cook

Led three expeditions to the Pacific and died in a scuffle with the indigenous people of Hawai`i. Cook charted eastern Australia and New Zealand, and he added New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and Hawai`i to European maps of the Pacific. He probed the frigid waters of the Arctic Ocean

What was the largest building in Europe?

Louis's palace at Versailles

What did half of Germany's population convert to?

Lutheran Christianity

Where could the Portuguese only trade with China?

Macau

How was the military and admin maintained?

Maintained through wealth from expansion

Administration in Qing

Manchus were usually at the highest political post. They used the bureaucracy with Confucian scholars.

Guam

Manila galleons called regularly at Guam, which lay directly on the route from Acapulco to Manila. They then tried to rule over Guam and the Mariana Islands under the viceroy of New Spain

American Crops in sub Saharan

Manioc was the most important. Maize and peanuts also were brought

Colonial American Society

Many churches. Most people spoke Spanish or Portuguese. The native lifestyle continued to exist.

What made Pizzaro successful?

Many natives hated the Inca. Smallpox spread

Who decided to bring them?

Matteo Ricci wanted to capture emperor Wanli's attention using the mechanical clocks and he wanted to use them to find converts. w

What was the capital of Kongo?

Mbanza, or Sao Salvador. It became known as "Kongo of the Bell" because it had many churches.

Profits and Ethics

Medieval theologians considered profit making to be selfish and sinful. Bandits plagued the countryside of early modern Europe, and muggers turned whole sections of large cities into danger zones. Witch hunting also reflected the strain.

Lower Classes

Members of the military force and mean people. This included slaves, servants, and entertainers

Supply and Demand

Merchants built efficient transportation and communication networks. New institutions and services: banks, insurance, stock exchanges

Who wanted precious materials from South Africa?

Merchants from Swahili

Battle of Chaldiran

Ottomans fought with Janissaries. The qizilbash cavalry fearlessly attacked the Ottoman line and suffered devastating casualties. Ismail had to slip away, and the Ottomans temporarily occupied his capital at Tabriz.

Who dominated the region in the forests south of the grasslands?

Oyo and Asante

Where was silver mined?

Mexican north and Zacatecas

Spanish Colonial Admin

Mexico - New Spain, capital at Mexico city old Aztec capital. Peru - New Castile, capital at Lima

Who are peninsulares?

Migrants from Europe

Shogun

Military Governor who ruled through retainers who received political rights and large estates in exchange for military services.

The Dynastic State

Military creations, regarded by their rulers as their personal possessions by right of conquest. The emperors owned all land

Reasons for the Manchus Rise

Military prowess and Chinese support. Chinese generals and Confucian bureaucrats worked against the Ming.

Manchus Rise to Power

Ming expelled Ming from Manchuria. They captured Korea and Mongolia. They moved to China and waged campaigns against Ming Loyalists.

Mestizo

Mixed society of European and native heritage.

Geneva

Model Protestant community but also a missionary center.

African and Creole languages

Slaves from many tribes; lacked a common language. Developed creole languages, blending several African languages with the language of the slaveholder. European languages were most prominent in the west.

Yuan Dynasty (1279 - 1368)

Mongols ruled. They displaced the Confucian bureaucrats with Turks and Persians

When did Europeans become more prominent in South Africa?

More active after the Dutch established a trading post at Cape Town in 1652. The encountered the Khoikhoi people or Hottentots. They claimed this land for themselves. By 1700, many Dutch came.

What happened to this plan?

Most Chinese couldn't afford clocks and very little people converted

Where were Calvinist missionaries most active?

Most active in France. They established churches in all lands and worked for reform along Protestant lines

Adam Smith

Most important of the early apostles of capitalism was the Scottish philosopher who emphasized that society would prosper as individuals pursued their own interests

What was the northwest route?

Most of its route lies within the Arctic Circle. It is so far north that ice clogs its waters

The Taino

Most prominent. Sailed in canoes to the islands. They cultivated manioc and lived under chiefs. They were interested in manufactured products.

Plantation Societies

Most slaves went to work on plantations. First plantation was on Hispaniola. They went to Mexico and Brazil after.

Russian Expansion

Mostly a land-based affair in early modern times, but Russians also were exploring the Pacific Ocean.

Islamic Slave Trade

Muslim merchant wanted slaves. They sometimes raided villages.

Who did they trade with in coastal africa?

Muslim merchants

End of the Jesuit mission

Rival Franciscan and Dominican missionaries criticized Jesuits' tolerance. They complained to the pope. The pope told the Jesuits to conduct services according to the European standards.Emperor Kangxi denounced Christianity.

Who were in the highest military positions of the Mughal dynasty?

Muslims

Cultural Conservatism

Muslims seldom traveled to the West, confident of their superiority. Ignorant of European technological developments--hostile to telescope, 1703

Was there resistance in the Philippines?

NO. Philippines had no central government. Spanish forces faced a series of small, disunited chiefdoms

Zambos

Native and African

Where were Calvinist missionaries most successful?

Netherlands and Scotland

What did monopoly profits do?

Netherlands the most prosperous land in Europe

Babur and India

Never extended his authority beyond Kabul and Qandaha, Babur turned his attention to India. Babur mounted invasions in 1523 and 1525, and he took Delhi in 1526

Dutch Colonies

New Amsterdam later conquered by the English and renamed New York

New Cities

New Spain: Mexico -- Florida Lima: Panama -- Buenos Aires

Military Development

New armaments (cannons and small arms) and new military tactics. Other empires--China, India, and the Islamic states--did not keep apace

Isaac Newton

Newton outlined his views in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. He argued that a law of universal gravitation regulates the motions of planets. He synthesized the sciences of astronomy and mechanics

In what text did Martin denounce indulgences in?

Ninety-Five Theses

The balance of power

No ruler wanted to see another state dominate all the others. Diplomacy based on shifting alliances in national interests

French and English Missions

Not nearly as many converted in North America became they didn't rule over conquered people. English people displayed little interest in converting indigenous people to Christianity

Who unified the Manchus?

Nurhaci (reigned 1616-1626) unified Manchu tribes into a centralized state, promulgated a code of laws, and organized a powerful military force.

Ihara Saikaku

One of Japan's most prolific poets, helped create a new genre of prose literature, the "books of the floating world." Much of his fiction revolved around the theme of love. In The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love,

Succession

Ongoing problems with royal succession. The early Ottomans assigned provinces for the sultan's sons to administer. Mehmed the Conqueror decreed that a ruler could legally kill off his brothers after taking the throne.

How many people could take the test at the metropolitan level?

Only 300

The Exam

Only for males. They used tutors to prepare. They wrote and 8 legged essay. There were to be no interruptions or communications.

Dona Marina

Originally known as Malintzin. Her ability to speak both Nahuatl and Maya enabled her to help Cortes to communicate. She often warned Cortes about the plans of the natives. She became known as La Malinche or traitor by the Mexicans.

Fulani

Originally pastoral people, the observed strict standards of Islam. The Fulani led military campaigns to establish Islamic states in West Africa. The encouraged the spread of Islam beyond cities.

Who did missionaries serve?

Orthodox missionaries mostly served the needs of Russian merchants, adventurers, and explorers in Siberia.

Who is the founder of the Ottoman Empire?

Osman Bey. It lasted from 1289 to 1923.

The Printing Press in Ottoman

Ottoman authorities allowed them to operate presses in Istanbul if they did not print books in the Turkish or Arabic language. In 1729 government authorities lift the ban on the printing of books in the Turkish and Arabic languages. A Turkish press published seventeen books and a conservative Muslims forced its closure in 1742.

Urbanization of Paris and London

Paris was about 130,000, and London had about 60,000 inhabitants. A century later the population of both cities had risen to 500,000.

The Glorious Revolution

Parliament deposed King James II and invited his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange, to assume the throne. The resulting arrangement provided that kings would rule in cooperation with parliament

English Civil War

Parliamentary forces under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) captured Charles the King, tried him for tyranny, and marched him up on a platform and beheaded him in 1649.

The Call-and Response

Patterns of singing to the rhythms of of field work on platations

Ming Collapse

Peasants organized revolts when the government couldn't provide relief efforts when famines struck. Manchu forces invaded. In 1644, rebel forces captured Beijing. The Manchu allied with the Ming and recovered Beijing. They displaced teh ming.

Resistance against Tobacco

Pechevi complained about tobacco and religious leaders claimed that coffee was an illegal beverage. Sultan Murad IV went so far as to outlaw coffee and tobacco.

Social Hierarchy

Peninsulares, creoles, Mestizo, and then slaves

Who are criollos and creoles?

People born in america of iberian parents

What were commodities in Europe?

Pepper from India, Ginger from China, Cloves and Nutmeg from Maluku, Gold from Africa

Who was most important tsar?

Peter I or Peter the Great

Who did the Spanish establish trade routes with?

Philippines and Mexico

Ming Decline

Pirates and smugglers operated along the east. The Ming navy was ineffective conflict with pirates led to the disruption of coastal cities.

What were major suppliers of grain and raw material?

Poland and Russia

Who did the Netherlands depend on for grains?

Poland and Russia

French Colonies

Port Royal and Quebec

Vasco De Gama

Portugese from Lisbon who set out for India by traveling around Africa. He was aided by a Muslim pilot where he was directed to Calicut.

Who built the earliest trading-post empire?

Portugese. Their goal was to control trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to pay duties.

Christian Mission in India

Portuguese Goa became the center of a Christian mission in India. Priests at Goa sought to attract converts to Christianity. In 1580 several Portuguese Jesuits traveled to the Mughal court at Akbar's invitation.

Mulattoes

Portuguese and African

Portuguese Domination in Ndongo

Portuguese established a small coastal colony in Ndongo in 1575. After they allied with neighboring peoples to increase their influence.

How much spices did Portugal deliver?

Portuguese ships transported perhaps half the pepper and spices that Europeans consumed

Colonial Government

Private investors sponsored most of the French and English colonies. English authorities were subject to royal authority but they had their own assemblies. They didn't have a large centralized state.

The Nature of Capitalism

Private parties pursuing their own economic interests hire workers and decide for themselves what to produce. Economic decisions by private parties, not by governments or nobility. Forces of supply and demand determined price

Piri Reis

Produced several large-scale maps wrote the Book of Seafaring. Managed to consult a copy of a chart drawn by Christopher Columbus during his first voyage to the western hemisphere

Philosophers

Prominent intellectuals that mostly composed histories, novels, dramas, satires, and pamphlets on religious, moral, and political issues.

Christopher Columbus

Proposed sailing to the markets of Asia by a western route. He landed on San Salvador. Searched for gold in the Caribbeans

Reform outside Germany

Prosperous cities of Switzerland had fledgling Protestant churches. The heavily urbanized Low Countries also responded enthusiastically to Protestant appeals. Protestants appeared even in Italy and Spain

The Ptolemaic Universe

Ptolemy composed a work known as the Almagest. Ptolemy envisioned a motionless earth surrounded by a series of nine spheres. Beyond the spheres Christian astronomers located heaven, the realm of God.

The Copernican Universe

Published a treatise "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Sphere." Copernicus argued that the sun stood at the center of the universe. Implied that the earth was another planet

What did Qianlong write?

Qianlong's Complete Library of the Four Treasuries was too large to publish

Who did convert in Russian society?

Ranks of criminals, abandoned hostages, slaves, and others who had little status. Once indigenous peoples converted to Christianity, they were exempt from obligations to provide fur tributes

Smallpox

Reached Caribbean and carried off many Taino. To replace laborers, the settlers launched parties to kidnap and enslave other Tainos.

Encomienda System

Recruitment of labor for gold mining. The Spanish settlers had the right to compel Taino to work in mines and field. The miners had horrible conditions and sometimes the Taino rebelled.

Emperor Wanli

Refused to meet with government officials. He conducted business through eunuch intermediaries. The eunuchs then used their power and position to enrich themselves and lead lives of luxury

What dominated affairs in South Africa?

Regional kingdoms

How long did war last in France?

Religious wars racked France for thirty-six years

Serfdom in Russia

Romanov tsars restricted the freedoms of most Russian peasants and tied them to the land as serfs. Landlords commonly sold serfs to one another as if they were indeed private property.

Bartolomeu Dias

Rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean. The sea route to the Indian Ocean offered European merchants the opportunity to buy at the source

Qing

Ruled by the Manchus. They promoted Chinese ways

Europe Influence

Rulers of the Islamic empires readily accepted gunpowder weapons as enhancements to their military and political power. Islamic authorities actively discouraged the circulation of ideas that might disrupt order.

Expansion in Siberia

Russian acquisitions in northeastern Eurasia. The frozen tundras and dense forests of Siberia posed formidable challenge.

Who mostly escaped slave trade?

Rwanda, Bugunda, Masai, Turkana

Safavid and Mughal Authority

Safavid and Mughal rulers went even further than the Ottomans in asserting their spiritual authority. Shah Ismail did not hesitate to force his Shiite religion on his subjects. Akbar issued a decree in 1579 claiming broad authority in religious matters

Who did Ismail trace his ancestry to?

Safi al-Din (1252-1334), leader of a Sufi religious order in northwestern Persia. The famous tomb and shrine of Safi al-Din at Ardabil became the home of Shah Ismail's family and the headquarters of his religious movement

Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagun

Sahagún preserved volumes of information about the language, customs, beliefs, literature, and history of Mexico before the arrival of Spanish forces there.

What island called for the most slaves in the Atlantic?

Sao Tome. 2,000 slaves went there a year.

Who's descendants are maroons?

Sarmaka

The Economic Costs of Slavery

Slavery became increasingly costly. Slave revolts made slavery expensive and dangerous. Decline of sugar price and rising costs of slaves in the late eighteenth century. Manufacturing industries were more profitable; Africa became a market

The Privileged Class

Scholar-bureaucrats and gentry occupied the most exalted positions in Chinese society.

Who had a higher position scholar-bureaucrats or gentry?

Scholar-burecrats

Disadvantages of the Printing Press

Scholars and general readers alike simply preferred elegant handwritten books. Printed books would introduce all manner of new and dangerous ideas to the public

Who were negligent rulers?

Selim the Sot (reigned 1566-1574) and Ibrahim the Crazy (reigned 1640-1648), who taxed and spent to such excess that government officials deposed and murdered him.

Conflict in North America

Settlers clashed with natives. Natives conducted raids on the settlers. In 1622, the natives massacred 1/3 of the English in the Chesapeake region. English would fight back.

Pueblo Revolt

Several native groups in northern Mexico mounted a large uprising. Led by a native shaman named Popé, the rebels attacked missions, killed priests and colonists, and drove Spanish settlers out of the region for twelve years.

Isfahan

Shah Abbas made his capital, Isfahan, into the queen of Persian cities its inhabitants still boast that "Isfahan is half the world." Safavid architects made use of monumental entryways.They were also much more open.

Trade in Safavid

Shah Abbas promoted Isfahan. Allowed Christian monastic orders to set up missions. Trading companies traded actively with the Safavids. The English company introduced gunpowder weapons to Safavid armed forces and provided a navy to help them retake Hormuz.

Catherine II

She divided her empire into fifty administrative provinces. She restricted the punishments that nobles could inflict on their serfs. She eliminated common penalties.

Dona Beatriz

She had a reputation for working miracles. She taught that Jesus was black. She told them to ignore the teachings of other Europeans.

Portuguese Colony of Angola

She was unable to keep the Portuguese out of Ndongo. They tightened control over Angola.

Religious Tensions in Safavid

Shiite leaders pressured the shahs to persecute Sunnis, non-Muslims, and even the Sufis who had helped establish the dynasty.

Vasco Nuñez de Balboa

Sighted the Pacific Ocean in 1513 while searching for gold in Panama.

How did Sir Francis Drake continue to learn about the oceans?

Sir Francis Drake scouted the west coast of North America as far north as Vancouver Island.

Maroons

Slaves that ran away and gathered in swampy regions. They raided nearby plantations and organized escaped slaves.

Spanish Galleons

Sleek, fast, heavily armed ships that sailed between Manila and Mexico regularly plied the waters of the Pacific Ocean between Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico.

Disease

Smallpox continued to carry off about 10 percent of Europe's infants. Bubonic plague receded from European society

What emerged after the Mali weakened?

Songhay Empire

Treaty of Tordesillas

Spain and Portugal signed a treaty that divide the world along the north south line 370 leagues west of the Azores. Portugal got the east side.

Where was Christianity popular?

Spanish America

Conquistadores

Spanish Conquerors

How did others react to the excess of Chinese?

Spanish and Filipino residents massacred Chinese merchants by the thousands in at least six major eruptions of violence

What did the settlers then turn to?

Spanish explorers located silver in Mexico and Peru. English pirates started to lurk in the Caribbean water and try to steal ships carrying silver.

Conquest of the Philippines

Spanish forces approached the Philippines in 1565 under the command of Miguel López de Legazpi, who named the islands after King Philip II of Spain. Legazpi overcame local authorities in Cebu and Manila

Túpac Amaru rebellion

Spanish forces in Peru faced an even larger rebellion in 1780, when a force of about sixty thousand native peoples revolted in the name of Túpac Amaru, the last of the Inca rulers, whom Spanish conquistadores had beheaded in 1572. This Túpac Amaru rebellion raged for almost two years before Spanish forces suppressed it

Spanish Royal Presence in Americas

Spanish monarchy extended control to the America empires. Bureaucrats were changed with implementing royal policy.

Christianity in the Philippines

Spanish rulers and missionaries pressured prominent Filipinos to convert to Christianity. They opened schools to teach the fundamentals of Christian doctrine, along with basic literacy. The missionaries encountered stiff resistance in highland regions. Philippines had become one of the most fervent Roman Catholic lands.

Encomenderos

Spanish settlers

Who else used absolute monarchs in Europe?

Spanish, Austrian, and Prussian rulers. They used France as a model.

What was the best symbol of his reforms?

St. Petersburg, a newly built seaport that Peter opened in 1703 to serve as a magnificent capital city and haven for Russia's fledgling navy.

What did the Council of Trent draw inspiration from

St. Thomas Aquinas

Tobacco

Stated that Ibrahim Pechevi, English merchants introduced tobacco around 1600, claiming it was useful for medicinal purposes. They established coffeehouses.

Pedro Alvares de Cabral

Stopped in Brazil in 1500. When other came, the king decided to consolidate his claim their. He made land grants to nobles. Portuguese interest grew after sugar plantations were established there.

What was produced in Brazil?

Sugar

Cash Crops

Sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton, coffee.

What did propaganda suggest?

Suggested that Ismail was himself the hidden imam, or even an incarnation of Allah. The qizilbash believed this.

Maritime expansions

Suleyman made the Ottomans a major navel power. Khayr al-Din Barbarossa Pasha became Süleyman's leading admiral. He seized Rhodes form Knights of St. John, besieged Malta, and secured Yemen.

Selim the Grim

Sultan Selim the Grim (reigned 1512-1520) occupied Syria and Egypt

Which king wanted to expand?

Sunni Ali embarked on a campaign to expand boundaries. Brought Timbuktu and Jenne under his control.

Absolutism

That kings derived their authority from God and served as "God's lieutenants upon earth." the king made law and determined policy.

What did Luther believe was the only true source of Christian authority?

The Bible

Who patrolled the coast of Africa?

The British

Who made the first recorded sighting of Australia?

The Dutch

Sails

The Europeans used both square and triangular lateen sails to catch wind

War in Americas

The French and Indian War (1754-1763)—British and French armies made separate alliances with indigenous peoples in an effort to outmaneuver each other.

French Rebellion

The French kings created every obstacle they could for Charles. They aided German Lutherans and encouraged them to rebel. The French kings even allied with the Muslim Ottoman Turks against the emperor

Finance

The French kings levied direct taxes on sales, households, and the salt trade. A new sales tax dramatically boosted Spanish royal income. English kings did not introduce new taxes, but they increased revenues by raising fines and fees.

Plantation Agriculture in the Americas

The French, English, Dutch came to the Caribbean to establish plantations. They grew sugar and tobacco.

Who dominated the Holy Roman empire?

The Habsburg family, with extensive dynastic holdings in Austria. They accumulated rights and titles to lands through marriage alliances.

Iroquois war

The Iroquois people allied with the Dutch and launched a war against the Hurons because they wanted to catch more beavers. The Iroquois did not destroy the Hurons, yet they vastly increased their strength

Francis Xavier

The Jesuit Francis Xavier traveled to Japan in 1549 and opened a mission to seek converts to Christianity. Jesuits experienced remarkable success in Japan. Many daimyo adopted Christianity

What replaced Ghana?

The Mali empire

Who established the Qing?

The Manchus

The Manchus

The Manchus mostly were pastoral nomads.

Religious Diversity in Mughal

The Mughal empire was especially diverse. Most Mughal subjects were Hindus, but large numbers of Muslims, Jains, Zoroastrians, Christians, Sikhism.

Trade in Mughal

The Mughals allowed the creation of trading stations and merchant colonies by Europeans. Meanwhile, Indian merchants formed trading companies of their own.

Religious Diversity in Ottoman

The Ottoman empire included large numbers of Christians and Jews.

Who launched persecutions of Shiites in the Ottoman empire and prepared for a full-scale invasion of Safavid territory?

The Ottoman sultan Selim the Grim

Who made effective use of gunpowder weapons?

The Ottomans

Economic Difficulties

The Ottomans tried to pay the Janissaries in debased coinage and immediately provoked a mutiny. The next 150 years witnessed at least six additional military revolts. Officials reacted to the loss of revenue by raising taxes, selling public offices, accepting bribes, or resorting to simple extortion.

Who were the most prominent in exploration?

The Portugese

Christianity in the sub-Saharan

The Portuguese in Kongo and Angola supported a Roman Catholic religion. Many kings took a strong interest. Africans followed a blend of african and christian values.

Who discovered the Kingdom of Kongo?

The Portuguese initiated commercial relations with Kongo. They supplied african kings with advisors and military garrison.

Who made up the privileged class of Brazil?

The Portuguese planters and owners of sugar mills. The planters acted like landed nobility

Absolutism in Russia

The Romanov tsars inherited a state that had rapidly expanded its boundaries. Built on the small principality around the trading city of Moscow, by 1600 Russia had become a vast empire.

Decline of Safavid

The Safavid empire disappeared entirely. In 1722 a band of Afghan tribesmen marched all the way to Isfahan, blockaded the city, forced the shah to abdicate

Religious Diversity in Safavid

The Safavid empire embraced sizable Zoroastrian and Jewish communities as well as many Christian subjects in the Caucasus.

The Emperors and Islam

The Safavids were prominent leaders of a Sufi religious order. The ghazi ideal of spreading Islam by fighting infidels or heretics resonated with the traditions.

Who toppled the Maya and Aztec in Mexico and Peru?

The Spanish

What rebellion used drums?

The Stono Rebellion in south Carolina

Revolts

The Yakut people of the Lena and Aldan River valleys in central Siberia mounted a revolt in 1642 and experienced a brutal retribution. population declined by 70 percent. Epidemic disease kills half

Tack

The ability to advance against the wind by sailing across it

Abolition of Slavery

The abolition of slavery followed slowly: 1833 in British colonies, 1848 in French colonies, 1865 in the United States, 1888 in Brazil

Who prompted French Absolutsim?

The architect of French absolutism was a prominent church official, Cardinal Richelieu,

Steppe Traditions

The autocratic authority. The early emperors largely did as they pleased.

Merchants

The bottom level. Got support through bribery. They could only have small scale exchange. Foreigners had to trade through a merchant guild in Guangzhou

Religious Tensions in Mughal

The conservative Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi (1564-1624) wasn't religiously tolerant. Aurangzeb required non-Muslims to pay the poll tax and ordered the destruction of Hindu temples.

What did the Council of Trent enforce?

The council defined the elements of Roman Catholic theology. The council demanded that church authorities observe strict standards of morality, and it required them to establish schools and seminaries.

Portugese Exploration

The discovered the Azores and Madeiras Islands. They tried to establish sugarcane plantations there.

African diaspora

The dispersal of African peoples

What did early Mughal emperors regard as the capital?

The early Mughals regarded the capital as wherever the ruler happened to camp.

What did her children symbolize?

The emergence of the mestizo population in Mexico.

How was Japan politically organized?

The emperor was nothing more than a figurehead, and the shogun sought to monopolize power.

Son of Heaven

The emperors were humans dedicated with heavenly powers. They lived in the Forbidden City. His clothing and name was forbidden to others. People had to kowtow.

End of Slavery

The end of the slave trade and the abolition of slavery. American and French revolutions encouraged ideals of freedom and equality.

How did his ventures benefit the world?

The goods he brought had little interest but his expedition opened doors to direct maritime trade. Trading post at Calicut.

Ottoman Authority

The greatest of these were the many kanun ("laws") issued by Süleyman— the Ottomans referred to him as Süleyman Kanuni, "the Lawgiver."

How were conditions for early settlers?

The had limited resources. In Jamestown, 6/500 people survived a winter

The Theory of Progress

The ideology of the philosophes. Natural science would lead to greater human control over the world while rational sciences of human affairs would lead to individual freedom.

What was the source of labor for haciendas?

The indigenous population

Political implications of the Spanish Inquisition

The inquisition also stopped nobles from adopting Protestant out of politics.

What was Columbus's base of operations?

The island of Hispaniola. They established the fort of Santo Domingo in 1498.

Who did the Portugeuse turn to for trade?

The kingdom of Ndongo. The Portuguese reffered to it as Angola after the king, ngola.

Working Class

The largest class was the peasants and they were the most honorable.

Last Outbreak of the Bubonic Plague

The last major outbreaks of plague in Europe occurred in London in 1660 and Marseilles in 1720.

The Taj Mahal

The most famous of the Mughal monuments was the Taj Mahal. Shah Jahan had twenty thousand workers toil for eighteen years. He originally planned to build a similar mausoleum out of black marble for himself, but his son Aurangzeb deposed him.

What was the worst biological exchange?

The worst scourge was smallpox

Effects of the Confucian System

Those who passed the district exam didn't have as many opportunities as those who passed the metropolitan test. They had a chance of social mobility. Exams confirmed that Confucianism would be present in education.

Who described the ghazi's and Osman?

The poet Ahmadi

Distilled Rum

The seaports of New England became profitable centers for rum. With the main ingredient being slave produced sugar

What were the daimyo not allowed to do without permission?

The shoguns also subjected marriage alliances between daimyo families to bakufu approval, discouraged the daimyo from visiting one another, and required daimyo to obtain permits for construction work on their castles. Even meetings between the daimyo and the emperor required the shogun's permission.

Control of the Daimyo

The shoguns instituted the policy of "alternate attendance," which required daimyo to maintain their families at Edo and spend every other year at the Tokugawa court.

What other crops were produced?

The southern colonies established plantation complexes which produced rice, indigo, and tobacco, cotton.

What was a symbol of wealth in power in South Africa?

The stone fortified city, Great Zimbambwe

How was Christianity spread?

Through Dominican and Franciscan friars, Crusades and reconquista

How did most Africans follow Islam?

Through a syncretic blend of native beliefs and Islamic beliefs

Twelver Shiism

There had been 12 imams after imam. The twelfth, "hidden," imam had gone into hiding but they believed he was still alive and would one day return to take power

What was the main goal of the shoguns?

There main goal was to stabilize the realm and to prevent civil war. Shoguns needed to control daimyo

How did the military force evolve?

They added a professional cavalry force and a supremely important force of slave troops.

What did they start to use for labor?

They also looked to slave labor from Africa. 20 Africans reached Virginia and worked alongside European laborers

How did the "self ringing bells" arrive?

They arrived at Macau and they were introduced by the Portuguese.

What did they get from the slaves?

They borrowed african crops and learned about rice cultivation

Capitalist entrepreneurs

They bypassed guilds and moved production into the countryside. Guilds actively discouraged competition and sometimes resisted technological innovation

Who governed East asian affairs?

They controlled their own affairs

"Putting out System"

They delivered unfinished materials such as raw wool to rural households. Men and women in the countryside would do all the work

Religious Minorities

They did not require conquered peoples to convert to Islam but extended to them the status of dhimmi ("protected people"). In return for their loyalty and payment of a special tax known as jizya, dhimmi communities retained their personal freedom.

What happened in portugal?

They entered into relations with natives and Africans

Banks

They held funds on account for safekeeping and granted loans to merchants or entrepreneurs launching new business ventures. Banks also published business newsletter.

What did they do about labor?

They imported a several million African slaves

Where did the emperors live?

They lived in the Forbidden City. They received news from eunuch servants and administrators. They emperors sometimes ignored gov affairs for decades.

What did the Dutch do to maintain control?

They made alliances with local authorities to maintain order in most regions, reserving for direct Dutch rule only Batavia and clove-producing Amboina and the Banda Islands.

British Hegemony

They ousted French merchants from India and took control of French colonies in Canada, took Florida from the Spanish empire. Yet victory in the Seven Years' War placed Britain in a position to dominate world trade

Preservation of Culture

They outlawed intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese. Chinese couldn't go to Manchuria and they couldn't learn the language.Chinese men had to shave the front of mens heads.

Safavid after the Battle

They relied more ob the Persian bureaucracy. They assigned land grants to qizilbash officers.

Scholar-bureaucrats and gentry

They served as intermediaries between the government and local society. They organized water control and public security measures. They wore black and blue. They were immune from punishment. Exemption from taxes.

How did settlers first attempt to support themselves with?

They started by mining for gold. Miners came from the ranks of tainos.

What did the Spanish start to do to obtain workers?

They used the Inca's mita system to recruit workers. The Spanish required a native village to send 1/7th of its male population

Middle passage

Trans Atlantic journey. Forced marched to the coast for transport. The dreaded middle passage, where between 25 percent and 50 percent died. Some slaves tried to kill themselves or they mounted revolts.

Roald Amundsen

Traveled from the Atlantic to the Pacific by way of the northwest passage.

The Safavid empire

Turkish conquerors of Persia and Mesopotamia

Ottoman Resistance

Turkish forces conquered Hungary in 1526, and three years later they even laid siege briefly to Vienna. Ottoman forces imposed their rule beyond Egypt and embraced almost all of north Africa. Turkish holdings posed a serious threat to Italian and Spanish shipping in the Mediterranean

What was the official religion of his realm?

Twelver Shiism, and he proceeded to impose it, by force when necessary, on the formerly Sunni population.

Vitus Bering

Undertook two maritime expeditions (1725-1730 and 1733-1742) in search of a northeast passage to Asian ports. Bering sailed through the icy Arctic Ocean and the Bering Strait, which separates Siberia from Alaska

What was the Dutch republic known as?

United Provinces

Who used volta do mar?

Vasco De Gama

Swahili Decline

Vasco skirmished with local forces in the east coast. Then he made Kilwa pay tribute. In 1505, Portuguese naval expedition subdued the Swahili cities. The built admin centers and forts.

What did English adventurers do to explore?

Ventured into the Pacific in search of an elusive northwest passage from Europe to Asia.

Audiencias

Viceroys were subjected to Audiencias. They heard the appeals of the viceroys and were allowed address the king directly. Local administration eventually fell to them.

How vast was Charles V's empire?

Vienna in Austria to Cuzco in Peru.

Humane Effects of Slave Trade

Violent Affair. Organized raids or wars for slaves

The Virgin of Guadalupe

Virgin Mary appeared before the devout peasant Juan Diego on a hill near Mexico City in 1531. The site became a popular local shrine. The Virgin of Guadalupe gained a reputation for working miracles on behalf of individuals who visited her shrine

Who concentrated on tobacco?

Virginia and Carolina

What was Voltaire's battle cry?

Voltaire's battle cry was écrasez l'infame ("crush the damned thing"), meaning the church that he considered an agent of oppression.

Volume of Slave Trade

Volume of the Atlantic slave trade increased dramatically after 1600. At height--end of the eighteenth century--about one hundred thousand shipped per year.

Aurangzeb

Waged a relentless campaign to push Mughal authority deep into southern India. He faced rebellions throughout his reign, and religious tensions generated conflicts between Hindus and Muslims.

Ming Dynasty

Wanted to erase signs of Mongol rule. They built a powerful state, revived the civil service bureaucracy, and confucian education.

Lure of Trade

Wanted to establish routes of maritime trade that eliminated muslim intermediaries. Items were brought to Cairo during the plague but it was too expensive.

What exhausted the treasuries of the Islamic empires?

Wars

What wars raged during the time of peace?

Wars of Louis XIV and the Seven Years' War

Impact of Enlightenment

Weakened the influence of organized religion. Encouraged secular values based on reason rather than revelation. Subjected society to rational analysis, promoted progress and prosperity

What made Cortes successful?

Weapons and allies with native peoples. Spread of smallpox

Food Crops and Animals

Wheat, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens went to Americas. Wheat grew on the plains of North America and Argentina. Cattle transformed American grasses into meat and milk that humans could digest.

Urbanization of Madrid

When King Philip II decided to locate his capital at Madrid. By 1630 it had reached 170,000.

How did The Thirty Years' War begin?

When the Holy Roman emperor attempted to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic church

Witch-Hunting

Witchcraft became a convenient explanation for any unpleasant turn of events. About 110,000 individuals underwent trial and about 60,000 of them died.

Witches

Witches made agreements to worship the devil in exchange for supernatural powers. They flew off to distant places to attend the "witches' sabbath."

Beginnings of Protestantism

Wittenberg became a center of religious dissent and the dissidents known as Protestants—because of their protest against the established order. Luther's act of individual rebellion had mushroomed into the Protestant Reformation

Who were most witches?

Women were 95 percent or more of the condemned. Many of the women were poor, old, single, or widowed

Catherine II and the Limits of Reform

Yemelian Pugachev mounted a rebellion in the steppe lands north of the Caspian Sea. Pugachev raised an army and killed thousands of nobles and gov officials. Government authorities captured and killed Pugachev. After Catherine wanted to preserve of autocratic rule.

Who designed the Forbidden City?

Yongle

Prevention of Invasion

Yongle moved capital from Nanjing to Beijing. The Ming commanded powerful armies that controlled the Mongols. But the Mongols ended up massacring several Chinese armies in 1440a, 1449.

Babur Background

Zahir al-Din Muhammad, known as Babur ("the Tiger"), a Chaghatai Turk who claimed descent from both Chinggis Khan and Tamerlane. His father had been the prince of Farghana, and Babur's great ambition to transform his inheritance into a glorious central Asian empire.

How many slaves that crossed the Atlantic went to Brazil?

a Third

Manila

a bustling, multicultural port city—an entrepôt for trade particularly in silk

Constitutional States in Netherlands

a republic based on representative government. Change in the Netherlands it emerged after a long struggle for independence.

Indulgences

a type of pardon that excused individuals from doing penance for their sins and thus facilitated their entry into heaven.

When did indentured peoples gain their freedom?

after four to seven years of labor

John Locke

all human knowledge comes from sense perceptions

Where was mingling least common?

among English migrants. Discouraged relations with natives.

What do historians refer to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as?

an age of "protoindustrialization."

How did smallpox effect Europe?

an endemic; smallpox was responsible for 10 to 15 percent of deaths, but most victims were age ten or younger

Stock exchanges

arose in the major European cities and provided markets where investors could buy and sell shares in joint-stock companies and trade in other commodities as well.

Where could the Chinese and the Dutch trade?

at Nagasaki

Where were Spanish women migrants more popular?

at Peru

Why was Sikri abandoned?

because of its bad water supply.

Early Russian Expansion

began in 1581 when the wealthy Stroganov family hired a freebooting adventurer named Yermak to capture the khanate of Sibir in the Ural Mountains

Who trapped animals for Europeans?

indigenous peoples

What was the official ideology of the Tokugawa bakufu?

neo confucianism

Where was Christianity established?

by 1000 C.E. Christianity had established a foothold as far north as Scandinavia and Iceland.

How many Christians converted?

by 1615 Japanese Christians numbered about 300,000.

What were the most important tools for sailing?

compass and astrolabe

Wahhabi movement in Arabi

denounced the Ottomans as dangerous religious innovators who were unfit to rule

The joint-stock company

enabled investors to realize handsome profits while limiting the risk to their investments.

What did the Columbian Exchange encourage the consumption of?

encouraged consumption of coffee and tobacco,

Decline of Aztec

epidemic smallpox ravaged the Aztec empire, often in combination with other diseases, and within a century the indigenous population of Mexico had declined by as much as 90 percent, from about 17 million to 1.3 million.

What do Japanese historians often refer to the sixteenth century?

era of sengoku—"the country at war."

What did Afonso do to violators?

executed them or cutting off their hands.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms

explored the political intrigue that followed the collapse of the Han dynasty

What were principal occupations in Spanish America?

farming, stock raising, and craft production.

Where were agricultural settlements most prominent in Russia?

fertile Amur River valley

Hongwu

founded the Ming dynasty and drove out the Mongols. He used mandarins and place great trust in eunuchs because they couldn't generate families.

What was the principal source of income?

government services

Mandarin

imperial officials who traveled throughout the land and oversaw implementation of government policies

Violence in the Indian Ocean

in 1746 French forces seized the English trading post at Madras, one of the three principal centers of British operations in India.

Where was Islam most popular?

in West Africa and the Swahili city states

Biological Exchanges

infectious and contagious diseases brought sharp demographic losses to indigenous peoples of the Americas and the Pacific islands

Adam Smith Philosophy

laws of supply and demand determine price

How were ghazi recruits originally organized?

light cavalry and a volunteer infantry

What American food crops came?

maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts

Insurance companies

mitigated financial losses from risky undertakings such as transoceanic voyages.

What did the convicts do?

most of them convicts who herded sheep

What was their principal interest for visiting?

principal interest was trade

What does qing mean?

pure

The Janissaries

quickly gained a reputation for esprit de corps, loyalty to the sultan, and readiness to employ new military technology

Journey to the West

seventh-century journey to India of the famous Buddhist monk Xuanzang. This was used in the modern novel Tripmaster Monkey.

What was more common gold or silver?

silver

How many pelts were sold from America?

sixteen million North American beaver pelts fed consumers' demands for fur hats and cloaks

What Russians settled in Siberia?

social misfits, convicted criminals, and even prisoners of war.

What resisted rule?

southern island of Mindanao, where a large Muslim community stoutly resisted Spanish expansion.

What religion prevailed in Spain?

strict Roman Catholic orthodoxy

What did the Europeans call Australia? What did they think its purpose was?

terra australis incognita ("unknown southern land") that they thought must exist in the world's southern hemisphere to balance the huge landmasses north of the equator.

What decreased populations?

the Columbian exchange probably caused the worst demographic calamity in all of world history.

What 2 institution helped to reform Catholicism?

the Council of Trent and the Society of Jesus

What were the most popular trading companies?

the English East India Company, founded in 1600, and its Dutch counterpart, the United East India Company, known from its initials as the VOC

Devshirme

the Ottomans required the Christian population of the Balkans to contribute young boys to become slaves of the sultan

What 2 islands were conquered by Europeans?

the Philippines and Indonesia

Mechanics

the branch of science that deals with moving bodies

What was a famous city in Russia?

the city of Astrakhan became a bustling commercial center, home to a community of several hundred foreign merchants from as far away as northern India

Columbian Exchange

the global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens that took place after voyages of exploration by Christopher Columbus and other European mariners

Who were the natives of the Guam?

the indigenous Chamorro people

What religion did indigenous peoples continue to follow?

the indigenous peoples of Siberia continued to practice their inherited religions guided by native shamans.

What were the most powerful European states?

the kingdoms of England, France, and Spain

What is the center of a capitalist system?

the market

The Thirty Years' War

the most destructive European conflict

Ali Qapu

the palace on the square in Isfahan, had a striking balcony, and most of the palaces had large, open verandas

Bunraku

the puppet theater

Where did most literate men come from?

the scholar gentry

The Engenho

the sugar mill. Became known to describe all the systems used to produce sugar.

Puritans

they sought to purify the English church of any lingering elements

Where were Europeans active?

they were active on the coastlines.

Planetary Movement

used the terms planetes meaning "wanderer." and epicycles—small circular revolutions that planets made around a point in their spheres

Where did silver generally go?

to spain and to Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico

How many ethnic groups were in Siberia?

twenty-six major ethnic group

How many pelts were sold from Siberia?

two hundred to three hundred thousand sable pelts flowed annually from Siberia

When did Spain recognize the independence of the United Provinces?

until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Montesquieu

used political science to argue for political liberty

Trading Companies

were privately owned enterprises. Concentrated strictly on profitable trade.

The city-states of Italy

were prominent because of their economic power. They had been Europe's most important centers of trade, manufacturing, and finance

Who began to come?

whalers began to venture into Pacific waters in large numbers, followed by missionaries, merchants, and planters

What crops did Islamic empires rely on?

wheat and rice

How did the 30 years war end?

with the The Peace of Westphalia

Who was early astronomy based on?

work of the Greek scholar Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria.

What did Europeans think of the aboriginals?

wretched savages