AP World Unit 6 Practice Quizzes

A historian researching international migration patterns of the nineteenth century would find which of the following sources most useful? A. Census records from New York and Buenos Aires detailing the birthplaces of individuals B. The diary of a German coal miner who emigrated to Canada C. Letters from an East Asian migrant to the Caribbean to his family back home D. A British factory's invoices and its shipping and tax records

A. Census records from New York and Buenos Aires detailing the birthplaces of individuals

"Whereas we, the undersigned kings and chiefs of Fanti, have unanimously resolved and agreed upon the articles hereinafter named. "Article 1—That we form ourselves into a Committee with the view of effecting unity of purpose and of action between the kings and chiefs of the Fanti territory. "Article 12—That the Representative Assembly of the Fanti Confederation shall have the power of preparing laws, ordinances, bills, etc." Excerpt, Constitution of the Fanti Confederation, West Africa, 1871 Which of the following best describes the excerpt above? A. A liberal nationalist response to colonialism B. A Marxist-influenced call to revolution C. An appeal to European imperial powers to end the slave trade D. A rejection of traditional religious practice as a means of industrialization

A. A liberal nationalist response to colonialism

A historian researching the effects of Christian missionaries' activities on local social structures in late-nineteenth-century Africa would probably find which of the following sources most useful? A. African accounts of converting to Christianity B. Fundraising speeches given in Europe by supporters of missionary efforts C. Data on the number of missionaries going to Africa D. Recruitment advertisements for missionaries in church newsletters in Europe

A. African accounts of converting to Christianity

Which of the following occurred in nineteenth-century Africa as a result of the end of the transatlantic slave trade? Responses A. An increased use of slave labor within Africa B. The collapse of traditional religions C. The spread of factory industry D. A decrease in diamond production E. The rise of political democracy

A. An increased use of slave labor within Africa

Which of the following is a similarity between European and Asian immigrants to the Americas during the nineteenth century? A. Both were attracted by employment opportunities. B. Both rejected the cultural traditions of their homelands. C. Both were mostly from the upper and middle classes. D. Both were exclusively from minority communities in their home countries.

A. Both were attracted by employment opportunities.

The trade patterns shown on the map above depict A. British imports of raw cotton and exports of finished cotton in the 1850s B. major slave trading routes in the nineteenth century C. alternate trade routes that developed as a result of the disruption caused by the Napoleonic Wars D. routes that developed in response to the building of railroads in North America E. illicit drug routes that developed in the second half of the twentieth century

A. British imports of raw cotton and exports of finished cotton in the 1850s

The trade patterns shown on the map above depict A. British imports of raw materials and exports of finished goods during the nineteenth century B. major slave trading routes in the nineteenth century C. British trade routes that developed as a result of the disruption caused by the First World War D. illicit drug routes that developed in the second half of the twentieth century

A. British imports of raw materials and exports of finished goods during the nineteenth century

"On May 21, 1987, exactly a week after the elected government of Fiji* had been ousted in a military coup . . . a huge bused-in crowd of ethnic Fijian men and women sat on the lawn across the Civil Center in the capital city, clapping and singing, while the Royal Fiji Military Forces band played 'Onward Christian Soldiers.' Across the park, another crowd of Indo-Fijian men and women and children watched apprehensive, bewildered, frightened. . . . The coup-maker, Lt. Col. Sitiveni Rabuka, an ethnic Fijian, appeared on the balcony. . . . With both fists punching the air, he addressed his supporters, ' [Ethnic] Fijians must rule Fiji: that is God's wish.' Ten years later, Prime Minister Rabuka, now a mellowed, greyer, balding man, addressed a multiracial election rally: 'You cannot build a nation up by tearing each other down. That is why we focus on the need for us to be united—the indigenous Fijian people, [as well as] the sons and daughters and grandchildren of those who came as indentured laborers [from India], or in the following waves of business people are all inextricable parts of the new Republic of the Fiji Islands.'" *the Fijian general elections of 1987 had brought to power a government dominated by political parties associated with Fiji's ethnic Indian community. Many ethnic Fijians resented the election results. Brij Lal, Fijian historian of Indian ethnicity, article published in an academic journal, 2000 Which of the following processes most directly contributed to the tensions in Fiji described in the first paragraph? A. Migrant groups often created relatively isolated ethnic enclaves, while receiving societies responded to them through ethnic prejudice. B. Violence between cultural groups led to acts of genocide perpetrated by authoritarian military governments. C. European colonial settlers destroyed indigenous populations and their cultures, replacing them with migrant groups. D. Indigenous and migrant elites cooperated to overthrow European colonialism and secure independence.

A. Migrant groups often created relatively isolated ethnic enclaves, while receiving societies responded to them through ethnic prejudice.

CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY* IN TAHITI,** PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889 *French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution **French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific The photograph best supports which of the following inferences about French colonial rule in Tahiti in the 1880? A. Colonial authorities attempted to impart a sense of French national identity to native Tahitians. B. Tahiti provided France with valuable sources of raw materials as well as with markets for French manufactured goods. C. The spread of Enlightenment ideas and anticolonial movements led many Tahitians to demand independence from France. D. French control of Tahiti was under threat from expanding rival colonial empires in the Pacific, such as Great Britain, Japan, and the United States.

A. Colonial authorities attempted to impart a sense of French national identity to native Tahitians.

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 In the late 1800s, attitudes such as the one expressed in the passage had contributed most directly to which of the following? A. European states' competition to acquire overseas colonies B. The abolitionist movement to end slavery C. The creation of industrialized economies in Europe D. Efforts by European missionaries to convert non-Europeans to Christianity for their spiritual salvation

A. European states' competition to acquire overseas colonies

"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885 The commodities listed by Stanley in the second paragraph can best be understood in the context of A. Europeans' need for resources to be used in industrial production B. raw materials that could be used in African manufacturing centers C. crops that could be cultivated on plantations and industrial farms by European settlers D. products that would be most suited for export to the Mississippi region of North America

A. Europeans' need for resources to be used in industrial production

"Extraterritoriality" can best be described as which of the following? A. Exemption of foreigners from the laws of the country in which they live B. Expansion of a country's international borders to natural boundaries C. Extension of dual citizenship to immigrants D. Acquisition of new colonies or territories E. Establishment of a government in exile

A. Exemption of foreigners from the laws of the country in which they live

CLOVE* PRICES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND IN AMSTERDAM, 1580-1850 *Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia. Which of the following best explains why spices, such as cloves, became a LESS important component of colonial trade during the nineteenth century? A. Industrialization increased the demand for manufactured goods relative to the demand for spices. B. European states developed military and medical technologies that enabled them to establish direct colonial control over most interior regions of Africa. C. Some European states encouraged the migration of large numbers of their citizens overseas, leading to the establishment of settler colonies. D. The emergence of anticolonial movements that used civil disobedience to achieve their goals made many traditional colonial products virtually impossible to produce on a large scale.

A. Industrialization increased the demand for manufactured goods relative to the demand for spices.

Between 1750 and 1900, which of the following industrializing states created an empire? A. Japan B. China C. Brazil D. Argentina

A. Japan

"It is not surprising that your nation [Japan] considers it its mission to unite and lead Asia. The European nations, for all their differences, are united like a single country in their attitude towards the non-Europeans. If, for instance, the Mongolians threatened to take a piece of European territory, all the European countries would make common cause to resist them. But Japan cannot stand alone. She would be bankrupt in competition with a united Europe, and she could not expect support in Europe. It is natural that she should seek it in Asia, in association with a free China, Thailand, and, perhaps, in the ultimate course of things, a free India. An associated Asia would be a powerful force. Of course, that is to look a long way ahead, and there are many obstacles in the way, notably the absence of a common language and the difficulty of communication. But—from India through Thailand to Japan—we are, I believe, kindred peoples, having in common possession so much religion, art, philosophy." Rabindranath Tagore, Indian poet and Nobel Prize in Literature recipient, excerpt from a speech given while on a tour of Japan, 1916 Which of the following developments in the late 1800s and early 1900s most directly challenges the author's argument regarding the role of Japan in Asia? A. Japanese imperial expansion into Asian territories such as Taiwan and Korea B. Resistance to modernization by traditional Japanese elites C. Meiji Japan's success in developing an industrial economy D. The adoption of a parliamentary political system

A. Japanese imperial expansion into Asian territories such as Taiwan and Korea

INDENTURED AND POST-INDENTURED WORKERS FROM INDIA EMPLOYED ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, BRITISH CARIBBEAN, 1854-1910 The numbers in Column B are most likely a reflection of which trend that affected many migrants in the late nineteenth century? A. Migrants often lacked opportunities for economic and social advancement as a result of anti-immigrant prejudice and racism in the receiving societies. B. Migrants were often able to maintain cultural and religious connections to their home country through letters and newspapers. C. Migrants often wanted to assimilate quickly into the dominant linguistic and cultural environment of their receiving societies. D. Migrants often returned, either periodically or permanently, to their home societies after saving enough money to start a new life there.

A. Migrants often lacked opportunities for economic and social advancement as a result of anti-immigrant prejudice and racism in the receiving societies.

"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed, all of which women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man's strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man preference over woman in modern civilization." Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894 The letter's reference in the third paragraph to the claims of "our doctors and scientists" is best understood in the context of which of the following late nineteenth-century processes? A. Physical differences between genders and racial groups were used to justify the denial of rights to women and non-Europeans. B. The achievements of medieval Muslim science became known in the West, stimulating new interest in biology and medicine. C. Bourgeois ideas of cultural and literary refinement became prevalent in many parts of the world. D. The scientific method stressing experimentation and the collection of empirical evidence was discovered and first used.

A. Physical differences between genders and racial groups were used to justify the denial of rights to women and non-Europeans.

"Last Will and Testament I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner: I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis,* which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time. I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children. I declare that the goods I possess are the following: a slave by the name of Maria, whom I leave conditionally freed for the amount of sixty mil-réis, to be paid to my granddaughter. I also possess a group of two-story houses with shops at street level and a basement below with lodgings, located on the Ladeira do Carmo, where I live on land belonging to me." *currency unit in colonial Brazil Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Afro-Brazilian woman, last will and testament, 1823 Which of the following was the most significant change in Latin American labor systems between the time the document was produced and 1900 ? A. Slavery was abolished in all Latin American countries. B. Many Latin American countries industrialized. C. Indentured servitude became the main source of labor in most Latin American countries. D. Most Latin American countries passed laws limiting the labor of women and children.

A. Slavery was abolished in all Latin American countries.

"The yellow and white races which are to be found on the globe have been endowed by nature with intelligence and fighting capacity. They are fundamentally incapable of giving way to each other. Hence, glowering and poised for a fight, they have engaged in battle in the world of evolution, the great arena where strength and intelligence have clashed since earliest times, the great theater where for so long natural selection and progress have been played out." The quotation above by an early-twentieth-century Chinese revolutionary illustrates the influence of A. Social Darwinism B. communism C. National Socialism D. anarchism

A. Social Darwinism

"In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the financial and military powers of the countries involved. Money and soldiers are not for the protection of existing principles; they are the instruments for the creation of principles where none exist. There are those moralists who would sit and wait for the day when all wars would end. Yet in my opinion the Western nations are growing ever stronger in the skills of war. In recent years, these countries devise strange new weapons and day by day increase their standing armies. One can argue that that is truly useless, truly stupid. Yet if others are working on being stupid, then I must respond in kind. If others are violent, then I too must become violent. International politics is the way of force rather than the way of virtue—and we should accept that." Yukichi Fukuzawa, Japanese intellectual, Commentary on the Current Problems, 1881 Based on the passage, it can be inferred that in the late nineteenth century international relations were increasingly perceived as being governed by A. Social Darwinism and international power politics B. the Enlightenment and theories of natural rights C. traditional or religious morality D. socialism and the concept of international workers' solidarity

A. Social Darwinism and international power politics

AGOSTINO BRUNIAS, ITALIAN PAINTER, PAINTING SHOWING FREE WOMEN OF MIXED RACIAL ANCESTRY WITH THEIR CHILDREN AND SERVANTS IN DOMINICA, A BRITISH COLONY IN THE WEST INDIES, LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY The artist's perspective on the subject of the painting was most likely influenced by which of the following? A. The Enlightenment B. Nationalism C. Social Darwinism D. The Haitian Revolution

A. The Enlightenment

A SKETCH BY JAN BRANDES, DUTCH LUTHERAN MINISTER LIVING IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 1784 The sketch shows the artist's son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant. In the late nineteenth century, which of the following would most motivate the Dutch to continue to expand their presence in Indonesia? A. The acquisition of natural resources for manufacturing B. The growing competition with Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires C. The example of Japanese modernization during the Meiji Restoration D. The emergence of nationalism in Indonesia

A. The acquisition of natural resources for manufacturing

1. Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens. . . . 10. The scientific material available to us at present does not justify the conclusion that inherited genetic differences are a major factor in producing differences between the cultures and cultural achievements of different peoples or groups. . . . 14. The biological fact of race and the myth of "race" should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes "race" is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of "race" has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years it has taken a heavy toll in human lives and caused untold suffering. A. According to present knowledge there is no proof that the groups of mankind differ in their innate mental characteristics, whether in respect of intelligence or temperament. B. There is no evidence that race mixture as such produces bad results from the biological point of view. C. All normal human beings are capable of learning to share in common life, to understand the nature of mutual service and reciprocity, and to respect social obligations and contracts. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), statement about the "science of race," 1949 The declaration can best be understood as a rejection of which of the following ideals? A. The belief that some groups of people are inherently superior to others B. The belief that all cultures have intrinsic value C. The belief that race is a social construction D. The belief that the concept of race has had a major impact on human interactions

A. The belief that some groups of people are inherently superior to others

POPULATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC, 1778-1878 * 1853: 97.5% of the population born in Hawaii ** 1878: 83.6% of the population born in Hawaii Source: Alfred W. Crosby, Germs, Seeds and Animals: Studies in Ecological History, 1994 Which of the following best explains the changes in the population of the Hawaiian Islands from 1872 to 1878? A. The increased presence of Asian indentured servants on Hawaiian plantations B. The growth of tourism as a result of technological advances in transportation C. The urbanization of Hawaii as a result of industrialization D. The development of racial exclusion policies in European settler colonies

A. The increased presence of Asian indentured servants on Hawaiian plantations

"[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women's education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption." Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012 The spread of the liberal ideas discussed in the passage was most directly a result of which of the following? A. The influence of European political and educational institutions facilitated by British imperial policies in India B. The revival of traditional Hindu social structures as a reaction against British influence in India C. The example of American revolutions influenced by Enlightenment principles D. The return of overseas migrants from plantations in the Pacific and Caribbean

A. The influence of European political and educational institutions facilitated by British imperial policies in India

"With the powerful help of the Catholic Church and the religious orders, the Portuguese were able to impose their language and culture on a considerable portion of Brazil [by 1700]. Even the [colonial] elite had no educational opportunities in Brazil beyond . . . secondary school. Their only alternative was to leave Brazil for Coimbra University [in Portugal], where one hundred of the sons of the colonial Brazilian elite studied law or medicine during the colonial period. Even Coimbra was a very narrow window onto the intellectual revolution that was transforming the rest of Europe. The luckiest of the lucky young colonialists took a diversion to France, which by the early eighteenth century was caught up in the ferment of the Enlightenment. By the late 1700s, the . . . Portuguese influence began to lift, as the colonial elite began to produce its own literature. To this emerging literary tradition was added the beginnings of a popular culture. The first component—religious festivals . . . and a folklore that revolved around religious holidays—was imported from the Portuguese. . . . To this was added the Indian and African presence, which furnished the foundation for the rich tradition of popular music and dance in modern Brazil. In part, this evolution came about because Brazil had become richer and more important than the mother country. Portugal's fate was now tied to the wealth of its American colony, rather than the other way around." Thomas Skidmore, United States historian, excerpt from academic book, Brazil: Five Centuries of Change, 1999 The changing relationship between Portugal and Brazil described in the passage can best be understood in the context of which of the following developments after 1750 ? A. The onset of Latin American independence movements B. The emergence of the Industrial Revolution in Brazil C. The expansion of the Portuguese Empire in Central America D. The decline of nationalism in Brazil as a popular ideology

A. The onset of Latin American independence movements

INDIAN MUSLIM TROOPS IN THE BRITISH ARMED FORCES PRAYING. PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN SURREY, ENGLAND, 1916 In the background, a group of British civilians, mostly women, are watching the troops pray. The photograph best illustrates which aspect of population movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. They often involved the spread of cultural traditions into new locations. B. They were often undertaken to displace labor force lost to war or disease. C. They often resulted in the decline or disappearance of native religious traditions. D. They often caused intercommunal violence.

A. They often involved the spread of cultural traditions into new locations.

The image above, from seventeenth-century Ethiopia, shows the Virgin Mary and Christ Child with the merchant who commissioned the painting lying below. Ethiopia's cultural traditions reflected in the painting had which of the following effects on Ethiopia's interactions with European colonial empires in the late nineteenth century? A. They provided Ethiopians with an additional rationale for resisting European encroachment. B. They created an opportunity for Ethiopia to participate in the European alliance system. They strengthened Social Darwinist claims that Ethiopians were inferior to Europeans. They contributed to the isolation of Ethiopia from the emerging global labor network.

A. They provided Ethiopians with an additional rationale for resisting European encroachment.

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy's language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers. Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.*" *an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897 Martini's argument in the second paragraph most clearly refers to the late-nineteenth-century belief that imperialism was a useful way to A. relieve overcrowding and land shortages in European countries B. secure raw materials for European factories C. promote scientific and technological progress D. "civilize" native populations through social change

A. relieve overcrowding and land shortages in European countries

Darwin's theories were interpreted by Social Darwinists to indicate that A. select human groups would dominate those less fit B. European countries were more nationalistic C. non-White groups were better adapted to tropical climates D. imperialism went against the theory of natural selection E. education would lead to equality

A. select human groups would dominate those less fit

"Imagine that Chinese ships were to start importing arsenic* into England, advertising it as a harmless, foreign and fashionable luxury. Next, imagine that after a few years of arsenic being all the rage, with hundreds of thousands using it, the British government were to ban its use because of its bad effects. Finally, imagine again that, in opposition to this ban on arsenic, Chinese ships were to be positioned off the coast of England, making occasional raids on London. Advocates of the opium-smuggling profession argue that it is immensely profitable and that supplying opium in bulk as they are doing is not immoral and it only becomes vulgar when the opium is sold in small portions, to individual users. What admirable logic with which one may shield oneself from reality, satisfied that the opium trade is nothing more than 'supplying an important source of revenue to British companies operating in India.' The trade may be a profitable one—it may be of importance to the Indian government, and to individuals— but to pretend that it can be defended as harmless to health and morals is to argue the impossible. Anyone who seriously thinks about the subject cannot defend what is, in itself, manifestly indefensible." *a poisonous substance "Remarks on the Opium Trade," letter to a British magazine from an anonymous English merchant in Guangzhou (Canton), China, published in 1836 A historian might argue that the trade described in the passage reflected a turning point in world history primarily because the opium trade A. shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China B. marked the transition from mercantilist trade toward capitalist free trade C. was the first time that Europeans used migrant labor to grow crops for global distribution D. relied upon industrial techniques of production and modern consumer marketing

A. shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 The arguments expressed in the passage are significant because they help explain why A. social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule B. syncretic religious movements frequently emerged from cultural differences in colonial societies C. nationalist movements against imperial rule often sought to bridge ethnic and religious differences by appealing to popular Enlightenment ideals D. settler colonies frequently exacerbated differences between religious groups in colonial societies

A. social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule

"We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity — this is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful opium is to humans. Since you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all other, not to China!" Qing government commissioner Lin Zexu to Queen Victoria of Great Britain, 1839 In the passage above, Lin Zexu is asking that the British do which of the following? A. Provide treatment for opium addicts in China B. Ban the sale of opium by British merchants in China C. Prevent all foreign trade from entering China D. End the concessions made to Britain during the Opium Wars

B. Ban the sale of opium by British merchants in China

POPULATION TABLE FOR SELECTED STATES, 1800-2000 Which of the following likely contributed the most to the population changes shown in the table for Latin American states such as Argentina and Brazil in the period 1800-1900 ? A. Increased economic production resulting from slave labor B. Large increases in immigration from Europe C. Higher birth rates resulting from the development of antibiotics D. More equitable land distribution policies following independence from Spain

B. Large increases in immigration from Europe

Which of the following statements is true of global migration patterns during the nineteenth century? A. Most migrants rejected their culture in favor of total assimilation. B. Migrants increasingly relocated from rural areas to cities. C. Most migrants traveled seasonally as agricultural laborers. D. Migrants were primarily women seeking employment as factory workers.

B. Migrants increasingly relocated from rural areas to cities.

"We often see articles in our [Brazilian] newspapers trying to convince the reader that slavery among us is a very mild and pleasant condition for the slave—so often, in fact, that one may almost begin to believe that, if slaves were asked, they would prefer slavery to freedom. This only proves that newspaper articles are not written by slaves. . . . The legal position of slaves in Brazil can be summed up in these words: the Constitution does not apply to them. Our [1824] Constitution is full of lofty ideas [such as]: 'No citizen can be forced to do anything except as required by law;' 'The law shall apply equally to every person;' 'Whipping, torture, and all other cruel punishments are abolished,' etc. Yet, in this ostensibly free nation . . . we must have, on a daily basis, judges, police, and, if need be, the army and navy employed to force enslaved men, women, and children to work night and day without any compensation. To admit this in the highest law of the land would reduce the list of Brazilian freedoms to a transparent fraud. For this reason the Constitution does not even mention slaves or attempt to regulate their status." Joaquim Nabuco, Brazilian writer and political activist, Abolitionism, book published 1883 As illustrated by the passage, which of the following best explains the persistence of slavery in some parts of the Americas into the late nineteenth century? A. Urban middle-class families increasingly relied on the labor of slaves as more women joined the workforce. B. Cash-crop plantation agriculture remained an important part of some nations' economies. C. Constitutions in the Americas continued to expressly deny citizens the legal rights that had long been established in Europe. D. Railroads, steamships, and other technologies greatly facilitated new migration to the Americas

B. Cash-crop plantation agriculture remained an important part of some nations' economies.

Which of the following scientific concepts had the greatest role in providing a justification for imperialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? Responses A. Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease B. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution C. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity D. Marie Curie's theory of radioactivity

B. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

Which of the following most accurately describes the interactions between China and Europe in the nineteenth century? A. China became isolated politically in part because of its suppression of pro-Western Chinese dissidents. B. China effectively lost its economic independence to Europe as a result of military losses to European forces. C. China became a major exporter of manufactured goods to Europe. D. China and Europe were forced into an uneasy alliance to reverse Japanese imperial expansion in northern China.

B. China effectively lost its economic independence to Europe as a result of military losses to European forces.

"On May 21, 1987, exactly a week after the elected government of Fiji* had been ousted in a military coup . . . a huge bused-in crowd of ethnic Fijian men and women sat on the lawn across the Civil Center in the capital city, clapping and singing, while the Royal Fiji Military Forces band played 'Onward Christian Soldiers.' Across the park, another crowd of Indo-Fijian men and women and children watched apprehensive, bewildered, frightened. . . . The coup-maker, Lt. Col. Sitiveni Rabuka, an ethnic Fijian, appeared on the balcony. . . . With both fists punching the air, he addressed his supporters, ' [Ethnic] Fijians must rule Fiji: that is God's wish.' Ten years later, Prime Minister Rabuka, now a mellowed, greyer, balding man, addressed a multiracial election rally: 'You cannot build a nation up by tearing each other down. That is why we focus on the need for us to be united—the indigenous Fijian people, [as well as] the sons and daughters and grandchildren of those who came as indentured laborers [from India], or in the following waves of business people are all inextricable parts of the new Republic of the Fiji Islands.'" *the Fijian general elections of 1987 had brought to power a government dominated by political parties associated with Fiji's ethnic Indian community. Many ethnic Fijians resented the election results. Brij Lal, Fijian historian of Indian ethnicity, article published in an academic journal, 2000 Which of the following nineteenth-century processes most directly contributed to the migration of Indian laborers to Fiji as described in the passage? A. Indian merchants acted as brokers and middlemen for European East India companies. B. Colonial states in Asia and the Pacific relied on coerced labor to work on plantations. C. Prior to the abolition of the slave trade, Indian slaves were exported to the islands in the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. D. Indo-Muslim traders spread Islam to the islands of Southeast Asia.

B. Colonial states in Asia and the Pacific relied on coerced labor to work on plantations.

Which of the following resulted from Europe's expansion overseas in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? A. Europe's population size and industrial productivity declined. B. European countries acquired colonies and dominated world trade. C. The number of workers needed for European factories declined. D. Mechanized agriculture spread worldwide.

B. European countries acquired colonies and dominated world trade.

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 The founding of "the Australian nation," as alluded to in the passage, was part of which of the following processes? A. The creation of mercantilist empires to extract natural resources B. European states' establishment of settler colonies C. European companies' establishment of overseas trading posts D. Japan's creation of its own empire in Asia

B. European states' establishment of settler colonies

ANNUAL REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES OF THE AFRICAN FRENCH COLONY OF TOGO, 1938 The figures are from a report of the Togo colonial government to the Ministry of Colonies in Paris. Which of the following pieces of data from the table most directly contradicts the claims of European imperial powers that colonies existed for the benefit of the colonized? A. Colonized peoples were expected to pay taxes to support the colonial government. B. Expenditures on administrative salaries were far greater than what was spent on public works and infrastructure. C. The colonial government received income from the postal system and from telegraph services. D. A significant portion of the colonial budget was provided by the French government.

B. Expenditures on administrative salaries were far greater than what was spent on public works and infrastructure.

MAP 1: Growth of the Russian Empire MAP 2: Growth of the Japanese Empire The developments depicted in Map 2 most directly emerged from which of the following developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. European economic imperialism in Qing China B. Government-sponsored industrialization as part of the Meiji reforms C. American and European influence over Tokugawa Japan D. Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism

B. Government-sponsored industrialization as part of the Meiji reforms

"Again, another marked characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon is what may be called an instinct or genius for colonizing. His unequaled energy, his indomitable perseverance, and his personal independence, made him a pioneer. He excels all others in pushing his way into new countries." Josiah Strong, American Protestant clergyman, essay on Anglo-Saxons, 1891 The sentiments expressed in the quotation above are most supportive of which of the following concepts? A. Nationalism B. Imperialism C. Liberalism D. Marxism

B. Imperialism

Which of the following was among the first results of the European Industrial Revolution in other parts of the world? A. The beginning of the transatlantic slave trade B. Increased demand for commodities such as cotton and palm oil C. The search for oil in Africa, Asia, and Latin America D. Construction of textile factories in Africa and Asia E. The partition of Africa by European imperial powers

B. Increased demand for commodities such as cotton and palm oil

PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857 The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." The rapid expansion of European empires in Africa in the late nineteenth century is best explained in the context of which of the following? Responses A. Economic competition between European states fostering the creation of transnational business that sought to exchange raw materials from Europe for finished goods from colonies B. Political rivalries between European states encouraging diplomatic agreements that reserved colonies for European powers C. Rapid population increases in European colonies in Asia encouraging European states to create new colonies for migrants to settle D. Revolutions in Europe leading European states to seek troops from colonial populations

B. Political rivalries between European states encouraging diplomatic agreements that reserved colonies for European powers

Which of the following is an accurate description of relations between European states and the Ottoman Empire in the period 1815 to 1914 ? A. The Ottomans were expanding at the expense of Russia, England, and France. B. Russian, English, and French expansion came at the expense of the Ottomans. C. The Ottomans, in alliance with the Russians, English, and French, sought to impede German unification. D. The Ottomans supported nationalism in the Balkans to destabilize Europe. E. The Ottomans and the French cooperated in colonizing North Africa.

B. Russian, English, and French expansion came at the expense of the Ottomans.

PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857 The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." The ability of the French colonial government in Algeria to establish schools for the native Algerian population can best be seen as part of which of the following broader developments in European colonialism in the late nineteenth century? A. Some European states established trading-post empires. B. Some European states strengthened their control over their existing colonies. C. Some European states faced native resistance to their colonization efforts. D. Some European states used Social Darwinism to justify their military subjugation of colonial peoples.

B. Some European states strengthened their control over their existing colonies.

MAP 1: Southeast Asia, circa 1910 MAP 2: Southeast Asia, circa 1960 During the nineteenth century, which of the following most directly motivated the major expansion of imperial territories in Southeast Asia as shown in Map 1 ? A. The influence of Christian missionary groups B. The desire to extract resources and raw materials C. Profits from the global trade in spices and textiles D. Threats by Asian states to European transoceanic trade

B. The desire to extract resources and raw materials

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s Late-nineteenth-century transoceanic labor migrations were most directly facilitated by which of the following developments? A. The restructuring of traditional social hierarchies B. The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation C. The growing popularity of free-trade economic policies D. The emergence of transnational businesses

B. The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation

A SKETCH BY JAN BRANDES, DUTCH LUTHERAN MINISTER LIVING IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 1784 The sketch shows the artist's son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant. Which of the following developments facilitated the family situation portrayed in Brandes' sketch? A. The recruitment of new bureaucratic elites by Muslim states in Southeast Asia B. The expansion of European colonial empires in Southeast Asia C. The changes in family demographic structure resulting from the trans-Atlantic slave trade D. The creation of new gender hierarchies in emerging maritime empires

B. The expansion of European colonial empires in Southeast Asia

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 A historian interpreting the policies advocated for in the passage would most likely argue that they are best explained in the context of which of the following? A. The decreasing importance of mercantilist policies in the development of the global economy B. The importance of raw materials to the development of industrial economies C. The growing importance of Social Darwinist ideology in the development of imperial economies D. The importance of access to coerced labor in the development of industrial economies

B. The importance of raw materials to the development of industrial economies

"I have longed to make the acquaintance of a 'modern girl,' that proud, independent girl who has all my sympathy! I do not belong to the Indian world, but to that of my sisters who are struggling forward in the distant West. If the laws of my land permitted it, I would be like the new woman in Europe; but age-long traditions that cannot be broken hold us back. Someday those traditions will loosen and let us go, but it may be three, four generations after us. Oh, you do not know what it is to love this young, new age with heart and soul, and yet to be bound hand and foot, chained by all the laws, customs, and conventions of one's land. All our institutions are directly opposed to the progress for which I so long for the sake of our people. Day and night I wonder by what means our ancient traditions could be overcome. But it was not the voices alone which reached me from that distant, bright, new-born Europe, which made me long for a change in existing conditions for women. Even in my childhood, the word 'emancipation' enchanted my ears and awakened in me an ever-growing longing for freedom and independence—a longing to stand alone." Raden Adjeng Kartini, Javanese noblewoman in Dutch Indonesia, letter to a friend, Java, 1899 Which of the following best explains Kartini's familiarity with the ideas regarding social roles that she discusses in her letter? A. The expansion of public education systems as governments increasingly centralized B. The spread of Enlightenment thought as empires consolidated control over their territories C. The development of new mass media technologies such as radio D. The increasing overseas migration of Asians as laborers in European colonies

B. The spread of Enlightenment thought as empires consolidated control over their territories

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s On a global scale, the gender makeup of the migrants referred to in the second paragraph best helps to explain which of the following social changes in home societies in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. Dramatic population increases leading to the adoption of new government policies to limit the birth of children B. Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men C. A greater reliance on children performing indentured labor D. An increase in workers joining labor unions to demand higher wages

B. Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 On a global scale, the implementation of the types of policies that Rivett-Carnac advocated for in the passage is most significant in that it directly led to the A. dramatic increase of migrants from colonial societies to imperial metropoles B. growth of nationalist movements in colonial societies against imperial rule C. increased influence of laissez-faire economic philosophies among nationalist leaders in colonial societies D. growth of labor union membership among colonial populations

B. growth of nationalist movements in colonial societies against imperial rule

Locations of the World's Major CIties 200-1900 CE Data adapted from David Wilkinson, "Cities, Civilizations and Oikoumene," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vols. 27 and 28: Nos. 27 and 28, 1992-1993 The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1800 to 1900 C.E. best illustrate the impact of A. the Atlantic revolutions B. the Industrial Revolution C. the abolition of slavery D. improvements in urban policing and public safety

B. the Industrial Revolution

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy's language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers. Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.*" *an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897 Italian and German imperial presence in Africa were similar in that both countries A. saw African colonies as secondary to their interests in Asia B. were newly unified nations that began colonizing later than other European powers C. primarily used their colonies in Africa to spread Christianity D. invested heavily in African infrastructure and economic development

B. were newly unified nations that began colonizing later than other European powers

Which of the following best characterizes Western imperialist expansion in the late nineteenth century? A. Western fears of the spread of Japanese influence B. Western investment to create self-sufficient economies in the new colonies C. An unprecedented amount of territory colonized in a short period of time D. The establishment of political institutions to resolve ethnic and religious conflicts within colonies E. The decline of British and United States influence in international affairs

C. An unprecedented amount of territory colonized in a short period of time

Based on an analysis of the Japanese currency used during the Meiji period (1868—1912) shown above, which of the following is the primary message conveyed by the engraving? A. The Japanese government considered its geographical proximity to China to be of primary importance. B. The Japanese government focused its expansionist policy on Australia and New Zealand. C. The Japanese government saw itself as a major Pacific power. D. The Japanese government was eager to develop trade ties with the United States.

C. The Japanese government saw itself as a major Pacific power.

INDENTURED AND POST-INDENTURED WORKERS FROM INDIA EMPLOYED ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, BRITISH CARIBBEAN, 1854-1910 The table indicates that Indian labor migration to Trinidad in the mid- to late nineteenth century shared which of the following patterns with global migration processes in the same period A. Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved mostly coerced or semicoerced labor. B. Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general resulted in migrants establishing ethnic enclaves in increasingly cosmopolitan cities. C. Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved migrants who were mostly male. D. Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general resulted in receiving societies' governments passing discriminatory anti-immigrant legislation.

C. Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved migrants who were mostly male.

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 Based on the passage, the author would most likely have agreed with which of the following statements? A. Britain's founding of Australia followed God's command to convert non-Whites. B. All peoples of the world have the right to determine their own government. C. Britain had contributed to human progress by taking over new colonies in Africa. D. Nations go to war with each other mainly to gain precious metals.

C. Britain had contributed to human progress by taking over new colonies in Africa.

Social Darwinism was used to justify which of the following during the nineteenth century? A. Latin American independence movements B. Domestic reforms in Meiji Japan C. British colonization of India D. Russian utilization of coerced peasant labor

C. British colonization of India

A historian researching factors that contributed to the rise of industrial production in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries would find which of the following types of sources most helpful? A. Records of labor and trade union meetings B. A tally of political speeches in favor of versus those opposed to colonial expansion C. Data on migration of rural populations to urban areas D. Data on prices of luxury goods

C. Data on migration of rural populations to urban areas

"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885 Based on the third paragraph, Stanley's vision of the future of the Congo River basin can best be seen as part of which of the following late-nineteenth-century developments? A. Settler imperialism B. The view of imperialism as the "White Man's Burden" C. Economic imperialism D. The belief that imperialism should be spearheaded by religious missionaries

C. Economic imperialism

Which of the following facilitated European expansion in Asia in the nineteenth century? A. The popularity of democratic values among Asians B. A general easing of tensions and cooperative expeditions among European powers C. Europe's development of new military technologies Asians' lack of resistance to European diseases D. Europe's ability to send numerically superior armies to Asia

C. Europe's development of new military technologies

"Every denial of justice, every beating by the police, every demand of [colonial] workers that is drowned in blood, every scandal that is hushed up, every punitive expedition . . . brings home to us the value of our old societies. They were communal societies, never societies of the many for the few. They were societies that were not only pre-capitalist, but also anti-capitalist. They were democratic societies, always. They were cooperative societies, fraternal societies. I make a systematic defense of the societies destroyed by imperialism." Aimé Césaire, Afro-Caribbean intellectual, Discourse on Colonialism, 1953 Césaire's statement above was most likely made in response to A. the growing superpower influence in Africa and Asia during the Cold War B. the success of the Indian independence movement C. European colonizers' claim that their rule had improved life in the colonies D. leaders of the decolonization movement arguing for the adoption of parliamentary democracy after achieving independence

C. European colonizers' claim that their rule had improved life in the colonies

Which of the following facilitated the creation of European empires in Africa during the late nineteenth century? A. Africans' unified resistance to European intervention B. Europeans' desire to develop industry in Africa C. Europeans' use of both warfare and diplomacy D. Africans' widespread acceptance of European laws

C. Europeans' use of both warfare and diplomacy

MAP 1: Growth of the Russian Empire MAP 2: Growth of the Japanese Empire During the nineteenth century, which of the following engaged in a territorial expansion most similar to the one depicted in Map 1? A. Qajar Iran B. The Ottoman Empire C. The United States D. The Holy Roman Empire

C. The United States

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy's language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers. Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.*" *an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897 The author's statement that descendants of Italian emigrants "ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers" most directly refers to which of the following aspects of nineteenth-century migration? A. Some receiving societies attempted to limit the flow of immigrants. B. Some colonial states applied theories of Social Darwinism to establish racial preferences. C. Immigrants often adopted the dominant culture of the state in receiving societies. D. Immigrants often maintained some aspects of their religion within ethnic enclaves.

C. Immigrants often adopted the dominant culture of the state in receiving societies.

In the Japanese print above of the war between China and Japan (1894-1895), the artist suggests that the A. Chinese were brave and honorable opponents B. Japanese fought by using time-honored samurai tactics and weapons C. Japanese showed their mastery of Western technology, dress and military bearing D. Chinese actively sought foreign help against the Japanese

C. Japanese showed their mastery of Western technology, dress and military bearing

In the mid-twentieth century, the presence of Chinese and Japanese populations in North America and of South Asian populations in the Caribbean and South Africa is best explained by which of the following? A. Trade networks of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries B. European and United States imperial conquests of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries C. Labor migrations during the nineteenth century D. Refugees fleeing warfare and repressive regimes during the twentieth century

C. Labor migrations during the nineteenth century

NINETEENTH CENTURY EMIGRATION FROM CHINA AND INDIA Which of the following best explains all of the migration movements shown on the map above? A. Large labor surpluses in India and China, due to the success of British and Qing agricultural reforms B. The end of the slave trade in the Americas and the intensification of European colonial expansion in Africa C. Labor shortages in plantation agriculture, the mineral extraction industry, and transportation projects D. The end of revolutions in the Americas and the establishment of the American republics

C. Labor shortages in plantation agriculture, the mineral extraction industry, and transportation projects

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 A historian analyzing the lecture would most likely argue that the audience of Chakravarti's lecture is significant because it shows the most direct contrast with which of the following developments in the nineteenth century? A. Religious differences in colonial societies often led to communal violence. B. Imperial states often granted preference to religious groups that they felt were less of a threat to their power. C. Religious movements often inspired rebellions against imperial rule. D. Imperial governments often consulted local religious leaders before issuing important decrees.

C. Religious movements often inspired rebellions against imperial rule.

MAP 1: Growth of the Russian Empire MAP 2: Growth of the Japanese Empire The primary rationale for Japan's territorial acquisitions in Southeast Asia during the period 1933-1942, as reflected in Map 2, was most similar to the primary rationale for which of the following? A. The Ottoman Empire's conquest of the Middle East and North Africa B. France's conquests in central and southern Europe under Napoleon C. The British East India Company's takeover of other European states' colonial possessions in India D. The Qing dynasty's expansion into Central Asia

C. The British East India Company's takeover of other European states' colonial possessions in India

Poem 1 "The world calls us coolie.* Why doesn't our flag fly anywhere? How shall we survive, are we slaves forever? Why aren't we involved in politics? From the beginning we have been oppressed. Why don't we even dream of freedom? Only a handful of oppressors have taken our fields. Why has no Indian cultivator risen and protected his land? Our children cry out for want of education. Why don't we open science colleges?" *An insulting term for South or East Asian manual workers Poem 2 "Why do you sit silent in your own country You who make so much noise in foreign lands? Noise outside of India is of little avail. Pay attention to activities within India. You are quarreling and Hindu-Muslim conflict is prevalent. The jewel of India is rotting in the earth because you are fighting over the Vedas and the Koran. Go and speak with soldiers. Ask them why they are asleep, men who once held swords. Muslim, Hindu, and Sikh heroes should join together. The power of the oppressors is nothing if we unitedly attack him. Indians have been the victors in the battlefields of Burma, Egypt, China and the Sudan." In Poem 1, the sentiments regarding education and politics are best understood in the context of which of the following? A. The persistence of slavery in spite of the abolitionist movement in the British Empire B. The growth of women's movements pushing for greater education and domestic rights C. The British failure to provide mass education in India, for fear that doing so would encourage resistance against imperial rule D. The revival of traditional Hindu and Muslim religious beliefs in India

C. The British failure to provide mass education in India, for fear that doing so would encourage resistance against imperial rule

INDENTURED AND POST-INDENTURED WORKERS FROM INDIA EMPLOYED ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, BRITISH CARIBBEAN, 1854-1910 Which of the following processes in the nineteenth century most directly created the economic needs filled by Indian indentured servants in the Caribbean? A. The growth of Great Britain's textile manufacturing sector as part of the first Industrial Revolution B. The shift from East India Company rule to direct British imperial rule in India C. The abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and of slavery in British colonies D. The success of the Latin American revolutions in establishing independent republics in former Spanish American colonies

C. The abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and of slavery in British colonies

Poem 1 "The world calls us coolie.* Why doesn't our flag fly anywhere? How shall we survive, are we slaves forever? Why aren't we involved in politics? From the beginning we have been oppressed. Why don't we even dream of freedom? Only a handful of oppressors have taken our fields. Why has no Indian cultivator risen and protected his land? Our children cry out for want of education. Why don't we open science colleges?" *An insulting term for South or East Asian manual workers Poem 2 "Why do you sit silent in your own country You who make so much noise in foreign lands? Noise outside of India is of little avail. Pay attention to activities within India. You are quarreling and Hindu-Muslim conflict is prevalent. The jewel of India is rotting in the earth because you are fighting over the Vedas and the Koran. Go and speak with soldiers. Ask them why they are asleep, men who once held swords. Muslim, Hindu, and Sikh heroes should join together. The power of the oppressors is nothing if we unitedly attack him. Indians have been the victors in the battlefields of Burma, Egypt, China and the Sudan." Which of the following best accounts for the circumstances of Indian workers alluded to in Poem 1? A. The increasing migration of Indian laborers to industrialized urban areas B. The cultural divisions between Indian Muslim migrants and Indian Hindu migrants C. The coerced migration of Indian indentured servants D. The pattern of many Indian migrants returning to their homeland after their contracts ended

C. The coerced migration of Indian indentured servants

Source 1: "Any attempt on our part to improve nutrition in Gambia by increased cultivation of foodstuffs will no doubt have to come at the expense of the cultivation of cash crops and would therefore have the adverse economic consequence, in the early stages, of reducing the revenue of the colony. It is hoped, however, that this would be offset by an improvement in the health of the people, leading in time to increased strength and activity which might encourage Gambian farmers to cultivate both more extensively and more intensively than they do at present, resulting ultimately in greater production of cash crops." Letter from the British governor of the West African colony of Gambia to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1936 Source 2: "Improvements in nutrition in Kenya must, as a matter of greatest importance, involve efforts to educate African women, to whom falls the care of the home and children. The African housewife is no less a creature of domestic habits and prejudices than her European counterpart, and her support has to be enlisted if progress is to be made in any of the activities surrounding nutrition. She plays a predominant part in such matters, being in most cases the cultivator as well as the cook." Letter from a Kenyan medical officer to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1937 The two passages best represent which of the following justifications for European imperialism? A. The idea that the colonies would provide opportunities for the settlement of European farmers B. The nationalist competition among European states over colonial territory C. The concept of the European mission to civilize colonized peoples D. The acquisition of new markets and territories

C. The concept of the European mission to civilize colonized peoples

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 In its description of the condition of the Crimean Tatars, the second paragraph most directly provides evidence of the influence of which of the following? A. Laissez-faire liberalism B. The ideology of nationalism C. The concept of the civilizing mission D. The racial theory of Social Darwinism

C. The concept of the civilizing mission

CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY* IN TAHITI,** PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889 *French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution **French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific Which of the following events would have been most likely to produce a cultural context similar to the one depicted in the image? A. The spread of Marxist ideas B. The Taiping Rebellion in China C. The scramble for Africa D. The unification of Germany

C. The scramble for Africa

"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed, all of which women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man's strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man preference over woman in modern civilization." Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894 Which of the following groups in late-nineteenth-century Egypt would have been most likely to support the author's view in the third paragraph about the status of women in "modern civilization" ? A. Muslim religious scholars B. Rural peasants C. The urban middle class D. The landed aristocracy

C. The urban middle class

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Social Darwinists made which of the following arguments? A. All people should be treated equally. B. Human evolution had reached the point where competition was no longer necessary. C. Theories of natural selection could be applied to nations, races, and social classes. D. Interracial marriage should be encouraged.

C. Theories of natural selection could be applied to nations, races, and social classes.

AGOSTINO BRUNIAS, ITALIAN PAINTER, PAINTING SHOWING FREE WOMEN OF MIXED RACIAL ANCESTRY WITH THEIR CHILDREN AND SERVANTS IN DOMINICA, A BRITISH COLONY IN THE WEST INDIES, LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Which of the following best describes the artist's likely purpose in painting this particular subject? A. To advocate for violent rebellion against British colonial authorities B. To demonstrate the racial oppression suffered by free people of color in the West Indies C. To argue for the respectability of free people of color D. To call for greater emigration by Europeans to the West Indies

C. To argue for the respectability of free people of color

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 The second paragraph best provides information about the way in which states in the nineteenth century A. used Enlightenment ideas to justify their attempts to convert conquered populations to Christianity B. attempted to consolidate their conquests by enrolling local populations into imperial service C. justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions D. facilitated cultural exchange between different religious groups to conquer neighboring states

C. justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 The author's political point of view can be most clearly seen in the way in which the passage A. neglects to mention that South Asian migrants were a key source of labor for Western transnational corporations B. disparages the development of contemporary Hinduism C. omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India D. attributes historical events to divine intervention

C. omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India

"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885 Stanley's description of the riches of the Congo in the first two paragraphs can best be seen as an attempt to A. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of earlier imperial ventures that had ended in disaster for the native population of the colonized country B. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which inter-European rivalries had prevented the successful economic exploitation of colonial territories C. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable D. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which British imperial policies had been proven to be more successful than the policies of other European countries

C. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 Rivett-Carnac's point of view is directly relevant in understanding all of the following features of the report EXCEPT A. the fact that the report expresses hope that the railroad will allow more cotton to be exported out of Berar province B. the fact that the report claims that the railroad will have the effect of more labor being available for cotton cultivation C. the fact that the report states the railroad would lead to a reduction in the area of Berar covered by jungle D. the fact that the report envisions that the railroad will be used to import British textiles that would undersell Indian-made cloth

C. the fact that the report states the railroad would lead to a reduction in the area of Berar covered by jungle

Source 1: "Any attempt on our part to improve nutrition in Gambia by increased cultivation of foodstuffs will no doubt have to come at the expense of the cultivation of cash crops and would therefore have the adverse economic consequence, in the early stages, of reducing the revenue of the colony. It is hoped, however, that this would be offset by an improvement in the health of the people, leading in time to increased strength and activity which might encourage Gambian farmers to cultivate both more extensively and more intensively than they do at present, resulting ultimately in greater production of cash crops." Letter from the British governor of the West African colony of Gambia to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1936 Source 2: "Improvements in nutrition in Kenya must, as a matter of greatest importance, involve efforts to educate African women, to whom falls the care of the home and children. The African housewife is no less a creature of domestic habits and prejudices than her European counterpart, and her support has to be enlisted if progress is to be made in any of the activities surrounding nutrition. She plays a predominant part in such matters, being in most cases the cultivator as well as the cook." Letter from a Kenyan medical officer to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1937 Which of the following best summarizes the two plans for improving nutrition in Britain's colonies? A. Both sources emphasize the need to expand economic production in the colonies. B. Both sources emphasize the need to educate farmers in order to improve agricultural practices. C. Both sources emphasize the need to respect traditional African economic practices and gender norms. D. Both sources emphasize the need to enlist the cooperation of Africans in implementing colonial policies.

D. Both sources emphasize the need to enlist the cooperation of Africans in implementing colonial policies.

ANNUAL REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES OF THE AFRICAN FRENCH COLONY OF TOGO, 1938 The figures are from a report of the Togo colonial government to the Ministry of Colonies in Paris. The revenues section of the table can best be used to illustrate which of the following continuities between pre-1900 and post-1900 European imperialism? A. Competition between European colonial powers encouraged imperial expansion. B. Some African peoples successfully resisted colonial economic exploitation. C. Colonial powers directly subsidized most of the expenditures needed to maintain their colonies. D. Colonial powers sought to extract wealth and economic resources from the colonized peoples.

D. Colonial powers sought to extract wealth and economic resources from the colonized peoples.

MAP 1: Southeast Asia, circa 1910 MAP 2: Southeast Asia, circa 1960 The division of islands such as Borneo, New Guinea, and Timor on both maps best reflects which of the following? A. Borders established by early Southeast Asian kingdoms and empires B. Natural physical boundaries such as rivers and mountains C. Significant linguistic, ethnic, or cultural divisions between the inhabitants D. Conquest by and competition between colonial empires

D. Conquest by and competition between colonial empires

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 The expansion of the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is primarily explained in the context of which of the following global developments? A. European states using their control over maritime trade routes to impoverish non-European societies B. European states using joint-stock companies to expand their economic and political dominance over non-European societies C. European states taking advantage of religious conflicts in non-European societies to expand their influence D. European states acquiring growing technological and military advantages over non-European societies to expand their

D. European states acquiring growing technological and military advantages over non-European societies to expand their

PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857 The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." The photograph best illustrates which of the following aspects of European colonial policies in nineteenth-century Africa? A. European states attempting to encourage colonial populations to emigrate B. European states attempting to spread Christianity among colonial populations C. European states imposing democratic systems of government in order to prepare colonial populations for self-rule D. European states imposing their culture in an attempt to spread their values among colonial populations

D. European states imposing their culture in an attempt to spread their values among colonial populations

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s Long-distance immigration to the Americas in the late nineteenth century most often contributed to which of the following processes? Responses A. The worsening of gender imbalances in receiving societies, as the great majority of migrants were men B. Restrictions on migrants performing industrial labor in factories in the receiving societies C. Reverse migration, whereby most migrants returned to their countries of origin after becoming financially secure D. Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies

D. Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies

The photo above, showing skin-tone evaluation performed on an Indonesian inmate in a Dutch colonial prison in 1933, most clearly exemplifies which of the following? A. Improvements in medical care B. Restrictions of educational opportunities for colonial subjects C. Local resistance to colonial rule D. Influence of scientific theories on race

D. Influence of scientific theories on race

In the late nineteenth century, European involvement in both Africa and China was characterized primarily by A. the encouragement of slavery B. extensive intermarriage with local peoples C. small military enclaves along coastlines D. competition among imperialist powers

D. competition among imperialist powers

Which of the following was a major unintended effect of the publication of Charles Darwin's 1859 work On the Origin of Species? A. It became the basis for scientific research of human development. B. It provided a scientific explanation of the evolution of animals and plants. C. It became the basis for all subsequent scientific research on species extinction. D. It became the basis of various theories asserting that Europeans were naturally superior to other peoples

D. It became the basis of various theories asserting that Europeans were naturally superior to other peoples

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 Pearson's argument in the passage is most clearly representative of which of the following ideologies? A. Free-market capitalism B. Marxism C. Mercantilism D. Social Darwinism

D. Social Darwinism

"Executing the directives of the International Monetary Fund, the government of the dictator Gaviria* precipitously opens our borders and internal markets to big foreign capital and production. It privatizes important state enterprises and entities, lays off workers and other employees en masse, guarantees broad benefits to the owner-speculators of finance capital, removes incentives for agricultural production, and puts national producers into bankruptcy. This is the development of savage capitalism, of neo-liberalism in which economic growth opposes social well-being." *César Gaviria Trujillo, president of Colombia from 1990 to 1994 Political declaration of the Eighth Conference of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), rebel group, Colombia, 1993 The conditions described in the passage are best seen as a continuation of which of the following nineteenth-century developments? A. Attempts to regulate immigration in developing countries B. Increases in agricultural productivity contributing to population growth C. Nationalist rebellions against monarchical rule D. The practice of economic imperialism by industrialized states

D. The practice of economic imperialism by industrialized states

"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed, all of which women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man's strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man preference over woman in modern civilization." Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894 The disputes over women's social status alluded to in the letter best reflect which of the following late nineteenth-century changes in Middle Eastern societies? A. The abolition of the veil following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire B. The expansion of mass public education for both boys and girls C. The growing popular support for parliamentary forms of governance D. The spread of intellectual and political ideals that advocated for natural rights

D. The spread of intellectual and political ideals that advocated for natural rights

"Imagine that Chinese ships were to start importing arsenic* into England, advertising it as a harmless, foreign and fashionable luxury. Next, imagine that after a few years of arsenic being all the rage, with hundreds of thousands using it, the British government were to ban its use because of its bad effects. Finally, imagine again that, in opposition to this ban on arsenic, Chinese ships were to be positioned off the coast of England, making occasional raids on London. Advocates of the opium-smuggling profession argue that it is immensely profitable and that supplying opium in bulk as they are doing is not immoral and it only becomes vulgar when the opium is sold in small portions, to individual users. What admirable logic with which one may shield oneself from reality, satisfied that the opium trade is nothing more than 'supplying an important source of revenue to British companies operating in India.' The trade may be a profitable one—it may be of importance to the Indian government, and to individuals— but to pretend that it can be defended as harmless to health and morals is to argue the impossible. Anyone who seriously thinks about the subject cannot defend what is, in itself, manifestly indefensible." *a poisonous substance "Remarks on the Opium Trade," letter to a British magazine from an anonymous English merchant in Guangzhou (Canton), China, published in 1836 The trade described in the passage is best seen as an early example of which of the following? A. The economic decline of Asian states resulting from the importation of cheap consumer goods from Europe B. The growing economic influence of European immigrants in China C. The declining political power of European joint-stock companies in Asia because of states assuming direct imperial control D. The use of economic imperialism by European merchants and states

D. The use of economic imperialism by European merchants and states

CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY* IN TAHITI,** PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889 *French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution **French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific Which of the following best describes the likely purpose of the photograph? A. To document the changes in Polynesian political hierarchies and gender roles brought about by imperialism B. To illustrate the photographer's belief that Tahitians were racially inferior to Europeans C. To record the rapidly vanishing customs and institutions of native Polynesians D. To reassure the French public of the civilizing effects of colonial rule and the loyalty of colonial populations

D. To reassure the French public of the civilizing effects of colonial rule and the loyalty of colonial populations

Which of the following describes the major impact of the introduction of coffee growing in places like Kenya and El Salvador after 1880 ? A. The end of taxes paid to the government in cash B. The weakening of the European colonial military and landowning elite C. Access to cheaper food for Africans and Latin Americans D. Increased control over the land by Africans and Latin Americans E. Greater dependence on foreign markets by Africans and Latin Americans

E. Greater dependence on foreign markets by Africans and Latin Americans

Which of the following countries or regions led the world in the production of cotton cloth in 1700? A. China B. Egypt C. West Africa D. England E. India

E. India

In the late nineteenth century, European imperialism in both Africa and China was characterized by A. widespread trade in opium B. the encouragement of slavery C. extensive conquest of territory D. small military enclaves along coastlines E. competition among imperialist powers

E. competition among imperialist powers