AP2 ch 24

________ is (are) an immediately life-threatening condition, however, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible. A) Acute renal failure B) Chronic renal failure C) Dysuria D) Prostate enlargement E) Kidney stones

A) Acute renal failure

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate? A) water and small solutes B) nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea C) blood cells and large particles D) ions, such as sodium and potassium

C) blood cells and large particles

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures? A) collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter B) renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra C) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra D) renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct E) collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder

C) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers: A) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores. B) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes. C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits. D) dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule. E) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus.

C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx? A) releases renin B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration C) final urine enters here D) initial filtrate enters here E) tip of the medullary pyramid

C) final urine enters here

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease? A) net filtration would increase B) net filtration would not be altered C) net filtration would decrease

C) net filtration would decrease

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged? A) creatinine B) chloride C) protein D) glucose

C) protein

In which portion of the nephron and collecting system does the most reabsorption occur? A) nephron loop B) distal convoluted tubule C) proximal convoluted tubule D) collecting duct

C) proximal convoluted tubule

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called A) renal pelvises. B) renal columns. C) renal pyramids. D) nephrons. E) calyces.

C) renal pyramids.

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by A) the calyces. B) blood vessels. C) the ureters. D) lymphatics. E) the urethra.

C) the ureters.

Urine is transported by the ________, stored within the ________, and eliminated through the ________. A) urinary bladder; ureters; urethra B) urethra; urinary bladder; ureters C) ureters; urinary bladder; urethra D) ureters; urethra; urinary bladder E) urethra; ureters; urinary bladder

C) ureters; urinary bladder; urethra

What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc) are reabsorbed in the PCT? A) 50 B) 90 C) 25 D) 75

D) 75

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to A) overproduction of aldosterone. B) dilation of the afferent arterioles. C) hematuric oliguria. D) absence of ADH. E) excessive ADH secretion.

D) absence of ADH.

Which blood vessel(s) deliver(s) blood to the glomerulus? A) efferent arteriole B) arcuate arteries C) peritubular capillaries D) afferent arteriole

D) afferent arteriole

Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has which of the following properties? A) depends on changes in the afferent arteriole B) depends on changes in the mesangial cells C) depends on changes in the efferent arteriole D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

The functions of the nephron include all of the following EXCEPT _______. A) tubular secretion B) glomerular filtration C) tubular reabsorption D) glomerular secretion

D) glomerular secretion

What is the name for the "ball" of capillaries found in the renal corpuscle? A) afferent arteriole B) efferent arteriole C) peritubular capillaries D) glomerulus

D) glomerulus

What has to happen to the external urethral sphincter to allow urination? A) it must be consciously stimulated to contract B) it must be unconsciously stimulated to contract C) it must be unconsciously stimulated to relax D) it must be consciously stimulated to relax

D) it must be consciously stimulated to relax

The ______ collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe. A) renal papilla B) major calyx C) renal pelvis D) minor calyx

D) minor calyx

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, A) more urine is produced. B) less urine is produced. C) the osmolarity of the urine decreases. D) more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases. E) none of the above occurs.

D) more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is A) glomerulonephritis. B) polycystic kidney disease. C) calculi. D) renal failure. E) hematuria.

D) renal failure.

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the A) renal calyx. B) renal sinus. C) renal hilum. D) renal pelvis. E) renal corpuscle.

D) renal pelvis.

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. A) stratified squamous B) simple columnar C) pseudostratified columnar D) transitional E) simple cuboidal

D) transitional

The most abundant waste solute in urine is A) protein. B) uric acid. C) potassium. D) urea. E) creatinine.

D) urea.

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce A) a larger volume of urine. B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. C) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions. D) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions. E) urine with less glucose.

D) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day. A) 500 mL B) 2500 mL C) 25 mL D) 250 mL E) 1200 mL

E) 1200 mL

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? A) 1 B) 38 C) 63 D) 74 E) 99

E) 99

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include A) hydrogen. B) penicillin. C) creatinine. D) potassium ions. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves A) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). B) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. C) a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts. D) a properly functioning nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of A) the nephron loop. B) the proximal convoluted tubule. C) the collecting duct. D) the distal convoluted tubule. E) both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.

E) both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.

Secretion of hydrogen ion by the DCT is by the process of A) diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport. E) countertransport.

E) countertransport.

The ability to consciously control urination depends on your ability to control which muscle? A) bulbospongiosus B) internal urethral sphincter C) detrusor D) trigone E) external urethral sphincter

E) external urethral sphincter

Major calyces are A) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. B) basic functional layers of the kidney. C) expanded ends of nephrons. D) the expanded ends of renal pyramids. E) large tributaries of the renal pelvis.

E) large tributaries of the renal pelvis.

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except A) urea. B) uric acid. C) creatinine. D) hydrogen ions. E) proteins.

E) proteins.

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the A) renal sinus. B) renal papilla. C) renal medulla. D) renal cortex. E) renal pelvis.

E) renal pelvis.

Describe filtrate. A) similar to blood plasma without proteins, hormones, glucose, and amino acids B) similar to cerebrospinal fluid C) similar to blood plasma D) similar to cerebrospinal fluid without proteins E) similar to blood plasma without proteins

E) similar to blood plasma without proteins

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except A) active transport. B) facilitated diffusion. C) secondary active transport. D) osmosis. E) stem cell movements.

E) stem cell movements.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "renal papilla"? A) granular tissue separating renal pyramids B) final urine enters here C) initial filtrate enters here D) releases renin E) tip of the medullary pyramid

E) tip of the medullary pyramid

How does ADH increase the concentration of urine? A) It causes the appearance of aquaporins in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct. B) It causes the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and thin descending limb of the nephron loop to become impermeable to water. C) It prevents facultative water reabsorption. D) It causes the DCT and collecting system to become more impermeable to water.

A) It causes the appearance of aquaporins in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct.

Renal columns are A) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. B) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule. C) expanded ends of the ureters. D) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. E) the basic functional units of the kidney.

A) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

Which structure is composed of a layer of collagen fibers that covers the entire outer surface of the kidney? A) fibrous capsule B) renal fascia C) peritoneum D) perinephric fat capsule

A) fibrous capsule

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure? A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure B) capsular hydrostatic pressure C) capsular colloid osmotic pressure D) blood colloid osmotic pressure E) urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure

A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure

The process of filtration is driven by A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure. B) active transport. C) blood colloid osmotic pressure. D) renal pumping. E) facilitated diffusion.

A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration? A) hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure) B) colloid osmotic pressure of blood C) gravity

A) hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to A) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. B) decrease secretion of aldosterone. C) increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. D) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. E) decrease urinary albumin concentration.

A) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

Antidiuretic hormone A) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. B) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood. C) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine. D) is secreted by the anterior pituitary. E) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.

A) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the A) renal corpuscle. B) nephron loop. C) collecting tubule system. D) renal pyramid. E) renal papilla.

A) renal corpuscle.

The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the A) trigone. B) vasa recta. C) lamina propria. D) rugae. E) detrusor muscle.

A) trigone.

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg. A) 60 mm Hg B) 35 mm Hg C) 25 mm Hg D) 50 mm Hg

C) 25 mm Hg

Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane. A) sodium ions B) glucose C) albumin D) amino acids E) urea

C) albumin

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. A) 480 B) 180 C) 125 D) 18 E) 1.8

B) 180

Describe how blood enters and leaves the glomerulus. A) Blood enters by the segmental arteries and leaves by the segmental veins. B) Blood enters by the afferent arteriole and leaves by the efferent arteriole. C) Blood enters by the renal artery and leaves by the renal vein. D) Blood enters by the cortical radiate arteries and leaves by the cortical radiate veins. E) Blood enters by the interlobar arteries and leaves by the interlobar veins.

B) Blood enters by the afferent arteriole and leaves by the efferent arteriole.

Explain why blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries than in other systemic capillaries. A) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole drains into peritubular capillaries. B) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole. C) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the distal convoluted tubule constricts the afferent arteriole. D) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because less proteins enter the afferent arterioles. E) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the kidneys are in close proximity to the renal arteries.

B) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole.

A glomerulus is A) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron. attached to the collecting duct. B) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. C) the middle segment of the renal tubule. D) the expanded end of a nephron.

B) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

The afferent arteriole in the kidney A) empties directly into the calyx of the medulla. B) carries blood to the glomerulus. C) carries blood from glomerular capsule to the nephron loop. D) returns blood to the inferior vena cava. E) is also known as the descending limb of the nephron loop.

B) carries blood to the glomerulus.

The detrusor muscle A) moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter. D) functions as the external urinary sphincter. E) surrounds the renal pelvis.

B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

The condition called ________ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes. A) incontinence B) dysuria C) pyelonephritis D) renal calculi E) urinary retention

B) dysuria

The nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons have an important function that other parts of the nephron do not share. What is this function? A) secretion of drugs and toxins B) establishing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla C) reabsorption of glucose D) reabsorption of water and ions

B) establishing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla

The structure known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus is located near the A) the proximal convoluted tubule. B) glomerulus. C) the collecting duct. D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) renal papilla.

B) glomerulus.

What is(are) the driving force(s) for filtration in the nephron? A) hydrostatic pressure gradients B) hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients C) osmotic pressure gradients

B) hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients

Which structure filters the blood? A) proximal convoluted tubule B) renal corpuscle C) nephron loop D) collecting duct

B) renal corpuscle

Which of the following is greater? A) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the nephron loop (loop of Henley) B) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henley) C) The concentrations at the top and bottom are identical.

B) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henley)

What is the function of the vasa recta? A) to collect water and solutes reabsorbed by the nephron and deliver other solutes to the nephron for secretion B) to collect and transport water and solutes within the renal medulla in association with the juxtamedullary nephron C) to collect blood from the capillaries of nephrons D) to return blood to the inferior vena cava

B) to collect and transport water and solutes within the renal medulla in association with the juxtamedullary nephron