APA Format & Citations
Page header: do NOT include the words "Running head:" Abstract: centered, at the top of the page Write a 150- to 250- word summary of your paper in an accurate, concise, and specific manner.
Abstract page
• Summarizes scientific literature on a particular research topic! • Includes: • a title page, • introduction, and • a list of references
Types of APA Papers- The literature review
-Stylistics (Typing Format) -In-text citations -References (Sources)
What does APA regulate?
-The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social sciences.
What is APA Style?
-Label figures with an Arabic numeral and provide a title. The label and the title appear on the same line below the figure, flush-left . -You might provide an additional title centered above the figure. -Cite the source below the label and the title.
figures
title page abstract main body references
four major sections
-In-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the References section of the paper. -Whenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis: the author's name and the date of publication; for quotations and close paraphrases, provide the author's name, date of publication, and a page number
in-text citation basics
When citing a work of unknown author: • use the source's full title in the signal phrase • cite the first word of the title followed by the year of publication in parenthesis. According to "Indiana Joins Federal Accountability System" (2008) OR ("Indiana," 2008) Titles: Articles and Chapters = " " Books and Reports = italicize
in-text citations
When citing an electronic document, whenever possible, cite it in the author-date style. If electronic source lacks page numbers, locate and identify paragraph number/paragraph heading.
in-text citations: electronic sources
When citing an organization: • mention the organization the first time you cite the source in the signal phrase or the parenthetical citation. • If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.
in-text citations: organization
-When citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc., include the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. -Do not include personal communication in the reference list.
in-text citations: personal communication
When quoting: • Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase • Include the author's name, year of publication, and page number • Keep the citation brief—do not repeat the information
in-text citations: quotations
-When citing authors with the same last names, use first initials with the last names. (B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008) -When citing two or more works by the same author and published in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) after the year of publication to order the references. Smith's (1998a) study of adolescent immigrants...
in-text citations: same last name/author
-Provide the author's last name and the year of publication in parenthesis after a summary or a paraphrase. -Include the author's name in the signal phrase, followed by the year of publication in parenthesis. -When including the quotation in a summary/paraphrase, also provide a page number in parenthesis after the quotation:
in-text citations: summary or paraphrase
-When the parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them in the same way they appear in the reference list— the author's name, the year of publication—separated by a semi-colon.
in-text citations: two or more works
-When citing a work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis. (Harklau, Siegal, & Losey, 1999) -In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses. (Harklau et al., 1993)
in-text citations: works with 3-5 authors
-When citing a work with six and more authors, identify the first author's name followed by "et al." Smith et al. (2006) maintained that.... (Smith et al., 2006)
in-text citations: works with 6+ authors
-When citing a work with two authors, use -In the signal phrase, use "and" in between the authors' names -In parenthesis, use "&" between names
in-text citations: works with two authors
Language in an APA paper should be: • Clear: be specific in descriptions and explanations • Concise: condense information when you can • Plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and minimize figurative language
language
-Number the first text page as page number 3 -Type and center the title of the paper at the top of the page -Type the text double-spaced with all sections following each other without a break -Identify the sources you use in the paper in parenthetical, in-text citations -Format tables and figures
main body
• upper left- hand corner: TITLE (typed in all caps) • upper right-hand corner: page number
page header
-Center the title (References) at the top of the page. Do not bold it. -Double-space reference entries -Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines -Order entries alphabetically by the surname of the first author of each work
reference page
-Invert authors' names (last name first followed by initials) • EX:Smith, J.Q. -Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word. EX: The perfectly formatted paper: How the Purdue OWL saved my essay. -Capitalize all major words in journal titles -Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals -Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections
references basics
-Label tables with an Arabic numeral and provide a title. The label and title appear on separate lines above the table, flush-left and single-spaced. -Cite a source in a note below the table.
tables
• typed, • double-spaced, • have 1" margins, • use 10-12pt. Standard font (ex. Times New Roman), and • be printed on standard-sized paper (8.5"x 11")
typed format
