APCompGov China

Nixons 1972 trip to china

"the week that changed the world" step on the path to normalizing relations US President Nixon toured schools, hospitals, met with Mao furthered the China-USSR split

Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty

1271 - 1368 AD founded by Kublai Khan bureaucracy and Confucian thought so important to Chinese politics and culture that they remained in place when foreigners ruled

Ming Dynasty

1368-1644 AD period in which Europe has Renaissance, explores overseas China still leads the world in science, has the capability of industrializing, but doesn't why?

Communist Consolidation

1949: Chinese Civil War ends with Communist takeover of Beijing People's Republic of China proclaimed by Mao KMT remnants under Chiang fled to Taiwan

Civil Society (NGOs)

1990s: govt allows NGOs to register ping-pong clubs, environmentalist groups, sports clubs some focus on social issues like legal reform or AIDS

shang dynasty

1st political leaders. ~1796 BC - ~1046 BC 2000 years before European countries appeared in their earliest forms written Chinese first appears in 1200 BC, 100 years before Phoenician alphabet decentralized; lots of warfare between rivals

political participation: CCP internal struggles

2 main factions populists / Youth League sometimes called "tuanpai" led by Hu Jintao, includes Li Keqiang worked their way up the ranks of CCP populism, equality, reform, fix social safety net. 2 main factions elitists Jiang Zemin and Xi Jinping subgroups: princelings / "crown prince faction" Shanghai clique pushed for membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) economy over equality. some indications that these factions may be weakening and both coalescing around President Xi historically, these factions follow a process of fang-shou: "tightening up, loosening up" cycle of power

National Party Congress (NPC)

2,280 members "elects" the Central Committee used to be one name ballots, since 1982 "more candidates than seats" somewhat like an American political party's nominating convention used to introduce/change Party's platform historically has met irregularly, but today meets every 5 years 20th Party Congress will meet in 2022

Central Committee

204 members "elects": the Politburo and the Politburo Standing Committee the General Secretary one name ballots

Politburo

25 members meets ~once a month meets in the Zhongnanhai headquarters of the Communist Party next to the Forbidden City in Beijing in reality, power lies with the much smaller Politburo Standing Committee (PSC)

Central Military Commission of the CCP

7 members Party's military wing usually chaired by the same person who is General Secretary

Politburo Standing Committee

7 members the top political leadership of China similar to a governing Cabinet each member is responsible for a set of policy areas that roughly correspond to a Cabinet minister led by the General Secretary of the Communist Party these people decide the names on all those "one name ballots" real power flows downwards from here

Linguistic differences cleavage

8 different language groups 100s of dialects most variants of Chinese read the same written language, but many are unintelligible to each other when spoken Official language: Mandarin Chinese other major languages: Cantonese Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian, Tibetan, Uighur Chinese govt has attempted to impose Mandarin as the standard

Chinese Civil War Began

Chiang's KMT begins suppressing the CCP KMT main support = cities, urban population forces CCP into countryside begins the Long March

historical development possibilities

China called itself the "Middle Kingdom" (the center of the world) foreigners were "barbarians" almost always assumed there was little to learn from other cultures in 20th century, still using 2,000 yr old bureaucratic Confucian tests. economically, colonization and entrepreneurship not seen as advantageous during this period bureaucracy had made many rich, discouraged investment in other activities - why threaten your own class' power in society? lack of competition success of China's centralization of power became a weakness unlike Europe, no rival powers in the region could challenge the Emperor little incentive to innovate, colonize, pursue new technology = "high-level equilibrium trap" labor was so cheap and trade so efficient that investing in more efficiency would have little value

Judiciary (state) Supreme people's court

China had no functioning national legal system while Mao was in power no criminal code until 1978 still subservient to the Party instead of rule of law, "rule by law" (Hong Kong and Macau have separate legal systems) HK: British common law Macau: Portuguese civil law

Judiciary Branch (state) "Kill the chicken to scare the monkey"

China regularly uses judicial system as political tool Executes about 5,000 people per year more than every other country combined Crimes which carry the death penalty? Long list. These crimes often used as cover to punish political opponents System of hard labor camps maintained examples: Liu Xiaobo (2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner) Ai Weiwei (artist and govt critic)

Qin dynasty

China's first unified state, 221 - 206 BC period of political centralization: non-hereditary officials appointed to govern provinces currency minted standard weights and measures roads, canals, parts of Great Wall

Mao's death in 1976

Communist Party cleans up damage 1981: Cultural Revolution and Great Leap Forward re-interpreted by government 1979: US establishes full diplomatic relations with China, severs ties with Taiwan

linkage institutions: political parties

Communist Party is the sole link to power one party system

Repression and recognition religious cleavage

Communist Party used to actively discourage religion Now they only seek to control it Official state versions of religions: Buddhist Association of China Chinese Taoist Association Islamic Association of China Three Self Patriotic Movement (Protestant) Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association. crackdowns on unofficial versions of religions special, focused persecution of the Falun Gong religious group Founded by Li Hongzhi in 1992 Govt saw as threat and crackdown 10,000 held as political prisoners

Democratic vs. Authoritarian Bureaucracy

Democratic: bureaucrats have discretionary power, allows them to make small policy decisions appointed, not elected, serving as a source of stability between governments. Authoritarian: head of govt exercises vast control over bureaucracies bureaucrats more likely to receive jobs through patronage (favors/loyalty to leaders) than merit (can exist in dem. systems too)

Opening of China

Deng Xiaoping now in power pursued modernization instead of ideology "Whether a cat is black or white makes no difference. As long as it catches mice, it is a good cat." expansion of foreign investment and trade Mao's destruction of state institutions made these reforms easier

PE: features of a socialist market economy: household responsibility system

Deng reform which required individual families to take charge of marketing and growing crops after paying taxes, they could consume the rest resulted in more production and the development of private agricultural industry

Social cleavages

For now, China has pacified and/or crushed any particularly divisive cleavages, but many are simmering just below the surface How will Xi handle these in the future?

PL Hu Jintao (2002-2012)

Formative experience: Cultural Revolution Careers of political elite: "Experts"; engineers and technocrats Continued the new norm of 2 terms and voluntary surrender of power Main constitutional contribution: Scientific Outlook on Development Titles: Gen Sec, President, CMC

PL Jiang Zemin (1989-2002)

Formative experience: Great Leap Forward Careers of political elite: "Experts"; engineers and technocrats handpicked by Deng; first to stick to 2 terms and voluntarily surrender power Main constitutional contribution: "Three Represents" Titles: Gen Sec, President, CMC

PL Deng Xiaoping (1979-1989

Formative experience: Long March Careers of political elite: "Reds", peasants and workers responsible for modernization and opening of China Titles: Vice Premier of State Council, CMC

PL Mao Zedong (1935-1976)

Formative experience: May Fourth Movement Careers of political elite: intellectuals and peasants Still remembered as the "founding father" of the PRC Titles: Chairman of the Politburo, Central Military Commission (CMC)

PL Xi Jinping (2012-)

Formative experiences: Tiananmen Square father was an original revolutionary Careers of political elite: academics and entrepreneurs Main constitutional contributions: abolished 2 term limit "Xi Jinping Thought" in 2018 "essence of Chinese culture", 2021 Titles: Gen Sec, President, CMC

Chinese Tech companies

Huawei 2019: arrest of CFO Meng Wanzhou in Canada surveillance fears (5G?) Alibaba founder Jack Ma e-commerce, web portals, films, etc artificial intelligence

Urban/rural cleavages

Hukou system has resulted in strong urban/rural cleavage the rural migrants are sometimes looked down upon and unable to move up the ladder of society many have called for reform of the system, but has not happened yet

PE: one-child policy

Instituted in 1979 Applied only to Han Chinese, exceptions for minorities some permitted to have second child if first child was a girl interesting effect on women's position in society. ~400 million births prevented began to be phased out in 2015 and replaced with two-child policy in 2016 has had an effect on the population of China, and thus the economy long term shrinking working population Chinese motivation in changing the policy = economy

two rival groups

Kuomintang (KMT) leader: Sun Yat-sen 1st president of RoC aided 1919 May Fourth Movement student protests called for modernization, rejecting foreign powers, and breaking with traditional values including Confucianism. Chinese Communist Party (CCP) formed in 1921 by former student leaders of May Fourth Movement weaker than the KMT resist not only foreign exploitation but also local warlords Marxist-Leninist

Religious Cleavages

Largely related to the ethnic divisions mostly unaffiliated Chinese folk religion often includes a mix of Confucian tradition, Taoism, and others

Rise of Mao

Mao Zedong (1893-1976) born to peasant in Hunan province as a youth studied Western political works by Smith, Darwin, Rousseau became radicalized at Peking University in Beijing when father cut off his financial support befriended youth leaders and professors who were former revolutionaries inspired by the success of Lenin with peasant class in Russia founding member of the CCP

Cultural Revolution 1966-76

Mao concerned about straying from true communism said the Party had "taken the capitalist road" encouraged patriotic communists to "bomb the state" attack the state institutions mostly appealed to students. Red Guards groups of student radicals took to the streets to root out anti-communists many authorities purged teachers, party leaders, even parents tortured, imprisoned, killed, or sent to the countryside for "re-education" "bourgeois" art and religious imagery destroyed. even national leaders in high positions forced out Deng Xiaoping purged (twice). during this time, Mao forms a cult of personality to reignite the "flame of perpetual revolution" publication of the "Little Red Book", Quotations from Chairman Mao

Long March (1934-1935)

Mao forced to lead 100,000 Communist forces 6,000 miles deep into country Mao appealed to peasants along the way built CCP strength on peasantry considered to have been a brave march by dedicated patriots, proving Mao's leadership foundation of the Red Army

Uyghurs cleavage

Muslims of Turkish descent living in Xinjiang some militant separatist groups have sprung up which want to create an Islamic govt 2009: riots in Urumqi, the capital based around the death of two Uighur workers in Chinese custody govt used this as excuse to crackdown Uyghurs often face interpersonal discrimination outside the region

China

Official name: People's Republic of China Population: 1.4 billion Foundation: 1949 GDP: $11.94 trillion Major cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Guangzhou

Secretariat

Party's internal bureaucracy executes Party policy and distributes propaganda

PE: features of a socialist market economy: bamboo capitalism

Party-owned "private businesses" / "red capitalists" heavy regulation, but price controls lifted much more growth than state industries 1980: 80% state owned / 1996: 20% today ~40% of Chinese GDP from state owned businesses

Population movement

Rapidly urbanizing population Govt policies tend to benefit cities more since early 2000s Rural areas struggle with jobs, healthcare, high central taxes has resulted in mass migration to the cities made difficult by the hukou system hukou = residency permit it is not illegal to move without a hukou BUT, without a hukou one cannot have access to healthcare, pensions, unemployment, college education in the area Example: 1/3rd of Beijing's population is without a hukou

PC Nationalism

Resistance to imperialism distrust of "foreign devils" has made China cautious with its dealings with other countries since the "century of humiliation" Opium Wars Surrender of Hong Kong and Macau Japanese Invasion and World War II

PE: economic problems: pollution

Shanghai and Beijing have the most polluted air in the world China is leading polluter in the world Under Xi have taken steps to reduce emissions (Paris Agreement) results in acid rain falling on Japan and Korea

Ethnic cleavages

Significant source of tension in China China's main ethnic group: Han Chinese. Significant source of tension in China 56 officially recognized nationalities 6-9% of population belongs to ethnic minorities BUT, 60% of China's land area consists of the five autonomous regions Guangxi (Zhuang) Inner Mongolia Ningxia (Hui) Tibet Xinjiang (Uyghurs)

Soviet support

Soviet support both groups received Soviet support, though KMT deemed more likely to succeed - 1928: Sun dies, succeeded by Chiang Kai-Shek leader of military wing of party shed all pretense of democracy RoC becomes authoritarian

Tibetans cleavage

Tibet conquered by China in 1950s Forced the Dalai Lama into exile Remains a spiritual and political leader to many pro-independence Tibetans 2008: on 49th anniversary of a failed uprising, protests break out China instituted a large crackdown, has not eased up since

PE: features of a socialist market economy (Maybe) Beijing consensus

a rival to the post-WW2 "Washington consensus" on the world economy state-led capitalism very different from neoliberal free markets found in West

Maoism

admired Marx more than Lenin emphasized the "mass line": central feature of Maoism required leaders to keep communication with ordinary peasants and lower class modern democratic centralism: the decisions of central leaders "for the people"could not be challenged. Hundreds Flower Campaign and The great leap forward. Mao returned to spotlight after plotting a comeback within the Party, despite Deng's wishes began Cultural Revolution in 1966

PE: foreign relations: regional comprehensive economic partnership

after US cancelled Trans-Pacific Partnership free trade deal (which excluded China) free trade agreement among Asia-Pacific countries, led by China excludes the US

Bureaucracy

agencies which implement government policy Characteristics: non-elected positions with formal qualifications appointed by leaders based on expertise impersonal, efficient structures built to accomplish goals hierarchical organization everyone answers to a higher official "red tape" many, many procedures; when bureaucracies grow very large they can become less efficient. focused on harmony among people of different statuses/positions encouraged the emperor to fulfill his duty to the people democratic centralism the belief in a small group of leaders who make decisions for the people

PE: features of a socialist market economy: Special economic zones

areas set aside on coasts to lure foreign investment regulations relaxed famous example: Shenzhen

executive (party): general secretary

assumed most of the powers of the Chairman Chairman position abolished after Mao's death to prevent anyone from rising above the Party again leader of the Communist Party since early 1990s, usually the same person holds the state offices of: President of the People's Republic Central Military Commission Chairman

Hundred Flowers Campaign

attempt at encouraging public dissent and criticism ended with dissenters being removed from authority positions initially inspired by Khrushchev's de-Stalinization eventually saw USSR reforms as retreat from communism poor relations with USSR

Great Leap Forward (1958)

attempt to push towards full communism decentralized industrialization from national level to a series of local communes little direction led to inefficiency "backyard furnaces". agricultural and industrial output declined led to widespread famine those opposed to the Great Leap labelled as "counter-revolutionaries" and killed or jailed 23-55 million died in face of tragic results, Mao stepped down as head of state in 1959 (still head of CCP, though) orchestrated by high ranking officials, including Deng Xiaoping industry re-centralized and production back under state control

Civil Society Difficult to monitor

civil society has begun to spread and become more difficult to completely control coffeehouses, nightclubs, video game cafes, internet lounges somewhat controllable through state corporatism a political system in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the state or dominant political party organizations approved by and monitored by the Chinese govt a form of co-optation

Maoism PC

collectivism struggle and activism mass line egalitarianism self-reliance

PC Deng Xiaoping Theory

combination of socialist planning and capitalist free market

local government (highly centralized with limited devolution)

complex makeup of society + geographic diversity + "opening" of China has forced the central govt to devolve **some** powers in last 30 years specifically, some economic powers. local governments have no power to tax do have power of property and licensing only source for local govt to raise revenue some have used this power to seize land from local residents in turn, they sell that land to developers and share in the profits results in large factories, shopping malls, office buildings, corruption, pollution, and even ghost towns. roughly 200,000 estimated annual local protests over pollution and corruption in response, Chinese govt has experimented with local democratization and devolution 1980s: rural villagers can vote by secret ballot for county-level people's congresses later they were allowed to elect village committees and village heads early 2000s: ~600,000 villages conducting local elections majority of administrative divisions do not have much autonomy mayors / governors appointed by Beijing Autonomous Regions need permission from PSC. half of Chinese people live in these rural villages, so what now? some local leaders have begun to demand the ability to elect local party secretaries, who have the real power hasn't happened yet so far, political liberalization has not "trickled up" - will it?

PC Chinese Dream

contributed to Chinese political culture by Xi Jinping "to dare to dream, work assiduously to fulfill the dreams and contribute to the revitalization of the nation" involves: collective effort, economic prosperity, and national glory

People's Liberation Army (PLA) (institution)

controlled by Central Military Commission of the CCP remember Mao's quotes on political power and guns? comprised of the Army, Navy, Air Force, etc. has been a crucial part of modern Chinese political history: Long March (lent early legitimacy to the Communist govt) helped curb the excesses of the Red Guards during Cultural Revolution crushed protests in Tiananmen Square Today, has been made subordinate to core leadership of the Party 2 million+ members (largest in world)

Legistlative (State) National's people congress

don't confuse with the other NPC (the National Party Congress) unicameral elections held every 5 years chosen by provincial people's congresses ~3,000 delegates from provinces but also interests (military, industry, minorities, etc) meet for about 2 weeks to "elect" a standing committee of ~150 members top member must be on CCP's PSC (Party control). constitutionally given the power to pass laws and amend the Constitution in practice, never has had an independent role in policymaking somtimes a venue for dissenting opinions to be expressed / opposing votes to be cast mostly "rubber stamp" approves members of State Council, but never turns them down

Confucianism

emphasized: fixed hierarchical roles meritocracy obedience to authority Chinese civil service developed as a group of educated men tested rigorously through exams focus on bureaucracy would not emerge elsewhere for 100s of years

Han dynasty

expansion of the state, 206 BC - 220 AD international trade exploration and conquest way ahead of Europe in science, timekeeping, math, astronomy rise of Confucianism

state institutions

filled with members of the Communist Party who also hold posts in Party institutions executive, legislative, and judicial branches

Europeans reach China by sea in 1514

for first time since Mongols, foreign powers challenge China Portuguese, British, others interactions closely controlled by China during 1500s/1600s centuries

Japanese Invasion 1937

forced KMT and CCP to form uneasy national defense alliance still fought each other, but cooperated in fight against Imperial Japan marks beginning of World War II in Asia

Political economy: under mao

had a command economy an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government Mao's iron rice bowl cradle to grave provisions from govt has changed drastically since Deng's reforms now accurately described as a socialist market economy "socialism with Chinese characteristics"

Exective (state) Premier

head of government current office holder: Li Keqiang (2013 - present) leads the State Council Recommended by the Party's Central Committee formally elected by National People's Congress never turned down the CC's recommendation recently has served two 5 year terms alongside each president sometimes referred to informally as "prime minister" usually the 2nd ranking member of the PSC

Executive (state): President

head of state by itself, completely a symbolic office usually held by General Secretary used to have 2 term limit of 5 years each abolished in 2018 current office holder: Xi Jinping (2013 - present)

Historical development

much of Chinese history dominated by dynastic cycles long periods of rule by one family, followed by a period of chaos leading to another family taking over families ruled by the "mandate of heaven" divine right given by ancestral wisdom guides the empire from above

PE: foreign relations: belt and road initiative

named for ancient silk road Ambitious project to develop infrastructure in developing countries of Africa, Asia, Central Europe, Latin America cost = $4-8 trillion

PC Patron-clientelism

network of informal relationships decides who will be next in power Chinese term for this dynamic of "connections": "guanxi" usually not apparent to outside observers, but massively important

Post-Mao China

no discussion of Three "T"s will China be able to maintain a system like this? for now, seem to have reached a "social contract" with (some of) the Chinese people

politcal participation: elite recruitment

nomenklatura Chosen through guanxi (patron-client network) a "good old boys" club Based on personal ties, but also ideological and factional differences within Party happens at all levels of govt, even local

Taiwan

official name: "Republic of China" still maintains its own sovereignty liberal democracy unrecognized by any major state in the world future reunification?

Uyghur re-education camps cleavage

officially "Vocational Education and Training Centers" "re-education" operate outside of legal system 1-2 million detained "correct thought" or " cultural genocide"? US declared genocide, 2020 forced labor

political participation: CCP

one-party system the largest political party on earth (95 million members) only those deemed fully devoted to Communism can join membership is growing Most new members recruited from Youth League 81 million YL members ages 14-28. elites are party cadres those whose careers depend on Party loyalty Deng's reforms technocrats have come to prominence individuals with technical training chemists, engineers, economists, historians women: 22% of National People's Congress, 1 in Politburo, none ever on PSC.

Tiananmen Square.

open economy, closed politics. Despite the "opening", political reform lacking 1989: Tiananmen Square protests, Beijing ("6/4") student groups ('89 Democracy Movement) protest for greater rights and freedoms 1 million people in square at high point of protests 400 other cities had similar protests. 1989: Tiananmen Square protests, Beijing ("6/4") put down when tanks sent in 300,000 Chinese troops mobilized ~180 to several thousand killed in cities across the country officials who supported or helped organize protests purged one of the most heavily censored topics in China today

Party Institutions

operated and filled by nomenklatura membership based on factions and personal relationships within Party posts gained through patron-client relations aka, "patron-clientelism" an exchange among actors of unequal power or status an ongoing power relationship which must often be renegotiated and renewed

Political culture (confucian values)

order, harmony, and hierarchy - everyone has their place The "Middle Kingdom" - China is essential to humanity and better than other countries education and bureaucracy both integral to the strength of the Chinese state creates tension with minority ethnicities and surrounding countries

1982 Constitution

passed under Deng Xiaoping's leadership establishes a "socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship" removed all references to the Cultural Revolution present in Mao's 1978 version established a "freedom of religion" removed from "foreign domination". vests authority in both the Party and state offices usually the same people hold positions in both political power not highly institutionalized power still based more on personal relationships than strong institutions loosely sticks to institutional precedent of recent decades

PE: economic problems: floating population

people without proper hukuos (migrant laborers) raises crime rates in cities discrimination and immigrant blaming

Legistative (State) State council

primary institution for daily government activity also has State Council Standing Committee oversees the work of China's 25 bureaucratic ministries economy, foreign affairs, education, science, technology, Family Planning Commission, People's Bank of China, etc historically, was in charge of China's Five Year Plans and Two Year Plans (the economy) took a cue from the USSR's failures and began economic reform early, gave up control of some sectors

1911 Revolution fall of imperial china

public revolts and international drama led to empire's collapse China declared a republic chaotic period followed of regional warfare Republic of China lasts from 1912-1949

PE: one country, two systems

reform proposed by Deng upon the Chinese reunification with Hong Kong and Macau established special administrative regions economy and politics even different currencies mainland China = renminbi (RMB/¥) HK = Hong Kong dollar ($) Macau = pataca (MOP/$)

Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

roots out corruption and maintains Party loyalty

PE: features of a socialist market economy: township and village enterprises

rural industry run by local govt and private entrepreneurs collective enterprises

Opium War

series of conflicts in which Britain forced its way into Chinese trade Britain had been illegally selling opium grown in India in Chinese ports. decisive British victory outcome: Britain gets exemption from Chinese law 5 port cities opened to foreign trade (UK, US, France, Germany, Japan) China cedes Hong Kong island.began about a 100 year period of international embarrassment "the century of shame" beginning of modern Chinese history

Japanese Invasion (WWII)

source of China's renewed focus on military strength today protecting the homeland ~4 million military dead ~17 million civilian dead Nanjing Massacre = 300,000 massive modern Chinese distrust of Japan

Link: the media

state owned or heavily censored Chinese Central TV (CCTV) Xinhua News Agency (state owned) each city has its own local pro-CCP paper everything highly regulated by govt Reporters without Borders: "world's largest media predator"

PE: economic problems: inefficiency of the state sector

still 40% of the GDP, plagued by corruption and inefficiency caught in trap too many workers would lose jobs if they failed govt almost forced to continue support for state companies

PE: economic problems: unemployment and inequality

still high rate of poverty; GDP per capita $10,500 (2020)

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

the last dynasty of China early 1800s - Britain begins to push for more trading rights in Chinese ports, but they are rebuffed

Political geography china

third/fourth largest country on earth: 3,705,407 sq mi Capital: Beijing Important geographic features:

silk road

trading network stretching from Europe to China during Mongol period China took control of routes from Muslim caliphates in Middle East wealth and dominance of world trade

PC Corruption

truly affects all levels of govt used as excuse to purge opponents, too Xi's "flies and tigers" corruption campaign ex: arrest of Bo Xilai in 2013 ex: life sentence for Zhou Yongkang (PSC) in 2015

instiution overview

unitary system authoritarian regime executive, legislative, judicial branches, but with "organizational parallelism" geographic subunits broken down into: 23 provinces* 4 provincial-level cities (municipalities) 5 autonomous regions 2 special administrative regions (SARs)

Paramount Leader

used to refer to the most powerful politician in China, regardless of their official title informal

Link: social media

vast censorship of the internet 940 million users (2021) "Great Firewall of China" huge limits/bans on various websites Chinese versions sprang up in 2000s like: Weibo Chinese "twitter" 2012: govt bans anonymous posts 2021: 573 million monthly users WeChat voice and text messaging 2021: 1.2 billion users daily

People's Liberation Army (PLA) (history)

war weakened KMT bolstered the CCP Red Army/PLA gained admiration/loyalty from Chinese peasantry birth of Chinese communism through peasant guerilla warfare contrasts the Soviet experience (intellectual urbanites) PLA/CCP show new state in the making