APE Mid term studyguide
The european voyages of the fifteenth century were derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the ...
Indian Ocean Trade
A striking feature of the salons was that...?
It brought different people from social groups together.
How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and anti-slavery delegates?
It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.
What purposes were served by sumptuary laws?
to have luxery.
Congress of Vienna
was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars
Thomas hobbes
was an English political philosopher that held power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war
Olympe de Gouges
was one of the first women to fight for equal rights
What was the result of the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century?
A new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives
When speaking of "moral economy" historians are referring to ...?
A vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit
Charles Fourier, a utopian socialist, envisioned mathematically precise communities called "phalanxes" and also urged...?
Abolished marriage, unions based on love and sexual liberty
Describe the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of europeans and africans to the americas between 1500 and 1800?
About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans.
On the Iberian Peninsula, what was the social positiom of african slaves?
African slaves intermarried and sometimes intermingled with whom they lived among
How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to eighteenth century?
Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion
How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?
As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar.
Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?
Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established...?
By violent revolution.
Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because...?
Community pressure to marry when the woman became pregnant.
Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of...?
Debt Peonage.
Desiderius Erasmus
Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as...?
Emperical research
How did europeans initially justify the enslavement of africans?
Enslavement benefited the Africans by bringing the ideas and beliefs of Christianity/enlightenment to them.
Which of the following characterizes the role of europe in the system of the world trade prior to the voyage of columbus?
Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations.
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior
In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty?
Extensive cultivation of the humble potato and also Because all those so many people in Ireland work for it made sense to marry because a couple can manage world property better then one living alone and children meant more hands in the field
How did frederick william I , king of prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?
Frederick William I ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could finally return home and serve as army reservists.
What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?
French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain.
The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also...?
Gave british merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with british colonists
Edict of nantes
Granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns.
Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?
Great Britain seeked to raise taxes on its American Colonies because Great Britain had to pay off the national debt they caused.
The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that...?
He believed that the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.
Why was John Wesley's Methodism particularly appealing?
He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it.
John Calvin
He was a Theologian and a journalist. He was a great " spiritual and political leader". He established " a religious government. With his religious government he executed. Wanted " no other art than music" that could not have instruments. He became leader in Geneva in 1555
How did the turks expansions of the ottoman empire and their conquest of the byzantine empire and its capital constantinople in 1453 influence european exploration?
It forced Europeans to search for alternate trade routes to China, bypassing the overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire.
The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included...?
It included everyone who was not a noble or a member of the clergy
What was the effect of France's Constitutional Charter in the post-Napoleonic period?
It secured most of the grains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the French Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom
17th century dutch east india company
It took over much of the East Indies from Portugal.
Mercantilist theory
It was a belief that economic activity should be regulated by the state; for the state.
Early renaissance italian art.....
It was more emotional and people in the natural state
The reformation in england was primarily the result of what
It was primarily the result of the Dynastic and Romantic concerns of Henry VIII
In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that...?
Landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently
How did the peace of utrecht resolve the problem of the problem of the succession to the spanish throne?
Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.
Louis XV damaged the sense of his sacred authority by...?
Louis XV damaged the sense of his sacred authority by...?
What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?
Luther began to understand the power of the printing press and authorized the publication of his works.
How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?
Luther gained a more wide spread audience for reform ideas, and others began to challenge the churches practices and teachings.
What occurred during the Hundred Days in France?
Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly.
What changes around 1300 permitted a significant expansion in the movement of goods?
Newer and better ships
What characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?
Peasants were basically free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.
Why did a unified italian state fail to develop in the the fifteenth century?
Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state.
The industrious revolution was a result of...?
Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to be used to buy consumer goods
What characterizes the response of various religous perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus' hypothesis?
Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century
The primary cause of the english glorious revolution was...?
Religious and political conflicts , the fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II
Settlers from the massachusetts colony dispersed into new communities such as connecticut and rhode island because...?
Religious disputes arose among the colonies
Martin luther's docterine of salvation
Salvation through faith alone
Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?
Several thousand Parisian women
By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society believed what about their circumstances?
That they divided them between the Europeans so they could expand there territory and trading routes
How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?
The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities.
The Chartist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded...?
The Chartist movement demanded Universal male suffrage.
What caused the life-and-death political struggle between the Girondists and the Mountain?
The Girondists' more moderate policies
How did the National Assembly respond to the hopes and expectations of Saint-Domingue's different social groups?
The National Assembly granted political rights to free people of color born to two free parents who possessed sufficient property.
Social consequences of peter the great's bureaucratic system
The People that were not of noble origin were able to rise to the higher positions.
How did the encomienda system function?
The Spanish Crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.
By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?
The central government harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effort.
What was the fate of most people brought before the imquistion and accused of witchcraft?
The fate was that they were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance to basically cleanse themselves.
How did magellan's circummavigation of the globe affect spanish colonization?
The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead.
What did Count Henri de Saint-Simon believe in the nineteenth century?
The key to progress was proper social organization.
What characteristic distinguished the English Parliament from the other representative assemblies?
The king could not tax without parlments conset and there was only one assmebly
Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor?
The members of the national convention believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed.
Junkers
The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, they were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state. After being persuaded by Frederick William the "Great Elector", they asked for reconfirmation of their own privileges, including authority over the serfs. Having won over the Junkers, the king crushed potential opposition to his power from the towns. One by one, Prussian cities were eliminated from the estates and subjected to new taxes on goods and services.
Who benefited from the black death?
The poor they were able to get new jobs and better pay
The guiding force behind cardinal richelieu's domestic policies was ...?
The subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy
What did the treaty of tordesillas accomplish?
The treaty divided the Atlantic ocean, to which gave Spain control of everything west of an imaginary not existent line and Portugal east of the line
The Abbé Sieyès considered the third estate...?
The true strength and heart of the french nation.
Who made up the Loyalist faction in the American Revolution?
The wealthy and politically moderate
During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve?
The workers had demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms
What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists?
Their utopian schemes were not realistic.
During the great schism, how did the powers of europe align themselves?
They allined themsleves with uraban(a powerful pope in rome) or clement( a avilogion pope)
As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity?
They banned all women's political activity, which they believed to be disorderly and a distraction from women's proper domestic duties.
What were the achievements of the avignon popes before the Great schism?
They forced clement v to settle in avaloin and the popes lived there rather than rome
The statute of kilkenny attempted to do what?
They were trying to save the colony in Ireland form becoming to Irish
What was the result of the "June Days" in France in 1848?
Triumph of the republican army under General Louis Cavaignac.
Composers in the Romantic Movement...?
abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions.
How did French armies during the French Revolution offer a mixed message to the people they conquered?
armies were abolishing feudalism where they went, but they were also plundering for food and jewels there as well
How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?
by recruiting disillusioned revolutionaries for the network okf ministers, prefects, and centrally appointed mayors that depended on him and came to serve him well
What did italian humanists stress?
classics, to learn about human nature
Peace of Augsburg
depending on the preference of the prince they had, the people of Germany either became Lutheran or Catholic
Why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people?
emphasized a warm and emotional religion
Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to...?
find the unique greatness of every people in the folk culture, to basically look for the differences and build on them.
How did the French provisional government respond to the worsening depression and rising unemployment in 1848?
gave employment for public works workers
According to Machiavelii, government should be judged on what?
government should be judged on whether it provided order
How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself in 1830?
guaranteed civil liberties and promoted colonialist charter
How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?
initially pleased with the weakening of France, then threatened by its increasingly radical message
What was the Republic of Letters?
it gave the option for philosopes to communicate. Mostly men communicated. ( they were hand written letters.)
The spanish inquistion was an attempt to do what?
it was an inquisition to remove Jews and Muslims
Political power in the dutch republic
it was controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy merchants and businessmen
What english weapon provided an advantage against the mounted french knights in the battles of Poiters and agincourt?
longbowmen
Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because...?
of a love of Greek classical culture.
The dissolution if the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the...?
power of the state over the church.
French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the...?
prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France.
In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. What did this mean in terms of political practice?
the Representatives became only land owning men
What reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?
the right to vote for all men
What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?
the two were equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property.
France supported the protestant princes of germany in order to accomplish what?
to Prevent Charles V from increasing his power
