APEH Chapter 17

Ivan IV

set up secret police, the most powerful of the early czars. Learned, religious, and cruel. Saw treason everywhere and arrested, exiled, or excecuted many advisors, reduced boyars power, increased Russia's trade with western Europe and worked to expand borders, conquered Mongul lands to the east and south of Moscow

Hohenzollern

German royal family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their control to Prussia (1525). Under Frederick I (ruled 1701-1713) the family's possessions were unified as the kingdom of Prussia.

Yaroslav the Wise

Yaroslav I; Russian leader - built many churches and introduced Russia's first law code

Great Northern War

Russia vs. Sweden. Russia had Poland, Denmark and Saxony as allies. Treaty of Nystad is where Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its Window on the West in the Baltic Sea

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

Charles XII of Sweden

(ruled 1697-1718). The King of Sweden, he assumed the throne at the age of 18. Upon assuming the throne, Charles faced war from Russia, Poland, Saxony (a state in the Holy Roman Empire), and Denmark. The resulting war was called the Great Northern War, and it consumed the entirety of Charles' reign.

Palace of St. Petersburg

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Leopold I

A Hapsburg ruler who ruled from 1658-1705. He built the Schonbrunn Palace. He also defeated the Turks and gave Hungary to the Hapsburgs.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)

Battle of Poltava

After a decisive Russian victory at Poltava in 1709, greatly reduced the threat of the Swedish armies, Peter moved in high gear and wanted to build a city like no other in the world, the St. Petersburg. (587)

War of Austrian Succession

Conflict caused by the rival claims for the dominions of the Habsburg family. Before the death of Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor and archduke of Austria, many of the European powers had guaranteed that Charles's daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him.

Ivan III

The Russian ruler who who started calling himself czar. He made the final break from the Mongols in 1480 and started a long line of rulers.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. (p. 526)

Prussian Junkers

The nobility and the landowning classes known as the "Junkers" dominated The Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia. Frederick William I grab for power brought him into considerable conflict with the Junkers. In his early years, he even threatened to destroy them; yet, in the end, the Prussian nobility was not destroyed-but enlisted-into the army. Responding to the combination of threats and opportunities, the Junkers became the officer caste. The Great Elector weakened the powers of the Junkers (572-575)

Ghengis Khan

The title of Tem?jin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the 'oceanic' or 'universal' leader. Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire. (p. 325)

Frederick William the Great Elector

This was the man who starting absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia under one ruler.

Oprichnina

an aggregate of territory that was administered separately from the rest of the state and put under Ivan Grozny's immediate control as crown land.

Siege of Vienna

failed attempt by Ottoman Empire to invade Europe, ever since Europe had to fear/keep peace with Ottoman Empire - farthest Westward advance into Central Europe of the Ottoman Empire, and of all the clashes between the armies of Christianity and Islam might be signaled as the battle that finally stemmed the previously-unstoppable Turkish forces

Habsburgs

family dominated politics in German states; lands came to encompass Spain, Austria, Low Countries, and New World territories; stayed in and increased power through election and marriage, until WWI

Time of Troubles

followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.

Vikings

one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century

Frederick I

the son and successor of Frederick I who disliked French ways and got rid of most of its luxury and used the saved money to strengthen Prussia by doubling the size of its army and makign it the most efficient fighting force in Europe. He also created an efficient government bureaucracy and encouraged trade and the development of new industries. He required that all parents send their children to school.

Frederick William I

the son and successor of Frederick I who disliked French ways and got rid of most of its luxury and used the saved money to strengthen Prussia by doubling the size of its army and makign it the most efficient fighting force in Europe. He also created an efficient government bureaucracy and encouraged trade and the development of new industries. He required that all parents send their children to school.