APES 5.8- Impacts of Overfishing and 5.16 - Aquaculture

Dragging large nets along the sea floor to catch shrimp, shellfish, and benthic fish.

Bottom-trawling

Often called "ghost-fishing" because these huge nets are left to float in the ocean by themselves for days, resulting in a large bycatch.

Drift-net fishing

What is meant by the phrase "fishing down the food chain"?

Humans are depleting larger fish stocks, leading to the harvesting of smaller and smaller fish.

According to the Environmental Defense Fund, which of the following fish are "best" choices for sustainability? I. Wild Alaskan salmon II. Chilean sea bass III. Farmed rainbow trout

I and III

Can be 80 miles long with thousands of baited hooks, often resulting in bycatch of many ocean fish species.

Long line fishing

Overfishing off the coast of this state has devastated cod fisheries.

Massachusetts

This bottom-dwelling species may never recover because too much of their habitat has been destroyed or degraded or there are too few survivors to find mates.

North Atlantic cod

Most commercial fish are caught in which ocean?

Pacific

Enclosing a school of fish with a large net, this method is used to capture yellowfin tuna.

Purse-seine fishing

Why is the bioaccumulation of harmful chemicals especially destructive in species such as salmon?

Salmon are a keystone species, meaning they are "key" in the health of the ecosystem(s) they inhabit.

Most coastal states require shrimping vessels to install T.E.D.s (Turtle Excluder Devices), which allow sea turtles to pass safely through the net, while still allowing the net to catch shrimp. What is this an example of?

a bycatch reduction device

The overfishing of the world's ocean fisheries is considered and example of:

a tragedy of the commons

Which of the following is the best illustration of the tragedy of the commons? a. Depletion of fishing stocks in the North Atlantic. b. Collective farming of wine grapes in communities in France. c. Using national forests for wood production and harvesting. d. Allocation of all nuclear wastes to one site in Nevada. e. Agreements among western ranchers to jointly manage common grazing land.

a. Depletion of fishing stocks in the North Atlantic.

Which one of the following proposals would NOT increase the sustainability of ocean fisheries management? a. establish fishing quotas based on past harvests b. set quotas for fisheries well below their estimated maximum sustainable yields c. sharply reduce fishing subsidies d. shift the burden of proof to the fishing industry to show that their operations are sustainable e. strengthen integrated coastal management programs

a. establish fishing quotas based on past harvests

For the 10-year period showing the greatest rate of decline, calculate the average rate of decline in tons per year. a. 6,000 b. 60,000 c. 80,000 d. 600,000 e. 800,000

b. 60,000

The graph illustrates a concept known as:

biological extinction

Which of the following practices is most damaging to species of coral?

bottom trawling

A chain is dragged across the seafloor, pulling a huge net behind it. A single pass of this net can remove up to a quarter of seafloor life. Repeated passes can remove nearly all seafloor life, including sessile animals and plants plus many species of fish and marine invertebrates. This type of fishing is known as:

bottom trawling or dredging

___ is the catching of nontarget species during a large-scale fishing operation.

bycatch

Identify the 10-year period showing the greatest rate of decline in the cod-fishing harvest. a. 1940-1950 b. 1950-1960 c. 1960-1970 d. 1970-1980 e. 1990-2000

d. 1970-1980

Which of the following is true of farm-raised salmon? a. They are more genetically diverse than their wild counterparts. b. They seldom escape from their containment areas. c. They have no impact on the quality of the water in which they are raised. d. They are often infected with parasites and sea lice. e. They are maintained at lower population densities than are wild salmon.

d. They are often infected with parasites and sea lice.

Which of the following is associated with fishing down the food chain? a. harvesting of all fish species b. the extinction of small fisheries c. harvesting of benthic organisms d. fishing for smaller and smaller fish due to the decline of larger fisheries e. selective breeding of fish species

d. fishing for smaller and smaller fish due to the decline of larger fisheries

The fish harvesting method in which a net hangs as much as fifteen meters below the water's surface and can be up to 55 km long is?

drift netting

Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) in fisheries management are similar to cap and trade quotas in air pollution management. Which of the following is NOT true of ITQs? a. ITQs show favor to those who have long term histories in the fishery b. fishermen with ITQs have a secure right to catch their quota c. if a fisherman with an ITQ cannot catch the quota he has the right to sell his quota at market prices d. if a fisherman with an ITQ chooses not to catch the quota he has the right to sell his quota at market prices e. ITQs often lead to intense competition, bigger boats, and more fishing hours

e. ITQs often lead to intense competition, bigger boats, and more fishing hours

Protecting marine biodiversity is difficult because: a. species living close to the shore are adversely affected by coastal development b. much of the damage is not visible to people c. much of the ocean lies outside of countries' legal jurisdiction d. the ocean is viewed as an inexhaustible source e. all of the above

e. all of the above

The data presented in the graphs, compiled by the FAO, describe world fish production from 1950 to 2003. Based on these data, which of the following statements best describe the global trend in fish production? a. the U.S. Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996 has successfully banned the catch of threatened fish species b. the use of individual transferrable quotas (ITQs) has led to the overfishing of wild species c. fish production through aquaculture exceeds fish production in the ocean d. as the human population continues to increase, the per capita wild catch also continues to increase e. as the human population continues to increase per capita farmed fish production also continues to increase

e. as the human population continues to increase per capita farmed fish production also continues to increase

Salmon fishing threatens the health of wild salmon stocks primarily because?

farmed salmon can spread parasites and disease to wild salmon

Marine fisheries are particularly susceptible to the "tragedy of the commons" because:

fish are highly migratory, so they don't belong to any one nation

Many ocean fisheries are declining in numbers, but often fishing boats are still filling their hulls. How is this possible?

fishing over a longer period of time

Bycatch refers to which of the following?

organisms that are unintentionally caught while fishing

The major cause for the decline in the worldwide catch of fish since 1990 is:

overfishing

Which of the following is a commonly cultivated aquaculture crop?

oyster

This type of fishing involves catching surface-dwelling species such as tuna, mackerel, anchovies, and herring, which tend to feed in schools near the surface or in shallow areas.

purse-seine fishing

What is the goal of marine-protected areas?

reduce stresses on fisheries by restricting some activities

The depletion of the world's marine fish stocks due to overfishing is a classic example of:

the tragedy of the commons

This method of fishing is used to catch fish and shellfish - especially shrimp, cod, flounder, and scallops that live on or near the ocean floor.

trawler fishing

What type of commercial fishing practice causes devastating damage to coral reefs and sea mounts due to the weighted nets that drag along the ocean bottom destroying habitats?

trawling fishing

What device has saved many thousands of sea turtles from shrimp trawlers?

turtle exclusion devices

Which of the following justifications do Japan and Iceland use to defend the continuation of their whaling?

whales are needed to conduct scientific research