APES
Which is not considered to be a factor in the current increase in extinction rates? a. habitat destruction b. natural selection c. overharvesting d. introduction of invasive species e. climate change
b. natural selection
Exotic species are always a. a threat to biodiversity b. a non-native species c. animals with no natural enemies d. unintentionally introduced e. illegal to purchase
b. non-native species
Tapeworms in the human gut are an example of a. predators b. parasites c. hosts d. commensalists e. prey
b. parasites
What characteristic best differentiates predators from parasites? a. predators feed on large prey, whereas parasites feed on small prey b. parasites live on or within their prey c. predators kill their hosts whereas parasites never kill their hosts d. parasites attack hosts from the inside e. parasites are much smaller than predators
b. parasites live on or within their prey
The aesthetic beauty of a forest is an example of: a. resilience b. a regulating service c. a cultural service d. a provision e. a support system
c. a cultural service
Which endangered population in the United States has benefited from a highly successful captive breeding program? a. California condor b. wolf c. bison d. Florida panther e. american alligator
a. California condor
which nation has recently experienced an increase in forested land? a. The United States B. Zimbabwe c. Brazil d. Ecuador E. Vietnam
a. The United States
Which species would be most vulnerable to environmental changes? a. Species with a large population b. niche generalists c. niche specialists d. species with rapid reproductive rates e. species with high genetic variation
c. niche specialists
Which North American Species was driven to extinction by over harvesting? a. dodo b. bold eagle c. passenger pigeon d. kudzu e. american bison
c. passenger pigeon
What is the purpose of an aqueduct? a. to protect river channels b. to store water c. to move water from one place to another d. to create wells e. to help fish migrate
c. to move water from one place to another
Which would not be considered when determining the fundamental niche of a species? a. re productivity rate b. pH tolerance c. temperature tolerance d. salinity e. soil moisture content
d. salinity
The aardvark, a nocturnal mammal, is widespread and abundant throughout Africa. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (ICN) considers the aardvark to a. a niche specialist b. an indicator species c. a threatened species d. species of least concern e. a near-threatened species
d. species of least concern
When an insect eats the lettuce seedings in your yard, it is engaging in A. parasitism b. ecosystem engineering c. mutualism d. commensalism e. herbivory
e. herbivory
Which organization keeps the ¨Red list¨ of worldwide threatened species? a. The United Nations, Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) b. The Nature Conservancy c. The Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) d. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) e. The Environmental Protection Agency
. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
A dike is a. a barrier that runs across a river or stream to control the flow of water b. an enlarged bank build up on each side of a river c. the body of water created by damming a river or stream d. a canal or ditch used to carry water from one location to another e. a structure built to prevent ocean waters from flooding adjacent land
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As a result of an agreement reached in 2009, flow levels in the Klamath River will be a. decreased because of planting crops that require less water b. increased because of diverting water from elsewhere in the state c. increased because of improved irrigation technology and plants that require less water d. increased because residents have agreed to draw less water for household use e. decreased for ten years then increased as desalination plants are build
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Half of the worlds desalinated water is produced in a. the middle east b. Asia c. South America d. Australia e. Europe
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In an artesian well a. water sinks deep underground as a result of pressure b. water in infiltrated by sediment c. there is no recharge source d. water under pressure rises to the surface without pumping e. salt infiltrates freshwater
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Migratory behavior of salmon in the Pacific Northwest is assisted by a. fish ladders b. warmer temperatures c. cutting trees along the river banks to promote warmer temperatures d. cutting new migration channels parallel to rivers e. building new dams
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The water table is a. located anywhere water is visible on the surface b. located where streams and lakes intersect c. the uppermost level at which water fully saturates rock or soil d. all the water in a particular watershed e. located where water under pressure rises
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Use of water from the Ogallala aquifer in the Great Plains of the United States is not sustainable because: a. it is being polluted at a rapid rate by oil leaking b. it originated many centuries ago c. industrial use has fallen off but household use has expanded d. household use has fallen off but industrial use has expanded e. is is recharged more slowly than it is being used
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Water from an aquifer naturally percolates up to the surface a. in a well b. in a spring c. in a cone of depression d. in the water table e. in a recharge
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Water-poor countries increasingly obtain fresh water by a. transporting glacial water b. building levees c. free trade d. desalination e. aqueducts
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Where is Earths freshwater found? a. one quarter is below ground as permafrost b. three-quarters is groundwater c. one half is above ground and one-half is below ground d. three-quarters is above ground in ice and glaciers e. one half is groundwater
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Which describes a benefit of dams? 1. creates a reservoir for drinking water 2. powers turbines that generate electricity 3. improves salmon migration a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 1 and 2 d. 1 and 3 e. all of the above
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Which is NOT the result of constructing a dam? a. impediment to fish migration b. displacement c. reduction of fossil fuel use d. reduction of seasonal flooding e. reduction of sedimentation
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where do we typically see saltwater intrusions into freshwater aquifers? a. in coastal areas b. in mountainous areas c. on the Great Plains d. in forested areas e. along rivers
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Reverse osmosis is preferable to distillation as a method of desalination because a. it produces less salty brine and is therefore less damaging to wildfire b. the salt it produces can be deposited safely on land c. the salt it produces is safely returned to the ocean d. the equipment is more efficient and often less costly e. the water it produces is cleaner
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Which of the following is NOT true of the general pattern of succession, from a recently disturbed terrestrial site to stable, self-sustaining forest community? a. a decrease in the number of grass species occurs b. shade-loving tree species become dominant in the climax community c. pioneer species give way to perennial, long lived species d. carbon that is involved in photosynthesis increases e. total biomass tends to decrease.
A. a decrease in the number of grass species occurs
Which term does NOT describe a species that is present in an area where it does not normally occur? a. endemic b. non-native c. invasive d. alien e. exotic
A. endemic
non-local species that spread rapidly across large areas are known as: a. alien species b. invasive species c. exotic species d. native species e. endangered species
B. invasive species
Bees are important ecosystems and humans because they provide a. a regulating service through the pollination of crops b. intrinsic value to farmers c. a regulating service that increases crop yields d. a support system through the pollination of food crops e. a support system through promoting biodiversity of crops
C. a regulating service that increases crop yields
Which type of population distribution can help provide organisms with protection from predators? a. random distribution b. uniform distribution c. clumped distribution d. either random or uniform distribution e. either uniform or clumped distribution
C. clumped distribution
Which did NOT cause rapid growth in a population? a. elimination of a pollutant b. elimination of predators c. increase in food supply d. introduction of a new parasite e. introduction into a new habitat
C. increase in food supply
The population size (N) of Kenyan lions is: A. the maximum number of lions that can survive in Kenya B. the estimated number of lions living within each square mile in Africa C. The estimated number of lions living in South Africa D. the number of lions born in Kenya over the past 50 years E. The estimated number of lions in Kenya during the time of measurement.
C. the estimated number of lions living in South Africa
You are on a town committee formed to determine the borders for a new local nature park. You explain that according to the theory of island bio geography, if the committee wishes to promote species richness it should: 1. increase the size of the park 2. decrease the distance between the park and a nearby protected forest 3. isolate the park by building a wall around its borders a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 and 2 e. all of the above
D. 1 and 2
The Golden bamboo lemur is a species of lemur that is endemic to a small area in Southeastern Madagascar. The Golden lemur´s diet is exclusively composed of young bamboo shoots. Habitat loss is a major concern for the species because 1. the golden bamboo lemur is a niche specialist 2. the golden bamboo lemur has many predators 3. the golden bamboo lemur has a specific diet a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 and 3 e. all of the above
D. 1 and 3
A population of mushrooms is experiencing exponential growth. When graped this population would display an ____-shaped curve since the population _____ limited by resources. a. S; is always b. S; is not currently c. J; is D. J; is not currently e. J; is always
D. J; is not currently
A Koalas diet is mainly composed of eucalyptus leaves. Although eucalyptus leaves are low in nutrional value and poisonous to many animals, koalas inhabit eucalyptus woodlands and generally sleep on the trees themselves. In this example the koala is most likely: A. A niche generalist b. a community specialist c. a habitat specialist d. a niche specialist e. a habitat generalist
D. a niche specialist
When all vegetation is removed from a site by human activity or by natural forces such as volcanic activity, _______ species are the first to colonize its site. a. prokaryotic b. pioneer c. climax d. deciduous e. eukaryotic
D. pioneer
Which is NOT a type of inter specific interaction? a. symbiosis b. predation c. competition d. speciation e. mutualism
D. speciation
Cycloclasticus is a genus of bacteria that consumes hydrocarbons, which are a major component of all forms of oil. Cycloclasticus populations have been increasing recently in the Gulf of Mexico following the BP Deep water Horizon oil spill. Assume that an oil spill of 500 liters can sustain 20,000 Cycloclasticus bacterium. If there was a 2,000 liter oil spill, what would be the carrying capacity for Cycloclasticus bacterium? A. 20,000 B. 40,000 C. 60,000 D. 80,000 E. 5,000
E. 5,000
Which endangered species has suffered inbreeding depression because of population size? A. prairie dog B. African lion C. grizzly bear D. Asian grass carp e. Florida panther
E. Florida panther
The intrinsic growth rate of a population: A. is the number of yearly births in a population B. is the number of yearly births minus the number of yearly deaths in a population C. is the minimum number of births likely to occur in a population under ideal conditions D. is the maximum potential for growth in a population under ideal conditions E. is the maximum potential for growth in a population given limited resources
E. is the maximum potential for growth in a population given limited resources
Which factor is NOT typically density-dependent in an animal population? A. nesting sites b. food c. water d. shelter from cold e. severe storms
E. severe storms
At the start of a study there were 200 spotted salamanders in an old-growth forest patch in western Oregon. Over the next year a biologist tracking the salamanders saw that 25 new salamanders hatched and 5 died. What was the population growth growth rate for that year? a. 0.1 b. .125 c. 20 d. 25 e. 0.2
a. 0.1
How might a meteorite landing on Earth lead to a worldwide mass extinction? a. a collision would produce a dust cloud that blocks sunlight, reducing photosynthesis b. a collision would crush a large number of organisms, reducing population sizes c. a collision would destroy a large area of habitat, reducing population sizes d. a collision would increase global temperatures rapidly and populations would not be able to adapt e. a collision would produce a large dust cloud, reducing overall air quality.
a. a collision would produce a dust cloud that blocks sunlight, reducing photosynthesis
When mosquitoes are very abundant in an area, purple matins flock to that area and specialize on them. When mosquito populations are not large, purple martins go elsewhere. The movement of the birds is related to: a. a density-independent factor b. a density-dependent factor c. ecosystem carrying capacity d. community carrying capacity e. both ecosystem carrying capacity and community carrying capacity
a. a density-independent factor
Which could be a non-anthropogenic reason for a decline in the number of wild species? a. a loss of genetic diversity b. an increase in the range of phenotypes c. deforestation from clear-cutting d. water pollution from a power plant e. a housing boom
a. a loss of genetic diversity
Some species mimic the coloring of similar species that are toxic. The mimic species: a. also secretes toxic chemicals as a chemicals defense b. is in a parasitic relationship with the toxic species as a behavioral defense c. is using camouflage as a morphological defense d. is adopting the appearance of the toxic species as a morphological defense e. is involved in a mutualistic relationship with the toxic species as a behavioral defense.
a. also secretes toxic chemicals as a chemical defense
The most severe effect resulting from loss of insect species globally would likely be a. an increase in disease vectors b. a reduction in water quality c. an increase in soil erosion d. a loss of aesthetic value e. a decline in food crop pollination
a. an increase in disease vectors
A brightly colored insect that is poisonous to predators is using a. chemical defenses only b. morphological defenses only c. behavioral defenses only d. morphological and chemical defenses e. behavioral and chemical defenses
a. chemical defenses only
Two species that have a high degree of niche overlap will a. compete intensely b. speciate c. interbreed d. be a predator-prey pair e. coexist peacefully
a. compete intensely
The debate about how to preserve biodiversity, given limited resources, is known as a. concentric ecology b. single large of several small c. bio geographic isolation d. genetic bottle necking e. meta population corridor control
a. concentric ecology
Which aquatic species provides a habitat for thousands of other species? a. coral b. bottle nose dolphins c. sea urchins d. manta rays e. clown fish
a. coral
A larger preserved area of land generally contains ______ biodiversity, and makes species ______ susceptible to extinction, as compared to a smaller area of land. a. greater; less b. less; greater c. greater; greater d. less; less e. edge habitats
a. greater; less
Increased emissions of CO2 has led to an increase in ocean acidification. This increase in ocean acidicication (decrease in pH) can cause calcium carbonate to dissolve, and therefore disrupt the ability of marine organisms to make or protect shells. What does this example illustrate? a. how climate change can decrease marine biodiversity b. how climate change can increase marine biodiversity c. how artificial selection operates in marine biodiversity d. how natural selection affects survival e. how calcium carbonate bio accumulates in the ocean
a. how climate can change can decrease marine biodiversity
Which is NOT an example o two organisms in a mutualistic relationship? A. humans and the protozoa that cause malaria b. flowering pants and their pollinators c. cows and the bacteria in their guts d. fungi and algae within a lichen e. nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legume plants
a. humans and the protozoa that cause malaria
Which factor would lead to the most rapid rate of evolution? a. large population size b. genetically modified organisms c. natural selection d. long generation time e. low genetic variation
a. large population size
The ____ growth model is used to predict the growth of populations that are subject to density-______ constraints, such as increased competition for food, water, or nest sites. A. logistic; dependent b. logistic; independent c. exponential; independent d. exponential; dependent e. exponential; carrying capacity
a. logistic; dependent
The roots of many plants are infected with a specialized fungus. The plant supplies carbon to the fungus, and the fungus supplies nutrients to the plant. How can this relationship be classified? a. mutualistic b. commensalistic c. parasitic d. successional e. competitive
a. mutualistic
Because the black rhinoceros is a keystone species a. removal of the rhinoceros would cause drastic changed in the ecological structure of its community. b. it is the largest organism in its community c. it lives in large cooperative herds that dominate other species in its community d. it eats more than any other species in its community e. its populations are large than populations of other organisms in its commmunity
a. removal of the rhinoceros would cause drastic changes in the ecological structure of its community
Which species was originally brought to North America to consume excess algae? a. silver carp b. cheetah c. spotted owl d. zebra mussel e. coral
a. silver carp
Which pair would most increase the rate of evolution within a species? a. slow environmental change and high genetic variation b. rapid environmental change and large population size c. long generation times and low genetic variation d. large population size and slow environmental change e. short generation time and small population size
a. slow environmental change and high genetic variation
a population of rabbits, introduced to an island, has rapid growth for a few years and then slows. What is a likely reason for this pattern? a. the carrying capacity has been reached b. the sex ratio has changed c. immigration has diminished d. the intrinsic growth rate has changed e. the population has experienced a die-off.
a. the carrying capacity has been reached
In the United States, which agency is responsible for monitoring the import of threatened species as well as administering the Endangered Species Act? a. The fish and wildlife service b. the environmental protection agency c. the forest service d. the national park service e. the nature conservancy
a. the fish and wildlife service
Madagascar and the Seychelles are both islands in the western Indian Ocean. Madagascar is over 1,000 times larger than they Seychelles. Using the theory of island bio geography an ecologist would predict that: a. there is greater species richness on Madagascar b. there is less species richness on Madagascar c. there is a higher species density in the Seychelles d. the species richness is the same on both islands e. there are more niche specialists in the Seychelles
a. there is greater species richness on Madagascar
What is the IUCN label for species that are at a high risk of extinction? a. threatened b. declining c. near-threatened d. species of special concern e. endemic
a. threatened
If a population of 100 birds increases to 120 birds in a year, what is its rate of growth? a. 0.16 b. 0.20 c. 1.2 d. 2 e. 20
b. 0.20
According to the principles of island bio geography, what increase island biodiversity? 1. increased proximity to the mainland 2. increased island size 3. increased amount of edge habitat a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 c. 3 only d. all of the above e. 2 and 3
b. 1 and 2
Glacier National Park is one of Americas most beautiful and pristine national parks. Within the park itself, human impact is severely limited through a permitting process. Around the park, the mountainous region serves as a natural laboratory for many scientific experiments related to climate change and glaciers. Sustainable logging sites are located even further away from the park´s epicenter. This is an example of a. conversation land b. a biosphere reserve c. a scientific reserve d. an ecosystem reserve e. edge habitats
b. a biosphere reserve
All of the populations of organisms within a given area make up: a. an ecosystem b. a community c. a trophic level d. a biosphere e. a genus
b. a community
Which would result in the highest rate of evolution a. a rapidly changing environment b. a population with high genetic variation c. a long generation time d. few variations of phenotype and genotypes e. drastic changed to the environment
b. a population with high genetic variation
When a spruce tree is harvested so the wood can be used to build a house, the tree is providing a. a cultural service b. a provision c. an intrinsic value d. a monetary unit e. a regulating service
b. a provision
The Dust Bowl that occurred on the Great Plains in the 1930s was caused by a. sand deposition b. a severe drought c. salt water intrusion d. a loss of floodplains e. flooding
b. a severe drought
What is the best way to connect separate populations in order to promote gene flow? a. catch and release programs b. captive breeding in zoos c. habitat corridors d. an increase in edge habitat e. introduction of exotic species
b. captive breeding in zoos
A close interaction between two different species, in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected is called: a. mutualism b. commensalism c. parasitism d. mimicry e. predation
b. commensalism
river barriers such as dams cause species endangerment because of a. exotic species introduction b. habitat alteration c. direct ecploitation d. pollution e. commercial harvesting
b. habitat alteration
How does water diversion from rivers affect the environment? a. there may be more recreational activities on the river, which causes pollution b. in an estuary fed by the river, salinity decreases as sea water is able to encroach c. the lakes that feed the rivers may have more fish d. the salinity of lake waters fed by the river may decrease e. in an estuary fed by the river, salinity increases because sea water is able to encroach.
b. in an estuary fed by the river, salinity decreases as sea water is able to encroach
Which of the species was intentionally introduced in the Southeastern United States to control erosion? a. Zebra mussel b. kudzu vine c. dodo bird d. honeybees e. brown-headed cowbird
b. kudzu vine
A biologist who studies interactions at the community level investigates interactions between: a. organisms of one species b. populations of more than one species c. animals of one species d. social animals e. ecosystems
b. populations of more than one species
Which best describes the effect of bright coloration in prey? a. predators are not affected by bright coloration in prey b. predators have learned that bright-colored prey are often toxic c. predators associate bright coloration in prey with a high-quality food source d. predators often mistake brightly-colored prey for flowers e. predators tend to follow brightly-colored prey
b. predators have learned that bright-colored prey are often toxic
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is designed to: a. preserve seeds for a nation during war b. preserve species in the fact of declining plant diversity c. provide low-income farmers a medium of exchange for seed purchase d. store seeds in a warehouse that can be drawn upon during famines e. store surplus seeds that can be distributed to developing nations
b. preserve species in the fact of declining plant diversity
Over 12,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age, the Laurentide Ice Sheet began melting and retreating in North America. The melt water and glacial erosion created glacial lakes across the northern half of the United States. Following the formation of a glacial lake, algae and phytoplankton in the lake begin to grow and reproduce rapidly. This is an example of a. biodiversity b. primary succession c. secondary succession d. tertiary succession e. biogeography
b. primary succession
Items obtained from nature that humans can use such as lumber, medicines, and food crops are known as a. ecological benefits b. provisions c. supplies d. service values e. intrinsically valuable
b. provisions
Processes that help to balance the ecosystems, such as balancing nutrient cycling, are known as a. provisions b. regulating services c. support systems d. resilience e. cultural service
b. regulating services
On the slopes of the Appalachian Mountains, ecologists have studied some closely related salamander species for decades. when these salamander species live in separate valleys they tend to have very similar food size choices. When these species co-exist in a mountain valley, their food choices tend to differ, with some species selecting small insects and others selecting larger insects. This may be an example of: a. competitive exclusion b. resource partiontioning c. habitat fragmentation d. mutualism e. commercialism
b. resource partitioning
After a forested area is clear-cut, what type of succession occurs? a. primary b. secondary c. pioneer d. climax e. biome
b. secondary
_______ succession begins on bare rock after glaciers have passed, or on newly formed volcanic islands. a. primary b. secondary c. pioneer d. climac e. biome
b. secondary
Loblolly pine requires a minimum temperature to grow and thrive. Under current conditions, it is common in the Southeastern region of the United States. If average temperatures increase throughout the United States, how would you expect the distribution of the loblolly pine to change? a. spread south b. spread north c. spread east d. spread west e. not change
b. spread north
Traditionally, floodplains were very important for development of human habitation because a. rivers contain a good supply of fish for food b. when rivers overflow they deposit nutrient rich sediments for agriculture c. weather patterns are more predictable near rivers d. large grazing animals inhabited those areas e. rivers could be used for transportation
b. when rivers overflow they deposit nutrient rich sediments for agriculture
Which is an example of an alien species that was introduced by ballast water in ocean freighters? a. sea lamprey b. zebra mussel c. brown tree snake d. rats e. mongoose
b. zebra mussel
Which factor contributes to species endangerment? 1. habitat destruction 2. exotic species introduction 3. increasing human populations a. 1 only b. 1 and 3 c. 1 and 2 d. 3 only e. all of the above
c. 1 and 2
How many known mass extinction have occurred since the evolution of complex life 500 million years ago? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 7 e. 8
c. 5
Which are the worlds three largest rivers by volume? a. Yangtze, Congo, and Indus b. Yangtze, Amazon, and Tigris c. Amazon, Yangtze, and Congo d. Amazon, Nile, and Hudson e. Euphrates, Amazon, and Nile
c. Amazon, Yangtze, and Congo
Use figure 9-1. Which lake has a maximum depth of about 1,500 meters? a. Lake Superior b. The Caspian sea c. Lake Tanganyika d. Lake Baikal e. Lake Victoria
c. Lake Tanganyika
Human waste is often dumped in the ocean. Microbial organisms in marine ecosystems can break down organic waste into less harmful components. This is an example of a. a cultural service b. an ecosystem provision c. a regulating service d. an intrinsic value e. a biodiversity service
c. a regulating service
Which would least affect the ability of a species to adapt to a new environment? a. population size b. generation time c. amount of parental care d. genetic variation e. rate of environmental change
c. amount of parental care
Which group of organisms currently has the largest number of threatened species? a. rodents b. decomposing insects c. amphibians d. plants e. aerobic bacteria
c. amphibians
Which is NOT an example of an instrumental value of ecosystems? a. food b. medicinal products c. beautiful scenery d. timber e. insect pollination
c. beautiful scenery
Which might a predator use to catch its prey? a. mutualism b. warning coloration c. camouflage d. symbiosis e. coevolution
c. camouflage
The greatest threat to the northern spotted owl population is a. commercial salmon harvesting groups b. increased soil erosion near owl watering holes c. continues logging of old growth forests in the Pacific Northwest d. coal mining in the Ohio River valley e. acid deposition
c. continues logging of old growth forests in the Pacific Northwest
Many of the hot spots for biodiversity are located in ______ nations a. developed b. transitional c. developing d. industrialized e. post-industrial
c. developing
When the last member of a species dies, ______ has occurred a. selection b. endangerment c. extinction d. decline e. exclusion
c. extinction
Climate change poses a threat to niches of living organisms and to their survival. Niche ______ are more likely to survive changing climate conditions because ________. a. specialists; they have a variety of food sources and acceptable temperature ranges b. specialists; they are more populous on Earth c. generalists; they have a variety of food sources and acceptable habitats d. specialists; they have a larger quantity of available food sources e. generalists; they have less competition
c. generalists they have a variety of food sources and acceptable habitats
Scientific research has suggested that the overgrazing of livestock in Northern China has led to serious dust storms, which often reach Beijing. This is an example of how a. human activities increase greenhouse gas emissions b. human activities can prevent soils from degrading c. human activities can contributed to negative effects of droughts d. humans cause droughts to occur in the Tundra e. humans can prevent future droughts
c. human activities can contribute to negative effects of droughts
In Europe, half of all livestock breeds from 1900 are now extinct. Of the remaining livestock, over one third are currently at risk of extinction. This decline in livestock diversity is largely the result of: a. famines and droughts over the last century, which have limited the quantity of food b. natural selection of species in domestic settings, which has limited the quantity of food c. humans breeding only the most productive types of livestock, which has reduced livestock species d. climate change in Europe, which has caused many species to go extinct e. pesticide use across the continent, which has caused inbreeding depression
c. humans breeding only the most productive types of livestock, which has reduced livestock species
What is a disadvantage of desalination using the distillation method? a. the technology is not readily available b. it is a lot slower than other methods c. it is more energy intensive than other methods d. it produces more brine that the reverse osmosis process e. the water it produces is cleaner
c. it is more energy intensive than other methods
Why is the exotic plant kudzu able to grow uncontrollably? a. kudzu produces very little nectar to attract insects b. chemical defenses are non-existent in kudzu c. kudzu has no natural predators in the range in which it has been introduced d. Kudzu is camouflaged from herbivores e. kudzu grows so slowly that herbivores do not search for it
c. kudzu has no natural predators in the range in which it has been introduced
The U.S. Legislation designed specifically to protect organisms such as manatees, polar bears; sea otters, and sea lions is the a. Endangered Species Act b. National Marine Fisheries Act c. Marine mammal protection act d. Lacey act e. convention on the International trade or endangered species
c. marine mammal protection act
Which of the following is not a K-selected species? a. elephant b. human c. mouse d. panda e. zebra
c. mouse
Which of the following can increase the impermeability of land surfaces? 1. droughts 2. urban sprawl 3. rivers a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 and 2 e. all of the above
d. 1 and 2
Levees do which of the following? 1. prevent flooding 2. cause flooding downstream 3. prevent deposition of sediment on floodplains a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 2 and 3 e. all of the above
d. 2 and 3
Which is a density-independent factor that can limit population size? A. predation B. weather c. availability of nest site d. competition e. food quantity
e. food quantity
The American bison population at the time of European settlements was estimated to be about 70 million animals. Today the population is approximately 500,000 animals. By approximately what percent has the population of bison decreased? a. 50% b. 75% c. 1% d. 99% e. 9.9%
d. 99%
Use figure 9-1. According to the figure above, the lake with the largest water volume is a. Lake Victoria b. Lake Superior c. Lake Tanganyika d. Lake Baikal e. Lake Huron
d. Lake Baikal
Forgiving the debt of a poor nation in exchange for preserving bio diverse habitat falls under a. NAFTA b. the Montreal Protocol c. the Kyoto treaty d. a debt for nature swap e. a conservation easement
d. a debt for nature swap
A species that plays a major role in determining the structure of its ecological community is a. a predator b. a mutualistic species c. the most abundant species d. a keystone species e. an herbivore
d. a keystone species
Which group of organisms represents the largest number of species listen in the Endangered Species Act? a. Insects b. fish c. mammals d. amphibians e. plants
d. amphibians
The principle that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot occupy the same realized niche is called: a. coevolution b. mutualism c. primary succession d. competitive exclusion e. commensalism
d. competitive exclusion
A(n) _____ in species diversity is associated with a(n) ______ in the functions an ecosystem provides. a. increase; decrease b. decrease; exponential increase c. decrease; unobserved change d. decline; decline e. decline; increase
d. decline; decline
Which is NOT likely to characterize pioneer plant species involved in primary succession? a. able to tolerate intense sunlight b. able to tolerate low nutrient levels c. remains smal d. grows slowly, lives a long time e. produces many small seeds that can travel great distances
d. grows slowly, lives a long time
If two similar species each occupy a smaller niche when they live together than they would if they lived alone, they are said to be a. involved in succession b. partitioning resources c. coevolving d. increasing niche overlap e. engaging in mimicry
d. increasing niche overlap
The first plant community that forms on bare rock often includes organisms such as a. herbs and conifers b. broad-leaf trees and conifers c. grasses and weeds d. lichens and mosses e. woody shrubs and conifers
d. lichens and mosses
Which is NOT a reason for the international introduction of exotic species? a. control of native species b. control of soil erosion c. hunting or recreational opportunities d. reduction of over harvesting e. perceived aesthetic value
d. reduction of over harvesting
Which is not related to geographic isolation? a. the founder effect b. an island colonized by a new group of birds c. allopatric speciation d. sympatric speciation e. a population separated into two by a natural disturbance
d. sympatric speciation
In 1975, the American crocodile was put on the endangered species list after the population of the species dwindled below 300. However, by the mid-2000s, the population rebounded to over 2,000. As a result a. the statues of the species was changed to ¨least concern¨ b. the government increased resources to protect crocodile habitat c. there was a decrease in ecosystem services in the country d. the american crocodile was removed from the endangered species list e. there was a significant decrease in nearby alligator populations.
d. the american crocodile was removed from the endangered species list
Which poses the greatest obstacle to the protection of threatened or endangered species? 1. too much regulation 2. lack of international treaties to protect species 3. poor enforcement of laws a. 1 and 2 b. 2 only c. all of the above d. 1 and 3 e. 3 only
e. 3 only
Freshwater accounts for what percent of total water in the world a. 1% b. 3% c. 10% d. 20% e. 33% b. 3%
e. 33%
Which endangered species is associated with logging of old growth forests in the Pacific Northwest? a. mountain lion b. black footed ferret c. polar bear d. Roanoke log perch e. Northern spotted owl
e. Northern spotted owl
The aesthetic value of an ecosystem provides a. a supporting service b. monetary value c. a regulating service d. an intrinsic value e. a cultural service
e. a cultural service
Characteristics of an r-selected species include: 1. many offspring 2. fast population growth rate 3. short time to reproductive maturity a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 and 2 e. all of the above
e. all of the above
If you were studying the niche of a bird species, you might investigate a. the food it eats b. its predators c. the temperature it needs to survive d. the places where it builds its nest e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Resilience of ecosystems depends greatly on 1. the ecosystems cultural services 2. species diversity 3. the ecosystems instrumental value a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 and 2 e. all of the above
e. all of the above
A population of rabbits lives in a meadow with a depression that runs through the middle. The depression fills in with water and becomes a river that separates the population into two groups. Over a very long period the two populations develop into entirely different species, no longer capable of reproducing with each other. This is an example of: a. artificial selection b. mutation c. sympatric speciation d. the bottleneck effect e. allopatric speciation
e. allopatric speciation
An inbreeding depression can lead to: a. an increase in disease resistance b. a decrease in unviable offspring c. an increase in gene flow d. a decrease in species extinction e. an increase in the expression of harmful genetic mutations
e. an increase in the expression of harmful genetic mutations
Which is NOT an effective means for prey species to evade predators? a. mimicry b. warning coloration c. chemical secretions d. camouflage e. bright coloration
e. bright coloration
Which would not be a benefit of higher genetic diversity within a species? a. higher disease resistance b. more likely to survive environmental change c. increased access to beneficial traits d. more diversity of species e. less potential for inbreeding depression
e. less potential for inbreeding depression
A friend is choosing between two nearly identical houses .One house is on the shore of a lake, and the other is a mile away from the nearest lake. The house on the lake costs $6,000 more because of the _______ the lake provides. a. regulating services b. support systems c. resilience d. cultural services e. monetary value
e. monetary value
Which has NOT been de-listed or downgraded from endangered to threatened within the framework of the Endangered Species Act? a. bald eagle b. american alligator c. gray wolf d. gray whale e. northern spotted owl
e. northern spotted owl
The Lacey act was designed to a. provide framework for the trade of organisms b. encourage harvesting alien species c. inhibit the interstate commerce of illegally harvested species d. raise funds to promote to international conservation e. prevent the transport of invasive species across state lines
e. prevent the transport of invasive species across state lines
Scientists hypothesize that human activity could currently be the reason behind a _____ mass extinction a. second b. third c. fourth d. fifth e. sixth
e. sixth
According to figure 5-3, species A has a ______ range of tolerance in terms of pH because __________. a. larger; Species A has a higher level of species performance b. larger; Species B is more competitive c. larger; species B can only survive with a low variability of pH d. smaller; species A can only survive with a neutral pH e. smaller; Species A can only survive in a narrower pH band
e. smaller; Species A can only survive in a narrower pH band
What is one reason for a random distribution pattern among a particular species in a community? a. the species tends to form social groups b. the species is territorial c. resources are not limiting d. the species emits toxic chemicals e. the species is breeding
e. the species is breeding
What is one reason for an even distribution pattern among a particular species in a community? a. the species forms hierarchical social groups b. the species is breeding c. resources are not limiting d. members of the species mate for life e. the species is territorial
e. the species is territorial
The intrinsic value of an ecosystem is a. the value that humans for not recognize within an ecosystem b. the cost of maintaining and conserving an ecosystem c. the value of an ecosystem as determined through a cost-benefit analysis d. the value of an ecosystem dependent on human benefit e. the value of an ecosystem independent of any human benefit
e. the value of an ecosystem independent of any human benefit
Which is NOT a reason that populations of predators increase when populations of prey are high? A. predator nutrition is better b. it is easier to find prey c. the prey population may be weakened by competition for resources d. reproductive output may increase e. there is more competition among predators for prey
e. there is more competition among predators for prey
Exotic species often pose a threat to native species because a. they are more genetically diverse than native species b. they often cross breed with native species c. native species are vulnerable to the same parasites as exotic species d. they are more desirable for human use e. they can establish themselves quickly and become invasive
e. they can establish themselves quickly and become invasive
