APES Chapter 12
A weed is defined as a plant in a place where we do not want it to be by species of cultivated flower as any late successional plant as any plant favored by insect pests both as any late successional plant and as any plant favored by insect pests
as a plant in a place where we do not want it to be
All of the following are characteristic of Integrated Pest Management EXCEPT: attempt to move toward monoculture no-till agriculture use of genetically resistant stock attempt to control rather than complete elimination of a pest sparing and specific use of pesticides
attempt to move toward monoculture
Integrated Pest Management: considers effects of the pest-control method on the entire ecosystem will lead to increased pesticide use eliminates pests without any other environmental impact is concerned with the effects of insect pests on agricultural crops costs farmers more to control pests
considers effects of the pest-control method on the entire ecosystem
About one-third (~33%) of the Earth's land has climates that should produce deserts, but about 43% actually is desert. What one dominant force is believed to be the cause of this excess desert land? human activities global warming agriculture irrigation changing climates since the last Ice Age
human activities
Modern industrialized agriculture involves all of the following characteristics except: increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere increased decomposition of soil organic matter artificial use of fertilizer cultivation of subsistence crops major use of fossil fuels
cultivation of subsistence crops
Genetically modified crops: may have higher nutritional value than the original product. may be more susceptible to pests may produce an unexpected terminator gene in some consumers. have been largely banned in the United States. All of the above
may have higher nutritional value than the original product.
Sustainability of soils can be aided by all of the following EXCEPT: crop rotation terracing contour plowing monoculture plantings no-till agriculture
monoculture plantings
Soils with a very high sand content are not suitable for agriculture without modification because resistance to erosion by water of drainage capacity of poor water holding capacity resistance to erosion by wind high organic content
of poor water holding capacity
The carrying capacity of land for cattle grazing varies greatly with all of the following EXCEPT: soil type topography panorama soil fertility rainfall
paranoma
What is the difference between different ways of selective breeding and GMC using hybrid?
taking two organisms with strong characteristics and forcing them to mate while GMC is directly altering the genes of the organism
What are the two kinds of erosion?
water and wind
With contour plowing, the plowed furrows go straight downhill more fuel and time are involved than with traditional plowing acceptance of technique and widespread use in the U.S. are evident the plowed furrows are perpendicular to the slopes and horizontal erosion is increased
the plowed furrows are perpendicular to the slopes and horizontal
Soil erosion in agricultural settings can be primarily attributed to: parent material (bedrock) use of animal manure use of chemical fertilizers the plow global warming
the plow
Rice growers in California have responded to pressure to clean up their act in all of the following ways EXCEPT: increase the burning of stubble flooding fields in winter providing wetland habitat decrease water use by 32% decrease pesticide use by 98% switching to biodegradable pesticides
increase the burning of stubble
When did the Dust Bowl occur?
1930s
Which of these is true about Integrated Pest Management (IPM)? Farmers have to accept a certain amount of economic damage from pests. Plowing and IPM go hand in hand IPM is exclusive of pesticides IPM encourages a move toward monoculture IPM is the eradication rather than the supervision of pests.
Farmers have to accept a certain amount of economic damage from pests.
What uses selective breeding and has been around for a while?
GMC
What is the current GM...?
GMO
Where did the Dust Bowl occur?
Great Plains (Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma)
Agriculture can be linked to the threat of global warming by which of the following mechanism? I.fires used to clear land release ozone into the atmosphere II.use of fossil fuels by mechanized agriculture III.clearing of land leads to decomposition of organic matter and increased atmospheric CO2 III only I and III I, II, and III I only II only
I, II, and III
What is a / are major advantage/s of contour plowing? I.reduces topsoil erosion II.is more fuel efficient III.is more time efficient I and III I, II, and III I only II only III only
I, II, and III
Which of the following is a FALSE statement? Sustainability of soils can be aided by multiculture plantings. No-till agriculture involves not plowing the land. In agriculture, crop production can be sustained but the ecosystem may not be. In contour plowing, the land is plowed parallel to the slopes and as vertical as possible. The agricultural revolution enables fewer and fewer people to produce more and more food.
In contour plowing, the land is plowed parallel to the slopes and as vertical as possible.
Corn has been genetically modified to produce a BT toxin harmful to caterpillars feeding on corn leaves. What has been one of the most undesirable impacts from this genetic modification of corn crops? The corn crop is no longer commercially marketable. The genetically engineered corn genes have been ecologically transferred to potato crops. The caterpillars have already developed resistance to the BT toxin. It is no longer necessary to spray pesticide, putting retail merchants out of business. Other parts of the corn, such as pollen & fruit, also contain the BT toxin creating problems for non-targeted species.
Other parts of the corn, such as pollen & fruit, also contain the BT toxin creating problems for non-targeted species.
What is the relationship of overgrazing to desertification? Overgrazing results in barren exposed soil; if erosion continues, it contributes to desertification Overgrazing is caused by too fertile rangeland; desertification is caused by too fertile agricultural land Overgrazing is the destruction of boreal ecosystem; desertification is the destruction of desert ecosystem High temperatures bring about overgrazing; drought causes desertification Overgrazing is a synonym for desertification
Overgrazing results in barren exposed soil; if erosion continues, it contributes to desertification
Who is Earl Butz?
Secretary of Agriculture who decided to pay farmers for how many acres they grow.
How can low-level irrigation in arid areas lead to desertification? When irrigation water evaporates a toxic level of residue salts build up over time. Irrigation provides the oasis effect in the desert. Irrigation water leaches all of the nutrients from the soil. The artificial increase in surface water encourages establishment of drought resistant desert vegetation. Irrigating raises the ambient temperature of surrounding land.
When irrigation water evaporates a toxic level of residue salts build up over time.
A "superweed" is any plant growing where it is not wanted a hybrid plant whose growth, persistence, and resistance to pesticides would make it difficult to control a hybrid plant that can only be grown with fertilizer a plant that is needed by other plants to assist with nitrogen fixation a superior wild flower
a hybrid plant whose growth, persistence, and resistance to pesticides would make it difficult to control
Soil erosion became a national issue in the United States in the 1930's when intense plowing, combined with a major drought caused people to learn a lesson that has since prevented soil erosion the banishment of the plow eutrophication a large area of loosen soil triggering the Dust Bowl food insecurity
a large area of loosen soil triggering the Dust Bowl
What is a hybrid?
a result of selective breeding (corn and soybeans)
As the terminator gene is introduced into agricultural practices, it poses which of the following impacts? preventing genetically modified crops from spreading protecting the market for the corporation that developed the gene forcing farmers to purchase new seeds annually allowing the U.S. and some of its major corporations to control the world food supply all of the above
all of the above
How can farming change the biosphere? Agriculture changes land cover, resulting in changes in the reflection of light. Agriculture increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Agricultural fires affect climate. agriculture reduces biological diversity. all of the above
all of the above
The introduction of domestic herbivores into new habitats threatens with extinction native vegetation not adapted to introduced grazers brings in competition which jeopardizes resources for native herbivores spreads new diseases greatly impairs the land's capability for alternative uses all of the above
all of the above
Integrated pest management involves: eradication of all pests use of genetically engineered enemies cultivation of a lower diversity of crops application of highly specific chemicals use of intense land plowing to increase yields
application of highly specific chemicals
Meat producers prefer industrialized production of domestic animals to traditional grazing because feedlots: do not have negative environmental effects lead to damage of vegetation through overgrazing are economical for rapid production of good quality of meat do not require an intense use of resources all of the above
are economical for rapid production of good quality of meat
What does biological control control?
bbt, lady bugs, pheromone
Nicotine, from the tobacco plant is the primary agent in some insecticides. This type of natural plant pesticide has been shown to: be comparatively safe be more effective than needed target a single, specific species be highly toxic to all living organisms remain in the soil for years
be comparatively safe
Which of the following terms refers to a set of methods to control pest organisms by using natural ecological interactions: traditional ranching contour plowing biomagnification biological control no-till agriculture
biological control
Use of predators, parasites, and competitors for pest control defines which of the following? secondary pest outbreaks biological pest control effective methods for controlling malaria game ranching integrated waste management
biological pest control
The type of soil at a particular site depends on many factors. Which of the following is not a factor influencing the soil type? biological activity parent material climate slope biomagnification
biomagnification
DDT was used very widely until we discovered DDT was not very soluble in water therefore not readily transported from origin of application DDT was stored in fats and oils allowing the chemical to be transferred biologically pests can develop resistance to pesticides its short-term effect on targeted species was not very accurate both DDT was stored in fats and oils allowing the chemical to be transferred biologically and pests can develop resistance to pesticides
both DDT was stored in fats and oils allowing the chemical to be transferred biologically and pests can develop resistance to pesticides
The terminator gene A. is DNA from Arnold Schwarzenegger B. forces farmers to purchase seeds annually C. is expressed in worn or diseased cells D. makes seeds from a crop sterile both b and d
both b and d
Which of the following is likely to minimize soil erosion? no-till agriculture weed control with herbicides contour plowing deforestation both no-till agriculture and contour plowing
both no-till agriculture and contour plowing
Where does soil from erosion go? to mouths of rivers as sediment to air as dust to retail nursery as bagged soil both to mouths of rivers as sediment and to air as dust it does not go anywhere, soil erodes in place
both to mouths of rivers as sediment and to air as dust
What is eutrophication?
building of nitrogen and water
Which of the following is NOT a part of integrated pest management (IPM)? using biological controls such as ladybugs using cultivation techniques to minimize the spread of pests completely eliminating all pest populations in an ecosystem using genetic engineering to develop pest-resistant crops use of certain chemical pesticides
completely eliminating all pest populations in an ecosystem
In the recent past, the single most effective method to reduce soil erosion has been: increased use of herbicides contour plowing introduction of genetically modified crops increased irrigation crop rotation
contour plowing
The deterioration of land in arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid areas due to changes in climate and human activities is termed: return to wilderness desertification depreciation eutrophication deforestation
destertification
How did the Dust Bowl occur?
drought improper plowing wind dryness
Two revolutions are occurring in agriculture. One is _______ and the other ________. democratic, repressive accessible, censored global, local soil based, water based ecological, genetic
ecological, genetic
The pesticide DDT has had some benefits including: eliminating malaria and yellow fever as major diseases decreasing the thickness of eggshells as they develop within birds being biomagnified in the food chain pests that have developed resistance to DDT reducing one target pest species so that its competitor pest can flourish
eliminating malaria and yellow fever as major diseases
The enrichment of lakes or slow moving streams by nutrients that cause increased photosynthetic productivity is termed: ecological restoration greenhouse effect desertification photosynthetic fortification eutrophication
eutrophication
The leading human cause(s) of desertification is/are: all of these poor forestry practices global warming conversion of rangelands to croplands in marginal areas failure to use contour plowing
failure to use contour plowing
Soil eroded from one location has to go somewhere else. A lot of it is washed down streams and rivers. Which of the following is not a form of environmental degradation associated with eroding soils? destruction of coastal coral reefs deposition in reservoirs chemical enrichment of waters downstream global warming destruction of fisheries
global warming
Which of the following is not a long-term solution to world food problems? stabilize human population growth at sustainable levels increase dependence on energy-intensive, high-yield agricultural methods overcome cultural barriers to the acceptance of different types of food increase the sustainable production of food assist overall global economic development
increase dependence on energy-intensive, high-yield agricultural methods
The first step in preventing desertification is detection of initial symptoms. Which of the following is NOT a major symptom of desertification? increased soil erosion lowering of the water table increase in surface water (streams and ponds) loss of native vegetation increase in salt content of the soil
increase in surface water (streams and ponds)
Which of the following is a true statement about insect pests in agriculture: the cheapest and most effective method is biological DDT is no longer used anywhere the only effective control method is chemical pesticides slash-and-burn agriculture eliminates pest problems insect pests are the leading cause of lost crop production
insect pests are the leading cause of lost crop production
Which of the following is NOT an example of biological control for pest management? pheromones are used to bait insect traps parasitic wasps are released to lay eggs in caterpillars insecticide is sprayed from an aircraft ladybugs are released as predators of insect pests a bacterium (BT) is introduced which causes a disease that affect caterpillars
insecticide is sprayed from an aircraft
What are the two pros of GMO?
less diseases and high nutritional value
Soil erosion: is exclusively linked to human activities. is not affected by the extent of plant cover. may result in increase in sediment depositions, which can destroy fisheries, and near shore coral reefs. is never responsible for or related to water pollution. does not reduce the fertility of the soil, just the quantity.
may result in increase in sediment depositions, which can destroy fisheries, and near shore coral reefs.
What practice has greatly increased the farm yield per unit area irrigation weed control contour plowing pest control modern fertilizers
modern fertilizers
When a pest develops resistance to a chemical, all of the following are true except: evolution selected for individuals better resistant to the chemical mutation and genetic drift took place higher quantities of pesticide will be required in the next application natural selection took place it developed adaptations during times of secondary pest outbreaks
mutation and genetic drift took place
Which of the following is an agricultural practice in which the land is not plowed in most of the years: contour plowing traditional farming biomagnification biological control no-till agriculture
no-till agriculture
What is one con of GMO?
not total understanding of the consequences
Where does desertification occur?
over irrigation and overgrazing global warming drought
What is subsidy?
payments government gives farmers
Practices that can sustain the fertility of soils include all of the following except: plowing in the fall multiculture strip cropping plowing up and down slopes to channel runoff away quickly crop rotation
plowing up and down slopes to channel runoff away quickly
In order to reduce desertification we need to promote activities to: increase emissions of green house gasses to provide warmer climate increase salt content of soil through low-level irrigation utilize marginal agricultural lands prevent water pollution by using water-soluble pesticides prevent wind erosion of the soil by planting a landscape with trees
prevent wind erosion of the soil by planting a landscape with trees
The usual cause of eutrophication in surface waters is decline in sedimentation high oxygen content in water stagnation of water runoff of nitrogen rich fertilizers introduction of specific species of algae into the water
runoff of nitrogen rich fertilizers
What is the relationship between the rate of soil formation and soil depletion at the present time? soil is being generated faster than it is being depleted soil is being formed at the same rate than it is being depleted soil is being generated slower than it is being depleted the depletion rate is still lower than the rate of regeneration of new soil both soil is being generated faster than it is being depleted and the depletion rate is still lower than the rate of regeneration of new soil
soil is being generated slower than it is being depleted
Which type of soil would have the fastest drainage rate? soils with high sand content soils with high organic content soils with high clay content lower horizon soils fine grained soils
soils with high sand content
The process of farming attempts to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT: prevent migrating organisms from entering an area speed up the natural process of ecological succession produce the highest yield of crop per acre as possible prevent competition interactions between populations of different species prevent predation interactions between populations of different species
speed up the natural process of ecological succession
What is biological control?
the control of a pest by the introduction of a natural enemy or predator
The purpose of adding a "terminator gene" to a genetically modified crop species is to prevent: genetic crossover competition from weeds predation by grazing or browsing animals attack by insect pests the crop from producing seeds for the following year
the crop from producing seeds for the following year
When the carrying capacity of land for cattle is exceeded, the land is overgrazed vegetation growth is accelerated erosion is reduced species diversity increases higher density of cattle can be supported
the land is overgrazed
Poor agricultural practices commonly lead to loss of soil fertility over time. The rate of that loss is commonly measured as: the ratio of crop production to the amount of chemical residue after each production period the number of years it for crop land to restore depleted chemical elements the time required for the soil to lose one half of its original storage of chemical nutrients the degree of molecular disorder of the chemical elements necessary for crops the amount of chemical fertilizer necessary for crops per production unit per year
the time required for the soil to lose one half of its original storage of chemical nutrients
What is the principle drawback of broad-spectrum pesticides? reduced crop yields they contribute to sediment pollution toxic to beneficial organisms and humans not only toxic, but carcinogenic they target only a single pest species
toxic to beneficial organisms and humans
What is selective breeding?
two different individuals and you cross breed them