APES Chapter 8 Vocab

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Ores

concentrated accumulations of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted

Mantle

contains molten rock known as magma

metamorphic rock

existing are subjected to high temps and pressure

earthquakes

occur when the rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault

surface mining

removing minerals that are close to Earth's surface

mountain top removal

removing the entire top of a mountain with explosives

igneous rocks

rocks that form directly from magma

Deposition

the accumulation or depositing of eroded material such as sediment, rock fragments, or soil

Epicenter

The exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake.

subsurface mining

The extraction of mineral and energy resources from deep underground deposits (100 meters below the surface)

Lithosphere

upper mantle

C horizon

(parent material) the least weathered horizon and is similar to the parent material

B horizon

(subsoil) composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter

divergent boundary

A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other.

transform boundary

A plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions

convergent boundary

A plate boundary where two plates move toward each other.

Theory of Plate Tectonics

A theory stating that Earth's lithosphere is broken into huge plates that move and change in size over time.

E horizon

A zone of leaching, or eluviation, found in some acidic soils under the O horizon or, less often, the A horizon

crust

Earth's outermost layer.

Metals

Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat.

extrusive igneous rock

Rock that forms when magma cools above the surface of Earth

O horizon

The organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of organic detritus in various stages of decomposition

Faults

a fracture in rock across which there is movement

Ritcher scale

a measure of the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake

open pit mining

a mining technique that uses a large visible pit or hole in the ground

Asthenosphere

bottom of the mantle semi molten rock

sedimentary rocks

form when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed and cemented together by overlying sediments

intrusive igneous rock

form within Earth as magma rises up and cools in place underground

soil porosity

how quickly soil drains, depends on texture

placer mining

looking for metals and stones in river sediments

soil

mixture of dirt and organic components

Hotspots

places where molten material from the mantle reach the lithosphere

chemical weathering

the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions

rock cycle

the constant formation and destruction of rock

core

the innermost zone of Earth's interior, composed mostly of iron and nickel. It includes a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer.

physical weathering

the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals

Texture

the percentage of sand, silt, and clay the soil contains

Erosion

the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem

strip mining

the removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore

A horizon

the topsoil layer that is a zone of overlying organic material and underlying mineral material

Weathering

when rocks are exposed to air, water, certain chemicals or biological agents that degrade the rock


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