APES Final Exam Review Packet

the carrying capacity

"The maximum number of species that can be sustained in an ecosystem." This sentence best defines: the carrying capacity the upward curve of a population graph a community an ecotone natural selection

low pH

(streamwatch) acid rain would be evidenced by? low turbidity high pH low pH low dissolved oxygen high dissolved oxygen

seine net

(streamwatch) the large net used for catching fish in the wetlands is called a? nekton net kick net dip net seine net plankton net

turbidity

(streamwatch) the unit JTU is a measurement of? turbidity flow rate termperature color tree height

fertilizer runoff

(streamwatch) what is the primary source of nitrates and phosphates in the wetland? pesticide runoff acid rain sediment runoff fertilizer runoff tennis balls

1,825

A home uses 100-watt lightbulbs for five hours per day. Approx how many kilowatt-hours of electrical energy are consumed in one year by using the lightbulbs: 365,000 10,5000 365 1,825 5,000

using energy efficiently and reusing and recycling matter

A sustainable society would emphasize: maintaining the current rates of energy flow and resource use converting the world's high quality energy resources to low quality heat using energy efficiently and reusing and recycling matter recycling both matter and high quality energy quickly expanding nuclear power, because it is a renewable resource

reduction of crop damage to an economically tolerable level

An integrated pest management approach to pest control emphasizes which of the following: reduction of crop damage to an economically tolerable level eradication of the pest population use of plant monocultures to simplify spraying elimination of the use of second-generation pesticides reliance on spraying broad spectrum pesticides

fuel efficiency

CAFE standards refer to: pesticide regulations nuclear regulations fuel efficiency endangered species water pollutants

motor vehicle exhaust

Ground-level ozone in most major United States cities results primarily from: motor-vehicle exhaust burning coal producing electrical power burning fuel for cooking industrial emissions

3

How many oxygen atoms does ozone have? 5 3 1 4 2

absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer

If the Earth had no atmosphere, the mean temperature would be approx -15 C. With our present atmosphere, Earth's mean surface temperature is approx +15 C. Which of the following is the best explanation for this difference: absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer scattering of visible radiation by aerosols absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases reflection of incident solar radiation by clouds the breakdown of oxygen molecules in the thermosphere

clockwise

In the northern hemisphere, ocean gyres flow in what direction: clockwise ocean gyres are not predictable counter-clockwise east west

strip mining

Prior to mine reclamation laws, mine drainage and acidic runoff from coal tailings were toxic byproducts of: industrial processing urban development tillage strip mining underground mining

increasing public awareness of the risks of using pesticides

Rachel Carson's contributions to the environmental movement include which of the following: discovering the thinning of the ozone layer in the polar regions increasing public awareness of the risks of using pesticides altering the public to the hazardous waste problem at Love Canal being the first female administrator of the EPA starting the first Earth Day in 1970

fossil fuels

Solids, liquids and gases created through the compression of ancient organic plant and animal material in the Earth's crust are called: fossil fuels inorganics biomass sustainable fuels nuclear fuels

cutting small groups of medium and large sized trees in uneven aged forests

Sustainable use of forests in the US would likely be encouraged by: allowing road building in wilderness areas so that older, clear cut forests have time to regenerate cutting small groups of medium and large sized trees in uneven aged forests clear cutting old growth forests to allow for secondary succession enforcing all provisions of the Resource conservation and recovery act logging on steep slopes in designated wilderness areas

polluting companies can escape from the costs and responsibility of their actions

The Love Canal incident demonstrates that: preventing pollution is safer and cheaper than cleaning it up pollutants can be stored safely underground for a long time polluting companies can escape from the costs and responsibility of their action love conquers all political officials are alert and sympathetic to their constituents

carbon dioxide

The biggest human-supplied gas to the greenhouse effect is:water vapor sulfur dioxide ammonia carbon dioxide methane

ecosystem services

The consumption of mosquitoes by bats and the control of flooding provided by tropical forests in mountainous areas of Central America are examples of: adaptive radiation ecosystem services ecological equilibrium evolution by natural selection positive feedback loops

1/128

The hald-life of radon gas is approx four days. Four weeks after the introduction of radon into a sealed room, the fraction of the original amount remaining is closest to: 1/8 1/64 1/32 1/2 1/128

using darker paints and building materials

The heat island effect can be counteracted by all of the following except: planting tress promoting mass transit mixing light-colored sand with asphalt using darker paints and building materials establish higher energy efficiency standards

atmosphere for N and rocks for S

The major reserves of nitrogen and sulfur in the biosphere are correctly identified bu which of the following: rocks for N and atmosphere for S atmosphere for both N and S atmosphere for N and rocks for S rocks for N and vegetation for S rocks for both N and S

the number of individuals in a certain geographic area

The phrase which best defines population density is: the number of individuals in a certain geographic area one way that populations can be grouped in a certain geographic area the time it takes for a population to increase to carrying capacity the rate at which a population increases the maximum number of individuals that a habitat can sustain

carbon dioxide

The primary gas released from respiration is: sulfur dioxide methane carbon dioxide nitrogen oxygen

o

The soil layer that contributes organic material to topsoil is the ___ horizon: B A D C O

industry, transportation, and energy production

The three main anthropogenic sources of gaseous air pollutants in the United States are: soil erosion, volcanoes, and forest fires industry, transportation, and energy production soil erosion, volcanoes, and energy production industry, construction, and agriculture industry, transportation, and agriculture

population growth

The underlying cause for deforestation in tropical areas is: hostility towards the natural world war between neighboring countries exploitation of fertile soils export of exotic wood population growth

a chlorinated hydrocarbon

The use of which of the following to control agricultural insect pests is most likely to have a negative and persistent impact on the ecosystem: a parasitic wasp a chlorinated hydrocarbon a soil organism that kills insect larvae a toxic plant derivative an insecticidal soap that kills through suffocation

china

What country has the highest population: france china mexico south africa united states

increased water temperature

When logging is carried out in a watershed, a likely effect on the local streams is: decreased input of sediments mitigation of anoxia decreased nutrient levels increased oligotrophic conditions increased water temperature

france

Which country's government has strongly promoted increases in nuclear power over the past 30 years? spain france madagascar columbia holland

genetic variation withing each species and number of species present

Which of the following can be used to assess the biological diversity of an area: genetic variation withing each species and number of species present population size of each species and area occupied by each minimum population area and minimum viable population size ration of r strategists to k strategists and life expectancy of k strategists number of individuals under fifteen years old and number of individuals over sixty five years old

enable the removal of the gray wold from the endangered species list

Which of the following is a major goals of the program begun in 1995 to reintroduce the gray wolf into yellowstone national park: decrease the number of sheep and cattle that wander into the park and overgraze the vegetation decrease the number of grizzly bears, because they were becoming a nuisance increase the dwindling numbers of tourists that visit the park each year upset the natural predator-prey balance between coyotes and elk enable the removal of the gray wold from the endangered species list

national resource lands

Which of the following is managed on a multiple-use basis: national resource lands county nature preserves national wilderness areas national wildlife refuges national parks

decreasing taxes on recycled material

Which of the following would encourage recycling: decreasing fees for using landfills decreasing government purchase of recycled materials decreasing taxes on recycled material decreasing taxes on resource extracting industries decreasing subsidies for recycling

DDT

Which pesticide was banned due to its bioaccumulation in wildlife: CFCs DDT arsenic mercury lead

an introduced alien species in the Great Lakes

Zebra mussels are: the largest of mussels an introduced species in the Great Lakes actually more spotted than striped a native species in the Chesapeake Bay related to zebra clams

fertility rate

age structure diagrams show all of the following except: ratio of males to females fertility rate population growth patterns total population ration of pre-reproductive to reproductive individuals

endocrine disruptors

alligators in a florida lake polluted by high levels of dioxins had low testosterone levels and failed to reproduce. Scientists came to the conclusion that the dioxins were acting as which of the following: growth hormones immune-system suppressors mutagens carcinogens endocrine disruptors

pollutants to collect

city heat islands cause: greater visibility less duct and lightning strikes residents to seek winter vacations pollutants to collect reduced ranifall

sulfur

coal is often contaminate with what element: uranium silicon carbon sodium sulfur

radon

colorless, odorless gas that is a naturally occurring decay product of uranium

asbestos

composed of fibers known to cause lung disease

formaldehyde

emitted from most manufactured building materials and furniture

lead

found in old plumbing pipes and fixtures and some ceramic glazes

a greenhouse

global warming works a lot like: the gulf stream a guesthouse and island hotspot a greenhouse an electric blanket

sick building sydrome

in the workplace, bad air mixed with mold spores has led to: greater appreciation of weekends sick building syndrome shorter coffee breaks increased productivity reduced medical costs

the second law of thermodynamics

losses of usable energy between trophic levels in an ecosystem are best accounted for by which of the following: the first law of thermodynamics limiting factors in the ecosystem the process of ecological succession the second law of thermodynamics the law of conservation of mass

uranium

nuclear power is commonly generated using the element: copper platinum mercury uranium actinium

sudden or persistent noise may lead to permanent hearing loss

of the following, which is true about noise pollution: sudden or persistent noise may lead to permanent hearing loss hearing damage occurs most quickly when the intensity level of the sound is low in urban areas, few individuals are exposed to noise pollution noise at 100 decibels has twice the energy of noise at 50 decibels noise pollution is an insignificant occupational hazard

erosion and desertification

overgrazing of grasslands can lead to reduced range quality. Two of the major effects of overgrazing are: higher five potential and increased productivity erosion and desertification higher primary productivity and ammonification eutrophication and increased methane production soil compaction and subsidence

the cost to the environment is not reflected in the price of the products that produce the pollution

pollution is considered an external cost when: it has harmful effects borne only by the people who purchase the products that cause the pollution it has a significant impact on the consumers decision to buy a product that pollutes the cost to the environment is not reflected in the price of the products that produce the pollution it is produced in the external environment by a malfunction in the operation of the product it is a hidden cost that would result in a greater demand for the product if the consumer were aware of the hidden cost

a deep layer of humus and decayed plant material

solids found in mid-latitude grasslands would be most accurately described as having: a layer of permafrost right below the o-horizon a small amount of nutrients but an abundant decomposer food web a deep layer of humus and decayed plant material a high content of iron oxides and very little moisture a high acid content with little organic matter

stratosphere

the beneficial ozone layer is in this region of the atmosphere

it doesnt generate greenhouse gases

the biggest advantage of nuclear energy generation is that: many developing countries are rapidly increasing their nuclear portfolio it doesn't generate greenhouse gases it takes very few people to operate a plant it is free it produces low-wattage power

polar ice caps and glaciers

the greatest amount of fresh water is found in which of the following: estuaries lakes rivers and streams the atmosphere polar ice caps and glaciers

salmon

the most economically important fish affected by hydroelectric dams is: salmon tilapia chilean sea bass catfish bluefin tuna

exosphere

the outermost layer of the atmosphere

troposphere

the phenomenon causing global warming occurs primarily in this region of the atmosphere

transportation

twenty percent of the toal US energy demand is used for lighting, heating, air conditioning, water heating, and: transportation international export cooking plastics construction

climax community

when an ecosystem reaches its final stage of balanced species development, it is called a(n): pioneer species initial niche population climax community extinction zone

nonnative species

when species are transported geographically to an unknown area, they are called: native species fouling species nonnative species fictional species game fish

coastal pine forest

which community depends on periodic fires for reproduction: savannah tundra coastal pine forest borreal forest mangrove forest

depletion of an aquifer by regional farmers

which of the following best illustrates the concept of tragedy of the commons: selective harvesting of trees by a timber company in a national forest inadvertent destruction of beneficial species while attempting to control pests depletion of an aquifer by regional farmers legislation of catch limits to avoid depletion of fish stocks in a shared lake destruction of landscape by surface mining on private land

urban areas trap more heat than rural areas do

which of the following describes the heat-island effect: rapid decomposition in swamps releases a large amount of heat warm water in the Pacific causes excessive evaporation into the atmosphere tropical islands reflect hear back into the atmosphere lakes retain heat and provide warmth for landmasses nearby urban areas trap more heat than rural areas do

Comprehensive Environmental Responsibility Compensation and Liability Act

which of the following federal laws specifically deals with the cleanup of abandoned and hazardous waste sites: Comprehensive Environmental Responsibility Compensation and Liability Act Clean Water Act Sage Water Drinking Act Clean Air Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

elephant

which of the following has la late-loss survivorship curve: elephant cockroach bacteria sparrow seahorse

reducing human population size

which of the following practices would have the biggest impact on achieving global sustainability: reducing human population size developing ecotourism venues replanting deforested areas recycling aluminum cans using fuel efficient vehicles