Apes final

Based on the graph above, which of the following years postdisturbance had the greatest species richness? 25 100 175 250

100

Based on the data in the graph, when did more-developed regions first reach replacement level fertility? Responses A 1950 B 1970 C 1990 D 2010

1970

Based on the trends shown in the table, in which of the following years was the owl population at carrying capacity? Responses A 1985 B 1990 C 2015 D 2020

2015

Based on the data in the graph, what was the average number of children born per woman in less-developed regions in 1975 ? Responses A 1.9 B 3.9 C 4.7 D 5.4

4.7

Based on the graph above, which of the following years postdisturbance did sweetgum experience the greatest biomass? Responses A 50 B 100 C 150 D 200

50

Based on the information above, which ecosystem most likely experienced a recent population bottleneck? Responses A Ecosystem A, because its low genetic diversity could have resulted from an event that reduced the variation in the gene pool. B Ecosystem B, because its high species diversity could have resulted from increased competition among its members. C Ecosystem C, because its low habitat diversity indicates an increase in available niches. D Ecosystem D, because its low species diversity indicates that it also has low species evenness.

A

Which of the following would be most helpful to determine the soil texture of a sample? Responses A A pH meter and conductivity meter B A soil core kit and a seismograph C A density gradient tube and a soil triangle D A quadrat and a transect line

A density gradient tube and a soil triangle

The Atlantic Ocean is expanding as a result of plate tectonics. Which of the following explanations best identifies the type of plate boundary and processes occurring at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, as shown in the diagram below? A divergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where plates move away from one another, leading to seafloor spreading. B A transform plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where two plates slide alongside one another, leading to underwater earthquakes. C A convergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where one plate of oceanic crust is subducted beneath a plate made of continental crust, leading to volcanism. D A convergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where two plates of continental crust meet, leading to the formation of mountain ranges.

A divergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where plates move away from one another, leading to seafloor spreading.

The demographic transition model describes population change over time as a country becomes more developed. Age-structure diagrams describe how populations are distributed across age ranges. Which of the following age-structure diagrams best displays the age ranges in a country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition? Responses A A stationary age-structure diagram B An inverted pyramid age-structure diagram C A constrictive age-structure diagram D An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram

An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram

of the following can cause an increase in water pollution in the watershed? Responses A An increase in the number of grasses, trees, and shrubs near a watershed B An increase in the natural systems near a watershed C An increase in stormwater runoff in urban areas D A decrease in the number of impervious surfaces near the watershed

An increase in stormwater runoff in urban areas

Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem that provides ecosystem services including protection from hurricane storm surges? Responses A A lock and dam system B An intact coastal wetland C An energy-producing tidal barrage system D An offshore, deep-water fish farm

An intact costal wetland

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following islands would most likely have the highest number of species living on it? Responses A An island 30 hectares in size that is 30 kilometers off the coast of the mainland B An island 30 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland C An island 10 hectares in size that is 30 kilometers off the coast of the mainland D An island 10 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland

An island 30 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland

An island off the coast of Africa contains a larger percentage of specialist species than generalist species. Which of the following describes the most immediate effect if an invasive generalist species is introduced to the island? Responses A As predation increases, the population size of the invasive generalist species will decrease. B As competition for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease. C As resources are partitioned, the population sizes of both the generalist species and the specialist species will increase. D As niches overlap, the invasive generalist species will be outcompeted by the island's specialist species.

As competiton for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease

Based on current trends and patterns, which of the following statements best predicts how the human population will change over the next 50 years? Responses A As the amount of available food and drinking water increases, the population size will also increase. B As the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality. C A decrease in the number and magnitude of earthquakes and tsunamis will decrease the amount of land available for agriculture, leading to decreased fecundity. D As educational and economic opportunities increase for women in less developed countries, both the total fertility rate and the population size will increase.

As the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality.

Based on the diagram, which of the following describes why the summer solstice in Australia occurs in December and not in June? Responses A At this time of year, the Earth is closest to the Sun due to its elliptical path. B At this time of year, the tilt of Earth causes Australia to receive highly concentrated solar radiation. C At this time of year, the tilt of Earth causes Australia to be closer to the Sun. D At this time of year, the tilt of Earth causes solar radiation to reach Australia at a low angle of incidence.

At this time of year, the tilt of Earth causes Australia to receive highly concentrated solar radiation.

Which of the following claims best supports the classification of bees as an organism that displays a Type survivorship curve, as shown in the graph above? Responses A Queen bees are capable of laying up to 2,000 eggs in one day. B Away from the colony, bees experience a constant probability of death per unit time as a foraging species. C Bees communicate using chemical signals and exchange information through vibration of their wings. D Populations of bees are declining in North America due to habitat loss and pesticide use.

Away from the colony, bees experience a constant probability of death per unit time as a foraging species.

Based on the information above, which ecosystem would most likely recover the fastest from a natural disruption? Responses A Ecosystem A B Ecosystem B C Ecosystem C D Ecosystem D

B

Based on the food web shown above, which of the following correctly describes the flow of energy through the trophic levels from producers to quaternary consumers? Responses A Red-tailed hawk, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper, rattlesnake, brittlebrush B Red-tailed hawk, rattlesnake, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper, brittlebrush C Brittlebrush, grasshopper, grasshopper mouse, rattlesnake, red-tailed hawk D Brittlebrush, red-tailed hawk, rattlesnake, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper

Brittlebrush, grasshopper, grasshopper mouse, rattlesnake, red-tailed hawk

What represents a carbon source

Burinign of fossil fuels

This rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time. Responses A Primary productivity B Gross primary productivity C Net primary productivity D Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration

This biome is found in shallow waters off the coastline and is Earth's most biologically diverse marine biome. Responses A Coral reefs B Freshwater wetlands C Open ocean D Rivers

Coral reefs

Which statement is best supported by the data in the graph? Responses A Finches were better able to find mates, and the population size increased in 1977 because of the abundance of grasses. B Finches with larger beaks were more likely to survive in 1980 because they were able to feed primarily on seeds and nuts during the drought. C The average beak size in 1981 increased to because finches had access to unlimited resources. D The finch population declined from 1983 to 1984 due to a decrease in habitat.

Finches with larger beaks were more liley to survive in 1980 because they were able to feed primarily on seeds and nuts during the drought

This biome contains a nutrient-rich environment created by falling leaves and trapped organic materials from the large trees, and it provides the ecosystem service of filtering pollutants from water. Responses A Coral reefs B Freshwater wetlands C Open ocean D Rivers

Freshwater wetlands

A variety of plants and animals inhabit a forest ecosystem. Which statement correctly explains why certain organisms would be more likely to survive than others if a forest fire burned the area? Responses A Specialist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions and they have a limited diet. B Specialist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a large range of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources. C Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions and they have a limited diet. D Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.

Generalists species are more likley to survive because they can thrive in a wide variety of enviornmental conditions and can make use of a variety of diffrent resources

Which of the following best describes a difference between generalist species and specialist species? Responses A Generalists use a large range of resources, while specialists have a limited range of resources they use to survive. B Generalists can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions, while specialists thrive in a variety of environmental conditions. C Generalists are often herbivores, while specialists are often omnivores. D Generalists are more prone to extinction than specialists are.

Generalists use a large range of resources while specialist have a limited range of resources they use to survive

A scientist is studying a biome that experiences large seasonal fluctuations in both temperature and precipitation patterns. Which of the following would best characterize the organisms that inhabit the biome? Responses A Habitat specialists would be most abundant, because they have broad niches. B Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing. C Generalists that feed only on animals would be more abundant in the summer months, while generalists that feed only on plants would be more abundant in the winter months. D Specialists that live in trees would be more abundant in the summer months, whereas specialists that live in caves would be more abundant in the winter months.

Generalists would be most abundeant because the resources availible would be constantly changing

Which of the following combinations correctly identifies and explains the effects of the differences in the distribution of solar radiation on Earth as seen in the diagram above? Responses A Global wind patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at low latitudes and cool air at high latitudes, resulting in density differences between the air masses. B Global rain patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at high latitudes and cool air at low latitudes, resulting in evaporation and condensation differences between the air masses. C Global wind patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at high latitudes and cool air at low latitudes, resulting in density differences between the air masses. D Global rain patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at low latitudes and cool air at high latitudes, resulting

Global wind patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at low latitudes and cool air at high latitudes, resulting in density differences between the air masses.

The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area. Responses A Primary productivity B Gross primary productivity C Net primary productivity D Cellular respiration

Gross primary productiviy

Which of the following density-independent factors can affect the size of a human population? Responses A Disease B Availability of food C Heat waves D Access to clean water

Heat waves

Which of the following major reservoirs of freshwater are missing from the diagram? A Fossil fuels B Rocks C Ice caps D Algae

Ice caps

Energy is transferred along food chains from one stage to the next. Which statement best explains how the energy is transferred? Responses A If a primary consumer stores of energy, then a secondary consumer that feeds on the primary consumer will also have of energy available. B If a primary producer stores of energy, then a tertiary consumer will have of energy available. C If a primary producer stores of energy, then a secondary consumer will have of energy available. D If a secondary consumer stores of energy, then a tertiary consumer that feeds on the secondary consumer will have of energy available.

If a primary producer stores 10000 kcal of energy then a tertiary cconsumer will have 10 kcal of energy availible

Based on the survivorship curves shown below, which of the following is a possible reason for the change in the shape of the curve from 1900 to 1980?Increased immigration and decreased emigration B Increased infant mortality rate C Improvements in health-care services and medical research D Decreased urbanization

Imporvements in health care services and medical research

During a La Niña event, what environmental changes would the tropical Pacific Ocean and its surrounding landmasses most likely experience? Responses A Increased rainfall in the eastern Pacific Ocean leading to flooding and landslides off the coast of South America B An area of high pressure forming over landmasses and increasing the chance of typhoons C Cooler ocean water in the western Pacific Ocean leading to an increased chance of wildfires D Increased upwelling off the coast of South America resulting in increased productivity of fisheries

Increased upwelling off the coast of South America resulting in increased productivity of fisheries

Which of the following statements best describes why birth and death rates are changing in a country that is in Phase 2 of the demographic transition? Responses A Individuals have better sanitation and access to clean drinking water. B Individuals have increased availability of birth control and have smaller family sizes. C The population has a high infant mortality rate because of the lack of health care. D The population size stops increasing and may decline if birth rates are lower than death rates.

Individuales have better sanitation and acsess to clean drinking water

Based on the map above, which of the following best explains why the Atacama Desert has a consistently arid climate? Responses A It is on the windward side of the Andes Mountains. B It is in the rain shadow of the Andes Mountains. C The cold Peru Current brings dry air to the west coast. D Compared to the east coast, it has less water available.

It is in the rain shadow of the Andes Mountains.

Based on the information above, which of the following best describes Ecosystem C? Responses A Its low species diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has species with very low population sizes. B Its high genetic diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has species that evolve quickly. C Its high genetic diversity indicates that Ecosystem C is most likely the result of the founder effect and a subpopulation originating from Ecosystem A. D Its low habitat diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has a low number of specialist species and few species that utilize large territories.

Its low habiat diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likley had a low number of specialist species and few species that utilize large territories

Based on the diagram, which of the following days in Earth's yearly orbit would have the longest period of daylight in the Northern Hemisphere? Responses A March equinox B December solstice C September equinox D June solstice

June solstice

Which trophic level has the least available energy in kilojoules in this food web? Responses A Phytoplankton B Herbivorous zooplankton C Baleen whale D Killer whale

Killer whale

Peru's commercial anchovy industry would most likely be harmed during an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the decline in anchovy during an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event? Responses A Acidic ocean waters kill off larval anchovies. B Less nutrient-rich water reaches surface waters, disrupting the food web. C Ocean currents move toxic contaminants from the sediments into the water column. D An increase in phosphate-based nutrients leads to an algal bloom, which would decrease available oxygen for animals like shrimp.

Less nutrient-rich water reaches surface waters, disrupting the food web.

Based on the map, which of the following best explains the area of the Andes Mountains that would have the greatest number of rivers? Responses A Equal numbers of rivers would be found on both the east and west sides of the Andes Mountains because water flows downhill. B More rivers would be located on the west side of the Andes Mountains because it is the leeward side. C More rivers would be located on the east side of the Andes Mountains because the trade winds are coming from the east. D More rivers would be located on the south side of the Andes Mountains because it is protected from the drying sunlight.

More rivers would be located on the east side of the Andes Mountains because the trade winds are coming from the east.

In reef ecosystems, corals often have microalgae living inside them. The algae supply the corals with nutrients, and the coral give shelter to the algae. Which of the following interactions best describes the relationship between the corals and the algae? Responses A Competition B Predation C Mutualism D Parasitism

Mutalism

The energy available to consumers determined by subtracting the energy used by plants from the total energy transformed by the process of photosynthesis. Responses A Primary productivity B Gross primary productivity C Net primary productivity D Cellular respiration

Net primary productivity

Which of the following is a dependent variable in the experiment? Responses A The type of soil B Initial mass of the soil sample C Percent change in mass of the soil sample D Amount of rainfall the soil receives

Percent change in mass of the soil sample

Which of the following describes the dependent variable in this investigation? Responses A Percentage of each particle size in each soil sample B Soil samples taken from different locations C Time required for each soil sample to settle D Addition of water to each soil sample

Percentage of each particle size in each soil sample

Which of the following trophic levels represents a primary producer in an aquatic food chain? Responses A Phytoplankton B Herbivorous zooplankton C Carnivorous zooplankton D Baleen whale

Phytoplankton

The Mississippi watershed is the largest in North America, draining all or part of thirty-two states in the United States and two Canadian provinces. A new apartment complex is being built on a steep slope near the source of the Mississippi River outside of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Which of the following measures should be taken to best reduce erosion at the construction site to protect the Mississippi watershed? Responses A Add a paved surface at the top of the slope. B Remove trees and shrubs from the slope and the riverbank. C Move all of the topsoil from the site to the riverbank. D Plant grass and shrubs on the slope.

Plant grass and shrubs on the slope

Which of the following ecosystem services are categorized as regulating? Responses A Wood fuel, medicine, and potable water B Pollination, decomposition, and water purification C Recreation, education, and aesthetics D Photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, and creation of soils

Pollination, decompostion, and water pollution

The rule of 70 can be used to determine a population's doubling time. Doubling time is a measure of the Responses A population growth rate B environmental impact of each individual in a population C length of time an individual born in a population is expected to live D average age of the first reproductive event per 1,000 women in a country

Population growth rate

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems? Responses A Decomposers break down dead or decaying organisms to release energy and nutrients to be used by producers. B Chemoautotrophs use inorganic energy sources, such as hydrogen sulfide, to create organic compounds from carbon dioxide. C Apex predators feed on other organisms, which releases heat that can be used by producers and primary consumers. D Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.

Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain

Based on the description and the data table above, which of the following combinations best classifies the song sparrow? Responses A K-strategist and generalist B r-strategist and generalist C K-strategist and specialist D r-strategist and specialist

R-strategists and generalists

A developer wants to develop a large tract of land near a watershed, which will require the removal of several large trees. Which of the following statements best describes the impact that the development would have on the watershed? Responses A Removing large trees would decrease the amount of runoff in the watershed. B Removing large trees would cause an increase in temperature and keep the surrounding water and soil warmer. C Removing large trees would decrease the rate of erosion in a watershed. D Removing large trees would increase the retention of water within the watershed.

Removing large trees would cause an increase in temperature and keep the surrounding water and soil warmer.

This freshwater biome is characterized by fast-flowing water that can originate from underground springs or runoff, which carries sediment and organic material. Responses A Coral reefs B Freshwater wetlands C Open ocean D Rivers

Rivers

Which of the following describes the independent variable in this investigation? Responses A Percentage of each particle size in each soil sample B Soil samples taken from different locations C Time required for each soil sample to settle D Addition of water to each soil sample

Soil samples taken from diffrent locations

Which of the following is the control group for this experiment? Responses A Soil with no grass B Soil with newly sprouted grass C Soil with mature grass D Soil with dead grass

Soil with no grass

The vast majority of ozone is found in a thin layer due to a lack of circulation in which of the following atmospheric layers? Responses A Thermosphere B Mesosphere C Stratosphere D Troposphere

Stratosphere

Based on the diagram, which of the following statements about the hydrologic cycle is true? Responses A Water from the ocean evaporates and condenses in the atmosphere. B Surface runoff is the primary recharge of groundwater. C Infiltration of water into the ground prevents water from returning to the oceanic reservoir. D Evapotranspiration from plants decreases atmospheric water vapor.

Surface runoff is the primary recharge of groundwater

Which of the following abiotic factors, when graphed on the x-axis, leads to the curved line in the graph due to variation in the different layers of the atmosphere? Responses A Nitrogen concentration gradients B Carbon dioxide concentration gradients C Temperature gradients D Ultraviolet radiation gradients

Temperature gradients

Which of the following is the best explanation for the formation of Hadley cells in the tropics, as seen in the diagram, between and latitude? Responses A Heat from the ocean warms the moist air at the equator and causes it to rise because of its lower density. As the air becomes cooler, it becomes less dense and sinks. B The Sun warms the moist air at the equator and causes it to rise because of its lower density. As the warm air moves away from the equator, it cools, becomes denser, and then sinks. C Air cools over the land at the equator and then rises as it moves north or south. D Rising air over the equator is heated by the Sun, moves north, and then moves south to create the jet stream and trade winds.

The Sun warms the moist air at the equator and causes it to rise because of its lower density. As the warm air moves away from the equator, it cools, becomes denser, and then sinks.

Based on the graph above, which of the following tree species would be the predominant species found during the intermediate stage of succession? Responses A Red maple B Sweetgum C Tulip poplar D White oak

Tulip poplar

A country is currently in the second stage of the demographic transition. Currently the country has a birth rate of 37.9 births per 1,000 individuals and a death rate of 13.4 deaths per 1,000 individuals. Which of the following changes would indicate that the country is moving from the second stage into the third stage of the demographic transition? Responses A The birth rate declines to 25.3 births per 1,000 individuals. B The birth rate declines to 13.1 births per 1,000 individuals. C The birth rate rises to 43.1 births per 1,000 individuals. D The death rate rises to 37.9 deaths per 1,000 individuals.

The birth rate declines to 25.3 births per 1,000 individuals.

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the table? Responses A The European toad is a -selected species because it has a Type survivorship curve. B The black rhino is a -selected species because it provides no parental care. C The European toad is a -selected species because it can live up to 10 years. D The black rhino is a -selected species because it has a low number of offspring per reproductive event.

The black rhino is a -selected species because it has a low number of offspring per reproductive event.

Which of the following biogeochemical cycles includes the processes of buffering ocean and photosynthesis, as shown in the diagram? Responses A The carbon cycle B The nitrogen cycle C The phosphorus cycle D The potassium cycle

The carbon cycle

Which of the following economic consequences to a provisioning ecosystem service will most likely result from increased global warming? Responses A The collapse of local fisheries, because of the damage to coral reefs from ocean acidification B Loss of revenue from the oil industry, because of increased oil spills from offshore oil wells C Widespread crop failure, because of increased acid precipitation in agricultural areas D Increased cost for water filtration, because of loss of coastal wetlands

The collapse of local fisheries, because of the damage to coral reefs from ocean acidification

Based on the map above, which of the following best identifies and explains the region of South America that would have a more moderate climate? Responses A The west coast would have a more moderate climate because of the Peru Current. B The west coast would have a more moderate climate because of the Andes Mountains. C The east coast would have a more moderate climate because of its proximity to the equator. D The east coast would have a more moderate climate because of the Brazil Current.

The east coast would have a more moderate climate because of the Brazil Current.

The map above shows the locations of known volcanoes and earthquakes. Which of the following explains what is being illustrated in the enclosed area in the northwest portion of the map? Responses A The enclosed area illustrates a convergent boundary with earthquakes and possibly volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands. B The enclosed area illustrates a transform boundary where two plates slide past one another, resulting in earthquakes of high magnitude in the Hawaiian Islands. C The enclosed area illustrates a rift valley leading to seafloor expansion near the Hawaiian Islands. D The enclosed area shows a hot spot in the middle of the Pacific Plate in the Hawaiian Islands.

The enclosed area shows a hot spot in the middle of the Pacific Plate in the Hawaiian Islands.

Which of the following best describes what is represented by the arrows in the food web? Responses A The photosynthetic rates of producers B The flow of energy C The movement of predators D The decomposition of matter

The flow of energy

Which of the following describes the most likely change to terrestrial biomes resulting from warmer average global temperatures? Responses A The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase. B Deciduous trees found in temperate seasonal forests would flower later in the year. C The latitude range of tropical rain forests would narrow closer to the equator. D High-latitude biomes, such as the tundra, would experience a decrease in net primary productivity.

The global distribution of midlatitude biomes such as grasslands and temperate rain forests would increase

Which of the following statements best describes the boundary between the two tectonic plates seen in the map? Responses A The map illustrates a convergent boundary, where tectonic plates collide, and the North American Plate is sliding under the Pacific Plate. B The map illustrates a divergent boundary, where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other, creating a rift valley. C The map illustrates a transform boundary, where tectonic plates slide past each other as the Pacific Plate moves northwest and the North American Plate moves southeast. D The map illustrates a subduction zone at the boundary, leading to the formation of long chains of volcanoes.

The map illustrates a transform boundary, where tectonic plates slide past each other as the Pacific Plate moves northwest and the North American Plate moves southeast.

The image shows two different islands and the relative distance to the nearest mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following best predicts the effect of the introduction of an invasive species on Easter Island compared to Madagascar? Responses A The native species on Easter Island are more likely to survive because the island is further from the mainland. B The native species on Easter Island are more likely to survive because the island is so small that there will be limited space for an invasive species to colonize. C The native species on Madagascar are more likely to survive because the island is larger and provides a greater diversity of habitats and resources. D The native species on Madagascar are more likely to survive because the temperature in the Indian Ocean is warmer than that of the Pacific Ocean.

The native species on Easter Island are more likely to survive because the island is so small that there will be limited space for an invasive species to colonize.

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data shown in the table above? Responses A The owl population experienced increased mortality between 2010 and 2015 because of small prey populations. B The owl population experienced population overshoot between 1995 and 2000 because of increased competition for resources. C The mouse population experienced increased fecundity between 2000 and 2005 because of declining resources. D The mouse population experienced zero population growth between 1985 and 1990 because of the large number of predators.

The owl population experienced population overshoot between 1995 and 2000 because of increase competition for resources

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following best describes the change in the population of moths as a result of industrialization? Responses A The percentage of dark colored moths increased in the population and the percentage of light-colored moths decreased in the population. B The percentage of dark-colored moths decreased in the population and the percentage of light-colored moths increased in the population. C The percentage of dark colored moths decreased in the population after 1850 and the percentage light-colored moths remained constant throughout the time period. D The percentage of both the dark-colored moths and the light-colored moths remained constant throughout the time period.

The percentage of dark colored moths increased in the population and the percentage of light-colored mothes decreased in the population

Which of the following statements is best supported by the diagram of the phosphorus cycle? Responses A The largest reservoir of phosphorus is in the atmosphere. B The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually return to the soil. C Plants take up the phosphate ions primarily from the metamorphic rocks. D Phosphates are not soluble in water.

The phosphates absorbed by animal ttissue through consumtion eventually retunr to the soil

The diagram above best illustrates major processes in which of the following biogeochemical cycles? Responses A The carbon cycle B The nitrogen cycle C The phosphorus cycle D The water cycle

The phosphorous cycle

Researchers monitored the number of reindeer over time on an island off the coast of Alaska. The reindeer were introduced in year 1, and the population size was counted every 5 years. The data are shown in the table above. Which of the following claims about trends in the population size over time is best supported by the data? Responses A The population did not have enough males to help the herd survive, so the population declined over time. B The population exceeded the carrying capacity of the island, which led to a decrease in the population size following extreme resource depletion. C The population experienced significant reindeer immigration after year 20. D The reindeer formed mutualistic relationships and thrived between year 10 and year 20.

The population exceeded the carrying capacity of the island, which led to a decrease in the population size following extreme resource depletion.

Which statement is best illustrated in the diagram above regarding how the Sun's energy affects the Earth's surface from June through September in the Northern Hemisphere? Responses A The season changes from autumn to winter, daylight hours decrease, and infrared radiation is the weakest during the June solstice. B The season changes from winter to spring, daylight hours increase, and infrared radiation is the weakest during the September equinox. C The season changes from summer to autumn, daylight hours decrease, and infrared radiation is the strongest during the June solstice. D The season changes from spring to summer, daylight hours increase, and infrared radiation is the strongest during the September equinox.

The season changes from summer to autumn, daylight hours decrease, and infrared radiation is the strongest during the June solstice.

Six white-tailed deer and six sika deer were enclosed in a pasture for observation during an eight-year study in central Texas. White-tailed deer are a native species to central Texas, while sika deer are a nonnative species to central Texas. White-tailed deer feed on flowering plants and the tips of trees and shrubs but do not eat grass. Sika deer feed on flowering plants, the tips of trees and shrubs, and grass. All other grazing animals were kept out of the pasture during the study. The number of sika deer more than doubled after the eight years, while the population of white-tailed deer decreased by 50 percent. Which of the following statements best supports the results from the study? Responses A The sika deer are generalists, while the white-tailed deer are specialists. B The sika deer out competed the white-tailed deer in consuming flowering plants and shrubs. C Parasites infected the sika deer population but

The sitka dee out competed the white tailed deer in consuming flowering plants and shurbs

A student claims that soil sample would be classified as a loam. Which of the following best describes the method used by the student to reach this conclusion? Responses A The student added water to the soil sample and determined the amount of water required to saturate the soil. B The student oven-dried the soil sample following separation and calculated the percent change in mass of the remaining sand and silt after the sample cooled. C The student calculated the amount of soil mass lost overnight in each soil sample that resulted from the evaporation of the clay and silt. D The student used a soil triangle to determine where the lines intersect for sand, silt, and clay for the soil sample.

The student used a soil triangle to determine where the lines intersect for sand, silt, and clay for the soil sample.

Which of the following best identifies a key component of the hydrologic cycle that powers the movement of water and is missing from the diagram Terrestrial animals B The Sun C Bacteria D Volcanoes

The sun

Which of the following is the best explanation for the deflection of the trade winds in both hemispheres, as seen in the diagram above? Responses A The wind is deflected east because of varying landmasses at the latitudes. B The wind is deflected east because of the waves in the ocean. C The wind is deflected west because of the mountains that the air encounters as the wind moves north or south. D The wind is deflected west because of Earth's rotation.

The wind is deflected west because of Earth's rotation.

Farmers in a suburban coastal town started using no-till agriculture, a practice that reduces soil erosion from their farmland. Use the image above to determine which of the following long-term effects no-till agriculture will have on the ecosystem surrounding the farmland. Responses A There will be an increased need for fertilizer on farmlands. B There will be less algal growth in the nearby ocean. C There will be less phosphorus pollution in the atmosphere. D There will be an increased deposition of phosphorus-rich sediments.

There will be less algal growth in the nerby ocean

Which of the following layers of the atmosphere contains charged gas molecules that glow and produce light when hit by solar energy, leading to glowing gases such as the northern lights, found over 90 kilometers above Earth's surface? Responses A Thermosphere B Mesosphere C Stratosphere D Troposphere

Thermosphere

Which of the following best describes the trends seen in the total fertility rates for the world population from 1950 to the projected rates in 2040 ? Responses A Total fertility rates fell below carrying capacity after 1965 because of an increase in global conflicts. B Total fertility rates remained fairly steady from 1970 to 1985 as less-developed regions shifted to more agricultural-based economies. C Total fertility rates declined rapidly from 1960 to 2000 because women had children later in life as a result of increased educational opportunities. D Total fertility rates are projected to increase slightly from 2000 to 2040 as a result of technological advances and access to health care.

Total fertility rates declined rapidly from 1960 to 2000 because women had children later in life as a result of increased educational oppirtunities

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest net primary productivity? Responses A Desert B Tropical rain forest C Taiga D Savanna

Tropical rainforest

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest primary productivity per unit area? Responses A Desert B Tropical rain forest C Boreal forest D Savanna

Tropical rainforest

Which of the following best describes an example of resource partitioning in an ecosystem? Responses A Two different bird species feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark. B A tick uses a white-tailed deer as its host, consuming the deer's blood as food. C Two individuals from the same population of barn owls hunt for the same species of mouse during the night. D A mason bee pollinates a variety of flowers in a botanical garden.

Two diffrent bird specied feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark

What is a carbon sink that holds carbon compounds for the shortest time

Vegetaion (plants)

Which of the following best describes a terrestrial ecosystem that will have the highest net primary productivity? Responses A Warm temperatures, high rainfall, and consistent sunlight B Hot temperatures, low rainfall, and consistent sunlight C Cold temperatures, high rainfall, and inconsistent sunlight D Warm temperatures, low rainfall, and inconsistent sunlight

Warm temperatures, high rainfall, and consistent sunlight

During an El Niño event, farmers in the southwestern United Stated often benefit from which of the following climatic changes? Responses A Longer and cooler summers that increase crop yield B Wetter and warmer weather that increases soil moisture C Cooler and drier conditions that help cold-weather crops D Warmer and drier weather that reduces soil erosion and flooding

Wetter and warmer weather that increases soil moisture