APES

Habitat size and community distances are the basis for A.primary succession B.speciation C.population density D.island biogeography E.conservation

island biogeography

. The first plant community that forms on bare rock often includes organisms such as A.herbs and conifers. B.grasses and weeds. C.broad-leaf trees and conifers. D.lichens and mosses E.woody shrubs and conifers.

lichens and mosses

Which of the following is not considered to be contributing to the current increase in extinction rates? A.Habitat destruction B.Natural selection C.Overharvesting D.Introduction of invasive species E.Climate change

D. Natural selection

4. When an organism has a trait that improves that individual's fitness for an environment, it is known as: A.an advantage. B.an adaptation. C.inherited. D.increased strength. E.increased size.

an adaptation.

A hypothesis is different from a belief because it is A.testable. B.proven. C.the same as a theory. D.sensible. E.false.

testable.

Greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere A.are in steady state. B.are decreasing. C.are increasing. D.cannot be measured. E.prove that inputs are equal to outputs.

are increasing.

Feedback loops that regulate Earth's climate are A.negative. B.positive. C.both negative and positive. D.impossible to study. E.becoming less intense.

both negative and positive.

Human population is expected to stabilize at ____ by the year ____. A.68-105 billion; 2050 B.68-105 billion; 2100 C.6.8-10.5 billion; 2100 D.6.8-10.5 billion; 2150 E.6.8-10.5 billion; 2200.

6.8-10.5 billion; 2150

On the pH scale, _______ is neutral. A.3 B.4 C.5 D.6 E.7

7

The Black Rhinoceros is considered to be a keystone species because A.removal of rhinoceroses from their community would result in drastic changes in the ecological structure of the community. B.it is the largest organism in its community. C.rhinoceroses live in large cooperative herds that dominate other smaller groups within the community. D.rhinoceroses eat more food than any other species in their community. E.rhinoceros populations are larger than any other population of organisms in their community.

A.removal of rhinoceroses from their community would result in drastic changes in the ecological structure of the community.

. The agricultural revolution led to an increase in the human population because it A.provided humans with a larger food supply. B.provided humans with a more dependable food supply. C.further increased the Earth's carrying capacity for humans. D.resulted in a longer life span and more childbearing years. E.All of the above

All of the above

Populations of predators increase when populations of prey are high because A.predators' nutrition is better. B.it is easier to find prey. C.the prey population may be weakened by competition for resources. D.reproductive output may increase. E.All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is the best description of a region's climate? A.The average temperature and precipitation over several decades B.The average precipitation over a 1-2 year time period C.The average high temperature of a region D.The amount of rainfall that an area receives over a period of 1 year E.The average temperature and rainfall over a period of 1-2 years

B. The average temperature and precipitation over several decades

Deductive reasoning A.is the process of making general statements from specific facts. B.is the process of applying a general statement to specific facts. C.requires observation. D.is the same thing as a hypothesis. E.Both B and C

Both B and C

Proteins are A.made up of long chains of sugars. B.made up of chains of amino acids. C.made of glucose. D.important in structural support, energy storage, and protection from infection. E.Both B and D

Both B and D

A good example of direct human manipulation of the natural environment is seen in A.adding emissions to the atmosphere from driving cars. B.converting land from forest to growing crops. C.growing clover and wheat in a laboratory. D.raising goldfish in a fish tank. E.Both A and B

Both a and b

Boreal forests tend to have a thick layer of organic material but the soil is poor in nutrients. What is the best explanation for this? A.The organic material is low in nutrients. B.The rapid growth rate of plants uses the nutrients rapidly. C.The soils have a low permeability and the nutrients do not dissolve in the soils. D.The soil is too rocky to hold a high content of nutrients. E.Low precipitation rates and cold temperatures slow decomposition.

C. Low precipitation rates and cold temperatures slow decomposition.

Population size can be estimated using the formula A.CBR + Immigration + CDR + Emigration SelectedB.CBR + Immigration - CDR - Emigration C.CBR + Immigration + CDR - Emigration D.CBR - Immigration - CDR - Emigration E.CBR - Immigration + CDR - Emigration

CBR + Immigration - CDR - Emigration

Which of these might a predator use to better enable it to catch its prey? A.Startle coloration B.Warning coloration SelectedC.Camouflage D.Symbiosis E.Coevolution

Camouflage

9. What relatively recent development is greatly impacting the carbon cycle? A.Photosynthesis B.Cellular Respiration C.Formation of fossil fuels D.Combustion of fossil fuels E.Formation of carbonate rocks

Combustion of fossil fuels

Which of the following is the Earth's most diverse biome? A.Wetlands B.Tropical Rainforest C.Temperate seasonal forest D.Coral reefs E.Grasslands

Coral reefs

What is a watershed? A.Network of streams leading to a larger river B.Network of rivers and bays that lead to the ocean C.Reservoir of water stored underground D.Area of land that drains to a water body E.Extensive wetland system leading to a bay

D. Network of streams leading to a larger river

Which factor would NOT influence the size a population reaches over time? A.Immigration and emigration B.Number of deaths C.Age of females at reproduction D.Distance traveled by migrants E.Number of births

Distance traveled by migrants

How is the majority of energy within an ecosystem lost? SelectedA.Heat loss B.Energy used to grow biomass C.Cellular respiration D.Cellular metabolism E.Energy used to capture prey

Heat loss

In what ways have humans had an effect on the Nitrogen cycle? I. Use of fertilizers II. Combustion of fossil fuels III. Urbanization

I and II

Water is a good solvent. This statement explains which of the following phenomena? I. High concentrations of dissolved ions in seawater. II. Capacity of living organisms to store many types of molecules in solution in their cells. III. Easy transport of toxic substances through the environment.

I, II, III

According to the law of conservation of matter, I. matter can be created. II. matter cannot be destroyed. III. after a chemical reaction, the original atoms remain.

II,III

Which of the following is NOT true of sustainable development? A.It attempts to raise standards of living without increasing environmental impact. SelectedB.It increases the ecological footprint of cities that implement sustainable programs. C.It involves utilizing renewable energy, organic agriculture, and land preservation. D.The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment project is a blue print for sustainable development. E.It is threatened by increased population and the concomitant increase in resource consumption.

It increases the ecological footprint of cities that implement sustainable programs.

Which of the following is considered to be the most important element in living organisms? A.Carbon B.Hydrogen C.Oxygen D.Phosphorus E.Nitrogen

Oxygen

Two populations of the same size have the same fertility and infant mortality rates. In population A, females begin having children at about age 16. In population B, they begin at about age 20. If we ignore immigration and emigration, which of the following should hold true? A.Population A should grow more quickly due to four more years of possible child bearing. B.Population B should grow more quickly because older mothers usually have healthier children. C.Populations A and B should grow at about the same rate. D.Population A should grow more quickly because younger mothers usually have healthier children. E.There is not enough information to tell.

Populations A and B should grow at about the same rate.

What law best relates to energy loss within an ecosystem? Answer A.First law of thermodynamics B.Second law of thermodynamics C.Third law of thermodynamics D.Law of conservation of matter E.Law of relativity

Second law of thermodynamics

Which BEST describes the reason for the very rapid growth of the human population in the last 8000 years? A.Humans have few offspring, but their young survive at a high rate. B.Environmental resistance does not apply to humans. C.Climatic change has allowed the human species to expand its range. D.Technology has allowed the species to overcome some environmental resistance. E.The biotic potential for humans has increased.

Technology has allowed the species to overcome some environmental resistance.

When natural selection occurs, what is the key factor that will determine which individuals will survive and pass on the beneficial traits? A.The traits that are more useful to humans will be passed on. B.Size. The larger the animal or plant, the more likely it will survive. C.How large the initial population is. D.The environment will determine which traits are most beneficial. E.Natural selection is random and occurs by chance.

The environment will determine which traits are most beneficial

To produce sodium chloride, common table salt, a single electron in the outer shell of the sodium atom is transferred to the outer shell of the chlorine atom. This is an example of A.the formation of an ionic bond. B.the formation of a covalent bond. C.radioactive decay. D.the formation of a hydrogen bond. E.None of the above

The formation of an ionic bond

What is most significant when determining the diversity of an ecosystem? Answer A.The number of organisms present B.The number of species present C.The amount of land the ecosystem covers D.The amount of precipitation an ecosystem receives E.The interactions between producers and consumers

The number of species present

Which of the following statements BEST describes the reason why bright coloration is an effective defense against predators? A.The predators are color-blind and cannot see the prey. B.The predators can see the color and, either through natural selection (if the prey is toxic) or learning (if the prey is merely unpalatable), avoid the prey. C.Predatory animals cannot learn anything; thus, color is unimportant. D.Symbiosis allows predators to coexist with prey so that neither goes extinct. E.Commensal relationships such as this are the result of coevolution.

The predators can see the color and, either through natural selection (if the prey is toxic) or learning (if the prey is merely unpalatable), avoid the prey.

Which of the following is the best description of species evenness? A.How evenly spread out a particular species is within an ecosystem B.The number of species within an ecosystem C.The number of organisms present within an ecosystem SelectedD.The relative dominance of each species within an ecosystem E.The ratio of consumers to producers

The relative dominance of each species within an ecosystem

Which of the following is not a part of the carbon cycle? A.Transpiration B.Combustion C.Photosynthesis D.Extraction E.Respiration

Transpiration

Which of the following are needed for photosynthesis? A.Water, solar energy, and carbon dioxide B.Water, solar energy, and glucose C.Carbon dioxide, energy, and glucose D.Oxygen, water, and energy E.Oxygen and glucose

Water, solar energy, and carbon dioxide

3. If a bird that normally has green feathers produces offspring with blue, this is most likely the result of: A.a genetic mutation. B.evolution. C.natural selection. D.natural variation. E.genotypic variation.

a genetic mutation.

Mass is A.exactly the same thing as weight. B.a force. C.different on the moon than it is on Earth. D.a measure of the amount of matter something contains. E.the result of gravity.

a measure of the amount of matter something contains.

The second law of thermodynamics states that A.in an energy conversion, no energy is lost. B.all systems move toward increased entropy. C.new energy is available in all systems. D.matter can be neither created nor destroyed. E.velocity increases as a dropped object nears the Earth's surface.

all systems move toward increased entropy

Evidence of biodiversity is seen in the A.genetic variation among human populations. B.number of species in a region. C.number of ecosystems and habitats in a region. D.variety of nutrients available in a region. E.All of the above

all the above

Factors that are responsible for grain production not keeping up with worldwide population include A.crop diseases. B.soil degradation. C.use of food crops for fuel. D.government encouragement to let land remain uncultivated. E.All of the above

all the above

A population of rabbits with typical variations of traits lives in a meadow with a depression that runs through the middle. Over time, the depression fills in with water and becomes a river, separating the one population into two over a period of several years. This is an example of: A.artificial selection. B.mutation. C.sympatric speciation. D.bottleneck effect. E.allopatric speciation.

allopatric speciation.

Which of the following is not an abiotic factor? A.Sunlight B.Bacteria C.pH D.Water E.Soil composition

bacteria

An ecosystem's carrying capacity for a population is determined by all of the following factors EXCEPT A.space. B.energy. C.water. D.food. E.climatic events, such as tornadoes.

climatic events, such as tornadoes.

The most critical factor in controlling human population growth is A.controlling reproductive lifespan. B.decreasing the age of first birth. C.decreasing the average number of births per woman. D.decreasing infant death. E.increasing overall wellness for the human race.

decreasing the average number of births per woman.

Environmental indicators A.enable scientists to accurately predict the future of an environment. B.describe what is causing a change in the environment. C.do not always describe what is causing a change in the environment. D.do not provide information that is considered valuable in creating public policy. E.Both A and C

do not always describe what is causing a change in the environment

The "ability to do work" is called Answer A.power. B.joules. dC.energy. D.heat. E.radiation.

energy

The change in genetic composition of a population over time is called: A.evolution. B.phenotype. C.genotype. D.artificial selection. E.mutation.

evolution.

. Malthus noted that human populations grow ____ while food supply grows ____. A.linearly; exponentially B.linearly; sigmoidally C.exponentially; linearly D.exponentially; logarithmically E.logarithmically; exponentially

exponentially; linearly

The population with the greatest ability to respond to environmental change most likely is the one with A.high genetic diversity. B.low genetic diversity. C.one type of dominant organism. D.two types of dominant organisms. E.more animals than plants.

high genetic diversity.

Which is a correct statement from the point of view of an environmental scientist? A.Human manipulation of the environment is completely acceptable in any modern society. B.Human manipulation of the environment is outpacing the rate at which natural systems can evolve. C.Natural systems will evolve at an appropriate rate to compensate for human manipulation. D.Natural systems will be undamaged by human interference because engineering discoveries will fix the problems. E.Adaptation and relocation are acceptable and reliable solutions for organisms that are affected by climate change.

human manipulation of the environment is outpacing the rate at which natural systems can evolve

At present, Earth's human population is Answer A.stable. B.declining. C.increasing exponentially. D.increasing at a constant rate. E.increasing at about 10% per year.

increasing exponentially.

Worldwide, the largest density-dependent cause of death is A.natural disaster. B.malnutrition. C.heart disease. D.infectious disease. E.car accidents.

infectious disease.

The birth rate of a population is expressed as a A.decimal. B.ratio. C.fraction. D.logarithmic equation. E.percentage.

percentage.

Developing countries tend to have a(n) ____ age structure diagram. A.rectangular-shaped B.inverted triangle C.pyramid-shaped D.square E.round

pyramid-shaped

1. Problems developed at Mono Lake as a consequence of the A.San Francisco earthquake of 1906. B.redirection of water that fed the lake for use by Los Angeles. C.rerouting of water that fed the lake to support the development of Las Vegas. D.addition of pollution from detergents to the lake in the 1940s. E.failure of Canadian geese to migrate from the area around the lake.

redirection of water that fed the lake for use by Los Angeles.

There are about 6.8 billion people in the world and about 11.4 billion usable hectares. Currently, the population of the United States has an ecological footprint of about 9.0 hectares per person. If all people in the world were to live at the level of consumption found in the United States, the population of the world would have to ____ in order to support them. A.double B.reduce by half C.reduce to about one-fifth of current levels D.reduce to less than one-tenth of the current population E.decline by 99%

reduce to about one-fifth of current levels

. Steps taken to restore the Everglades include A.decreasing water flow through the water tolerant grasses. dB.reduction of pollutants entering the ecosystem. C.addition of new species that will tolerate water more effectively. D.removal of all invasive species. E.removing all housing and farms with 50 miles of the Everglades

reduction of pollutants entering the ecosystem.

Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are A.concentrated near the equator. B.completely the product of human activity. SelectedC.responsible for constant temperatures near Earth's surface. D.causing a decrease in atmospheric temperature. E.primarily the result of volcanic activity.

responsible for constant temperatures near Earth's surface.

Environmental justice is A.the body of law that deals with environmental issues. B.the type of legal system that environmental lawyers use to defend nature. C.a social movement that works toward equal enforcement of environmental laws in poor communities. D.a type of legal punishment for polluters. E.not needed because pollution is equitably distributed around the world.

social movement that works toward equal enforcement of environmental laws in poor communities.

The difference between an environmentalist and an environmental scientist is A.negligible because both care about Earth. B.that an environmentalist is involved in a social movement; whereas an environmental scientist is concerned with the methods of science. C.that an environmental scientist has a background in biology and chemistry; whereas an environmentalist studies the humanities. D.an environmentalist is generally a radical. E.an environmentalist is involved in a social movement; whereas an environmental scientist is concerned with politics.

that an environmentalist is involved in a social movement; whereas an environmental scientist is concerned with the methods of science.

When studies are done to determine the effect of pesticides on humans A.human subjects are used to test the pesticides. B.the health of similar groups of people who have not been exposed to the pesticides are used as a basis for comparison. C.it is very difficult to find more than a single person exposed. D.higher primates are tested because their systems are close to those of humans. E.Both A and B

the health of similar groups of people who have not been exposed to the pesticides are used as a basis for comparison.

The total fertility rate (TFR) is an estimate of A.the number of children that will survive to adulthood. B.the number of years a typical infant will live. C.the number of children each woman in a population will have. D.the number of births per 1000 people per year. E.the percentage of women in a population that are able to have children.

the number of children each woman in a population will have.

The atomic number of an element is A.the number of protons. B.the number of electrons + protons. C.the number of protons + neutrons. D.the same as the atomic mass. E.the number of electrons + neutrons.

the number of protons.

When we discuss "our environment," we are referring to A. all conditions in the world. B.only interactions that affect human life. C.only conditions that cause negative effects on our health. D.primarily interactions that harm the atmosphere. E.the sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life.

the sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life.

Most energy on Earth comes from SelectedA.the Sun. B.volcanoes. C.trees. D.water. E.fire.

the sun

If a country's death rate increases, A.growth becomes linear, not exponential. B.the time required to reach a given population increases. C.the birth rate must decrease. D.the population always decreases. E.There is not enough information to tell.

the time required to reach a given population increases.

An idea that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed by multiple groups of researchers is called a(n) A.hypothesis. B.induction. C.deduction. D.theory. E.natural law.

theory.

In a closed system A.there are no matter and energy exchanges across boundaries of the system. B.matter and energy exchanges occur across boundaries of the system. C.new energy input must be constant. D.new matter is constantly added. E.energy is released.

there are no matter and energy exchanges across boundaries of the system.