APES Unit 1 : Chapter 1,4,5

what are the two role is predatory/prey relationships?

(predator) consumer, and the feed/consumed (prey)

how much of the Earth's net productivity is produced in oceans?

75%

symbiosis

A relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other

Succession

A series of predictable and orderly changes within an ecosystem over time.

what is a carbon source?

Burning fossil fuels is a source because it releases carbon that has been stored in coal, oil, or natural gas, which are carbon sinks.

what is a carbon sink that holds carbon for very little time?

Carbon dioxide can move into plants to be stored as glucose much more quickly than sedimentary rocks and fossil fuels can be stored. Carbon compounds are held for the shortest amount of time in vegetation.

In a given ecosystem, producers convert solar energy into 15,000kcal of chemical energy stored in organic compounds. what is the rule Which of the following is the most likely amount of energy available to secondary consumers? What is the rule how do you calculate.

Each trophic level is reduced to 10% of the previous level - skipping from producer to secondary consumer is moving through TWO trophic levels meaning the energy is reduced by 10% squared. = 15000*0.01= 150 KCAL producer = 1 of sun primary = *0.1 (backwards multiply by 10) secondary = *0.01 (backwards multiply by 100) tertiary = *0.001 (backwards multiply by 1000)

primary succession

a complete rebuild from scratch after a disturbance

climax community

a stable community that no longer goes through major ecological changes

Commenalism

a symbiotic relationship where on organism benefits and the other neither is harmed nor benifted

intraspecific competition

between members of the same species

mutualism

both organisms benefit when interacting with resources (ex. bee pollination)

Character displacement (niche shift)

competing species evolve and transform physically due to natural selection (ie. birds have big beaks to catchs worms and retrieve seeds)

intespecific competition

competition between individuals of different species

novel communities

composed of new mixtures of plants and animals and have no analog or precedent before a disturbance

desnity dependence

concept that competiton for resources intensifies with populations

pioneer species

crucial species for primary succession that are skilled in "building from scratch"

what is the difference between detrivore and decomposer?

decomposer breaks down litter, plant waste detrivores breaks down animal bodies, DEAD stuff

lichens

effective pioneer species, produce nutrients, acidifies rocks to soil

niche

expected role of a species

trophic cascade

indirect effects in a community that are initiated by a predator, usually tertiary/keystone

Biome

major ecosystems defined by their climate (precip. and temp.) and weather patterns along with their characteristics of plant and animal life

preys evolutionary defense system against predation

mimicry, warning colors, cryptic coloration - mimics predators - indicates toxicity - camouflage

three types of symbiosis

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

paratism

parasite is dependent on a host for nourishment/shelter and does harm to the host

pathogen

parasite that causes disease

coevolution

parasites has reciprocal process of counter adaptations - "evolutionary arms race", competing for best adaptation to survive against one another

invasive species

plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native, lack competition and lack predators

What are trophic levels?

producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer

trophic level

rank in the feeding hierarchy

Resistance

remains stable despite disturbance

introduced species

species moved by humans to new geographic areas, either intentionally or accidentally

Net primary productivity

the amount of energy lost through respiration by producers subtracted from the gross primary productivity of an ecosystem.

Biomass

the collective mass of living matter in a given place and time

Nitrification

the process by which nitrites and nitrates are produced by specific bacteria in the soil; ammonia (NH3)- is converted to nitrate (NO3)-

restoration ecology

the study and implementation of restoring damaged ecosystems

Gross primary productivity

the total rate of photosynthesis of producers in an ecosystem over time. formula = total amount of energy captured by producers minus the energy that producers respire over time.

secondary succession

type of succession that occurs in an area that was only partially destroyed by disturbances, reliance on previous resources and species

competitive exclusion

when a species is successful in competition and excludes competing species completely from resources

resource patritioning

when species divide the same resource through specializing in different ways (example: using different parts of a tree for eating, shelter, using resources during different seasons)

resilience

when succesful changes are made in response to disturbance

regime shift

when the character of a community fundamentally changes