APES Unit 3 Test (Populations)

3.6 Structure Diagrams Good K-selected graph (means rapid population growth because of the high birthrate)

(means rapid population growth because of the high birthrate)

3.2 K-Selected and r-selected Species K-selected species spend a large amount of energy for

(usually) each offspring that they carry at one time

3.8 Human Population Dynamics What factors affect whether a population is growing or declining?

- Birth and overall death rates - infant mortality rates - access to family planning - good nutrition - education - postponement of marriage

Four Stages of The Demographic Transition

1.) Population grows very slowly bc of a high birth rate (compensate for high infant mortality rate) and a high death rate 2.) Population grows rapidly bc high birth rates are high and death rates drop bc of improved food production and health 3.) Population growth slows as both birth and death rates drop bc if improved food production, health and education 4.) Population growth levels off and then declines as birthrates equal and then fall below death rates

3.4 Carrying Capacity The estimated upper limit of the human population (if everyone becomes vegetarian) is

10 billion

3.4 Carrying Capacity 1.4 billion hectares (3.5 billion acres) of arable land can produce

2 billion tons of grain per year

3.4 Carrying Capacity If everyone ate as omnivores on U.S. standards, the maximum carrying capacity would be

2.5 billion people

3.8 Human Population Dynamics When doing the math with formula (Nt = No x e^rt), when do you round?

AT THE VERY END

The demographic transition model describes population change over time as a country becomes more developed. Age-structure diagrams describe how populations are distributed across age ranges. Which of the following age-structure diagrams best displays the age ranges in a country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition? A.) A stationary age-structure diagram B.) An inverted pyramid age-structure diagram C.) A constrictive age-structure diagram D.) An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram

D.) An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram

3.8 Human Population Dynamics Population growth is affected by what two types of factors?

Density (independent) and Density (dependent)

3.2 K-Selected and r-selected Species Many species have reproductive strategies that are

NOT uniquely r-selected or k-selected

3.8 Human Population Dynamics Equation to find amount with a certain growth rate after a number of years

Nt = No x e^rt Nt = new population size No = original population size r = intrinsic rate of increase t = time

3.3 Survivorship Curves A cohort is

a group of individuals of the same age/generation in a population

3.6 Structure Diagrams A rapidly growing population will, as a rule, have

a higher proportion of younger people compared to a stable or declining population

3.5 Population Growth and Resource Availability When resources are abundant (unlimited), population growth

accelerates on an exponential scale

3.6 Structure Diagrams Population growth rates can be interpreted from

age structure diagrams

3.3 Survivorship Curves A survivorship curve measures from

birth to the maximum age reached by any member of the cohort

3.4 Carrying Capacity Populations above the carrying capacity will

cause environmental degradation (population overshoot)

3.1 Generalist and Specialist Species Generalist species have an advantage in habitats that

change (ex: Kangaroos, humans, cows, horses, pigs)

3.4 Carrying Capacity A consequence of population overshoot is? Why is it severe?

dieback of the population, which could be severe because of the lack of available resources

3.2 K-Selected and r-selected Species Many species have reproductive strategies that can change based on

different conditions at different times (ex: Birds and number of eggs; fish, like salmon, that take a long time to mature, but then produce millions of offspring that aren't cared for)

3.5 Population Growth and Resource Availability population growth is limited by

environmental factors, especially resource availability and amount of space

3.2 K-Selected and r-selected Species K-selected species tend to have extended...

extended youths under parental care and long-life expectancies

3.5 Population Growth and Resource Availability The availability of resources and the total resource base on earth are

finite and subject to the conservation laws across all time

3.8 Human Population Dynamics Technological advances in food production have kept up with the

growing population

3.3 Survivorship Curves Type 2 survivorship curve

has a constant decline in population over the lifetime; has an equal chance of dying young as making it to old age (ex: coral, squirrels, rodents, and some birds)

3.3 Survivorship Curves Type 1 survivorship curve

high survival rate through most of the lifetime, but dies off as they approach old age (ex: elephants, whales, and humans)

3.8 Human Population Dynamics Carrying Capacity limits...

human population growth and the basic factors of the Malthusian theory

3.2 K-Selected and r-selected Species K-selected species are...

larger and have few offspring

3.3 Survivorship Curves Type 3 survivorship curve

low survival for young with only a few members making it to old age (ex: seeds, some fishes, and marine invertebrates)

3.8 Human Population Dynamics Density (dependent)

man made issues like access to clean water and air, food availability, disease transmission, and territory size.

3.9 Demographic Transition Developing civilizations tend to have more...and with higher...

more children in the work force along with the higher infant mortality rate

3.2 K-Selected and r-selected Species K-selected species usually reproduce... and competition is....

more than once in their lifetime and competition for resources is high (ex: Humans, elephants, whales, sequoia trees)

3.5 Population Growth and Resource Availability A shrinking resource base results in increased...

mortality among the weakest, decreased fecundity (fertility; birth rate potential) or both. The population will decline to, or below, carrying capacity

3.8 Human Population Dynamics Density (independent)

natural disasters like major storms, fires, heat waves, or droughts

3.2 K-Selected and r-selected Species r-selected species devote little energy to

offspring and many species even abandon the young even though competition for resources is relatively low

3.2 K-Selected and r-selected Species Many r-selected species may only reproduce

once in their lifetime (ex: Sea turtles, insects, mice, rabbits, bacteria)

3.4 Carrying Capacity Carrying capacity is the number of

organisms an ecosystem can sustain indefinitely (unlimited time)

3.8 Human Population Dynamics Malthusian theory states that

population grows exponentially, while food production only grows geometrically (adding) and population will suffer a dieback due to some disaster

3.9 Demographic Transition Demographic Transition refers to the change in.. From what to what?

population growth from higher birth and death rates during early development to lower death rates as civilization advances towards more industrialization

3.1 Generalist and Specialist Species Specialist species have an advantage in habitats that

remain constant (ex: Koalas, any species in the Amazon)

3.2 K-Selected and r-selected Species r-selected species (description)

smaller, develop into an adult quickly, and produce a large number of offspring at a time

3.7 Total Fertility Rate If fertility rate is at replacement levels, a population is relatively _____________

stable

3.2 K-Selected and r-selected Species K-selected species live in what kinds of environments?

stable environments

3.3 Survivorship Curves Survivorship curve is a line that displays the relative..

survival rates of a cohort

3.7 Total Fertility Rate Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is affected by

the age at which females have their first child, educational opportunities for females, access to family planning, and government acts and policies

3.9 Demographic Transition Civilizations progress according to

the four stages of the Demographic Transition model (DTM)

3.2 K-Selected and r-selected Species Biotic Potential refers to

the maximum reproductive rate of a population in ideal conditions

3.5 Population Growth and Resource Availability When the resource base shrinks, what happens to the resource distribution?

the unequal distribution of resources becomes more likely (ex: increased competition among species, first world vs third world nations)

3.7 Total Fertility Rate Factors associated (that help) with infant mortality rates include

whether mothers have access to good healthcare and nutrition. Changes in these factors can lead to change in infant mortality rates over time.