APES Unit 5 MC & FRQ Answers

· Soil erosion/loss of topsoil · Soil degradation · Loss of nutrients and minerals in soils

(a) Human activities, such as agriculture, can require altering the land. i. Identify an environmental problem associated with large-scale intensive agriculture on soil.

· Increased cost from technology required to update mechanisms · Decreased crop yield/decreased crop size · Increased need for human labor/less reliance on large-scale automated processes for planting or harvesting.

(a) Human activities, such as agriculture, can require altering the land. iii. Describe a drawback of using sustainable agricultural practices to produce crops.

· Contour plowing · Windbreaks · Perennial crops · Terracing · No-till agriculture · Strip cropping

(a) Human activities, such as agriculture, can require altering the land. ii. Identify a potential sustainable agricultural practice to reduce the impact of large-scale intensive agriculture on soils.

the 98th day of the study as the day when the largest amount of sediment was present in runoff.

(c) Figure 11 shows the amount of sediment in runoff in undisturbed areas and in areas where mining has disturbed the vegetation in the riparian zone of a stream in Brazil. [Figure 11] i. Identify the day of the study when the largest amount of sediment was present in runoff.

The amount of sediment in the runoff increases after a rain event/high rainfall.

(c) Figure 11 shows the amount of sediment in runoff in undisturbed areas and in areas where mining has disturbed the vegetation in the riparian zone of a stream in Brazil. [Figure 11] ii. Describe the relationship between the amount of rainfall and the amount of sediment in runoff.

In the mining locations there was an increased amount of runoff/sediment in the water compared with the undisturbed areas as a result of a lack of vegetation at the mining locations.

(c) Figure 11 shows the amount of sediment in runoff in undisturbed areas and in areas where mining has disturbed the vegetation in the riparian zone of a stream in Brazil. [Figure 11] iii. Based on the data in the graph, explain how mining practices affected the water quality in nearby streams.

· Dust particles released from mining can lead to respiratory problems · Acid mine drainage can pollute drinking water supplies · Contaminated groundwater can be used in agriculture, which can contaminate crops that are consumed by humans.

(d) The extraction of mineral resources has a variety of environmental impacts and can also affect human health. i. Describe one affect mining can have on human health.

· Creating/passing legislation to regulate mining practices · Reclaiming areas used for mining to back to original land use · Closing illegal/unregulated mines · Enacting scrap mining or recycling programs (to reduce need for newly mined resources) · Improving mining efficiency · Investing in research and development of green mining technology · Practicing proper waste removal/disposal of tailings to reduce sediment runoff/acid mine drainage · Replanting trees lost in strip mining practices

(d) The extraction of mineral resources has a variety of environmental impacts and can also affect human health. ii. Make a claim that proposes a solution to reduce the environmental impacts of mining, other than a ban on mining.

Increasing vegetation in the mined areas will help to keep the soil from eroding/sediment from entering the stream.

(d) The extraction of mineral resources has a variety of environmental impacts and can also affect human health. iii. Use data and evidence from the graph to support a potential solution to reduce the impacts of mining on stream quality.

Some individual insects are more likely than others to survive and reproduce due to their inherited traits.

A farmer observes that increasingly higher concentrations of a particular pesticide have been required each year over the past ten years to achieve the same level of effectiveness on a specific insect pest. Which of the following best helps explain the observation?

The infiltration rate of the water

A group of students want to increase the amount of water infiltration around the property of their urban high school by replacing all the existing impermeable walkway pavers with permeable ones. The school board will not move forward with any property changes unless the students conduct an experiment and collect evidence to help prove that their proposed suggestion to increase water infiltration will be effective. The students create two identical pallets using soil taken from the school's property and install impermeable pavers similar to those found on the school's property in one of the pallets. They install permeable pavers in the other pallet. The students pour exactly the same amount of water over both sets of pavers, leave both pallets in exactly the same environmental conditions, and after one hour measure the amount of water that infiltrated the soil. Which of the following is the dependent variable in the study?

The type of pavers used in the pallets

A group of students want to increase the amount of water infiltration around the property of their urban high school by replacing all the existing impermeable walkway pavers with permeable ones. The school board will not move forward with any property changes unless the students conduct an experiment and collect evidence to help prove that their proposed suggestion to increase water infiltration will be effective. The students create two identical pallets using soil taken from the school's property and install impermeable pavers similar to those found on the school's property in one of the pallets. They install permeable pavers in the other pallet. The students pour exactly the same amount of water over both sets of pavers, leave both pallets in exactly the same environmental conditions, and after one hour measure the amount of water that infiltrated the soil. Which of the following is the independent variable in the study?

Goods and services

A person's ecological footprint is the total amount of land required to offset a person's carbon emissions. The table below shows ecological footprint data for five different students. Each value is a measure of the number of hectares per land required. [Table 1. Ecological Footprints of Five Different Students (hectares)] After reviewing personal footprint data, Student 5 decides to take action to lower his or her overall footprint by reducing money spent on shoes and clothing. Land use in which of the following categories will be most affected by this change?

using energy efficiently and reusing and recycling matter

A sustainable society would emphasize

Row E

Coal was surface mined from five sites, labeled 1 through 5, that had originally been covered by forest. Each site was planted with a mix of tree seedlings to reclaim the area to forest. Grass was also seeded over each site to prevent initial erosion and to provide forage. Ten years after planting, information was collected at the five sites and is given in the table below. Select the letter of the row that indicates the site with the most successful forest reclamation.

beef

Compared with people in developing countries, people in industrialized countries are more likely to eat

grown at a faster rate than

During the past half century, global food production has ________ world population growth.

all of these answers are correct

Environmental problems associated with mining involve

synthetic fertilizer can provide more targeted macronutrients to the crops

Farmers need to make many decisions about how they grow their crops. One of these decisions is whether to use synthetic fertilizer or organic fertilizer, such as manure. An advantage of using synthetic fertilizer instead of organic fertilizer is that

The use of glyphosate has selected for herbicide resistance in weed populations.

Glyphosates are herbicides that are often applied to genetically modified (G M) crops to kill weeds without harming the crop itself. [Glyphosates Use and Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds graph]

have increased crop yields but may not be sustainable

Green Revolution techniques ________.

row A

If an area was originally forested and then underwent urban development, which of the following shows the most likely effects on various parts of the water cycle in the area?

increased our ability to obtain more food from the same area

Industrial agriculture ________.

More carbon dioxide will be added to the atmosphere and increase anthropogenic climate change.

Industrial logging threatens many forested ecosystems. Which of the following environmental consequences will most likely result from clear-cutting deciduous forests for logging?

combines synthetic chemical pesticides with biocontrol techniques

Managing crop competitors and pests has been challenging to agronomists for centuries. One approach, integrated pest management, ________.

· Strip mining/surface mining · Subsurface mining

Mineral resources are extracted from the earth by mining ore and separating it from the residual rock. (b) Identify one type of mining that is used to extract natural resources from the earth.

eat fish that are caught using sustainable harvesting methods, therefore ensuring fish populations remain stable and reducing the amount bycatch harvested

One way that consumers can help prevent a decrease in the number of fish species that are experiencing population declines is to

erosion and desertification

Overgrazing of grasslands can lead to reduced range quality. Two of the major effects of overgrazing are

tragedy of the commons

Overgrazing of public land by privately owned livestock is an example of the

Saltwater intrusion

Overuse of groundwater in coastal areas would most likely result in which of the following?

that are subject to severe wildfires to remove fuel load and stimulate new growth

Prescribed burns would be used in forests ________.

farmed salmon can spread parasites and disease to wild salmon

Salmon farming threatens the health of wild salmon stocks primarily because

are forests that establish themselves after old-growth timber has been removed

Second-growth forests ________.

Integrated pest management

Switching from customary large-scale agricultural practices to which of the following is most likely to reduce the exposure of farmworkers and nearby residents to toxic chemicals?

Incorporating antibiotics into the feeding regimens of densely concentrated livestock

The development of dangerous strains of disease organisms represents a significant consequence of which of the following agricultural practices?

(chart showing) 0 acres for grazing cattle and 100 acres for growing corn

The land on a 100-acre farm is equally suited for grazing cattle and growing corn. Of the following ways of distributing land use, which would produce the greatest number of calories of human consumption?

overfishing

The major cause for the decline in the worldwide catch of fish since 1990 is

more people can be fed using less agricultural land because vegetarians eat at a lower trophic level

Vegetarianism is often cited as a partial solution to the growing problem of deforestation and other types of habitat destruction as the human population continues to grow. The reason for this is

Genetically engineered plants can decrease the genetic diversity of the crop.

Which of the following best describes a disadvantage of using genetically engineered crops over crops that are not genetically modified?

Individuals living in cities usually have a lower transportation carbon footprint than individuals living in rural areas.

Which of the following best describes an environmental advantage of urbanization?

Too many fish of reproductive age are harvested.

Which of the following best explains why the maximum sustainable yield for ocean fisheries has been exceeded?

The development of new strains of crops with higher yields

Which of the following describes a fundamental characteristic of the green revolution in food resources?

Furrow irrigation

Which of the following irrigation methods is most likely to result in salinization of the soil, especially if the agricultural fields are located in a warm climate with consistent sunlight?

Clear-cutting

Which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity?

Soil erosion increases because the tree roots and other vegetation that stabilize the soil have been removed.

Which of the following is a consequence of clearing forests for agriculture purposes?

Contamination of surrounding water by organic waste

Which of the following is an unintended environmental consequence of aquaculture?

No-till agriculture

Which of the following is likely to minimize soil erosion?

Runoff from a nearby hog farm

Which of the following is most likely to increase both the nutrient levels and the bacterial content of lake water?

The concentration of nitrates in streams running through the region will increase.

Which of the following is most likely to occur in a forested region that has been recently clear-cut?

The federal government sets a catch limit (per person or per boat) for the species and imposes a tax on any extra fish that are caught.

Which of the following is the best example of an economic approach to reduce overfishing for a fish species with a declining population?

Increased use of pesticides to eradicate genetically resistant pests

Which of the following is the best illustration of the pesticide treadmill?

It underlies the United States High Plains and is being depleted by overuse.

Which of the following is true of the Ogallala Aquifer?

Drop irrigation

Which of the following methods of agricultural irrigation results in the loss of the least amount of water by evaporation?

Soil erosion

Which of the following problems is best addressed with contour plowing?

fish are shared resources, and as the fishing industry competes for the fish, and the resource extraction is no longer sustainable

Which of the following scenarios best explains the concept of the tragedy of the commons?

Using new, more permeable materials for roads and sidewalks

Which of the following solutions would help decrease flood frequencies and flood sizes that are caused by urbanization?