APES Unit 5

Describe TWO ecosystem services provided for humans by forests. Explain how clear-cutting would affect each ecosystem service you describe

- Forests have aesthetic value (hiking, camping, photography, tourism, etc.): Decreases in natural beauty - Forests provide wood for fuel: Increase in the short-term availability of wood, but potential long-term loss of availability

After intensive logging, most of the trees along a stream have been removed. Which of the following water quality changes would most likely occur downstream after logging? A) Increased water temperature B) Increased dissolved oxygen C) Decreased total dissolved solids D) Decreased amount of fecal coliform

A)

Aquaculture or fish farming can be used to increase the availability of species like salmon and shrimp for consumption. Although fish farming can have a number of negative environmental effects, it does offer a number of advantages. Which of the following is a valid reason for promoting the use of fish farms? A) Fish production is constant, and fish farming reduces pressure on wild stocks B) Fish raised at fish farms are cheaper and have a better flavor than wild-caught fish. C) Fish farming generates few, if any, pollutants that affect adjacent waterways. D) Pesticides and antibiotics are rarely used at fish farms but are often used in wild-caught fish populations.

A)

The green revolution has improved global agricultural output. Which of the following best describes the author's perspective on the beginning of the green revolution in the 1970s and 1980s? A) The green revolution was successful because of selective breeding, which improved nutritional value and crop yield to increase food production. B) The green revolution had minimal success because farmers were unable to provide grains to feed most of the global population until the 1990s, when synthetic fertilizers helped to improve crop yields. C) The green revolution was successful because it decreased the demand for more farmland since genetically modified organisms increased the agricultural yield without increasing acreage dedicated to agriculture. D) The green revolution was dangerous to the human population because the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis was introduced into many species of corn and led to an outbreak of disease in humans.

A)

Which of the following agricultural practices results in soil degradation and most contributes to erosion? A) Tilling B) Crop Rotation C) Intercropping D) Terracing

A)

Which of the following environmental effects would most likely result from the clear-cutting of boreal forests by industrial logging operations? A) There will be an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, which will contribute to climate change. B) There will be an increase in farming on the cleared areas of land, which will reduce incidences of flooding. C) There will be an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, which will improve air quality. D) There will be a decrease in the temperature of soil and nearby bodies of water, which will increase biodiversity.

A)

Which of the following is a direct economic consequence that would likely occur if an area of forest was clear-cut so that a housing development can be built? A) A decrease in the number of game hunting licenses purchased B) A decrease in atmospheric oxygen concentration C) An increase in taxes from ecotourism D) An increase in legislation to regulate stream flow

A)

Which of the following is an example of an industrial practice that contributes to the tragedy of the commons? A) Burning fossil fuels for energy production B) Creating constructed wetlands on abandoned land C) Enacting and enforcing legislation on point-source pollutants D) Promoting aluminum and glass recycling

A)

Which of the following is an unintended consequence associated with waterlogging caused by flood irrigation? A) Higher water tables B) Relatively low cost C) Decreased erosion and soil loss D) Increased oxygen intake by plant roots

A)

Which of the following techniques could best reduce the harmful effects of overfishing if it were to be widely adopted by the fishing industry? A) Increased use of large-mesh gill nets for harvesting salmon and trout B) Greater reliance on bottom trawling in coastal waters for harvesting shrimp and sole C) Increased use of long-line fishing techniques in the open ocean for harvesting swordfish and halibut D) Widespread application of cyanide in tropical waters for harvesting tuna and cod

A)

Which of the following best describes environmental damage caused by slash-and-burn farming in tropical rain forests? A) Nitrogen and phosphorus enter streams and reduce the growth of algae. B) The soil loses fertility after a short period of time and will be ineffective for farming use. C) The bare soil is exposed and becomes dried out, killing valuable soil bacteria. D) There is an increase in biodiversity as areas that were previously forested areas are converted to agricultural fields.

B)

Which of the following best describes the advantages and disadvantages of drip irrigation? A) This method is suitable for a range of topographies and is easy to operate, but it requires a high initial investment in machinery. B) This method most efficiently delivers water directly to plant roots compared with other methods, and wastes less water, but it may be too costly for farmers in developing countries to use. C) This method delivers water to the field by pipes and water flows directly over the soil, but there is a large amount of runoff. D) This method applies water directly to trenches dug in soil and is cost effective, but water is often lost to evaporation.

B)

Which of the following describes an unintended consequence that results from large-scale agricultural use of water from an aquifer? A) Much of the water becomes too salty for human consumption because of saltwater intrusion. B) The rate of water use likely exceeds the rate of recharge, leading to lowering the water table. C) The water table level rises too high, leading to excessive flooding. D) Agricultural areas contribute to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, leading to global climate change.

B)

Which of the following is an assumption made by the author regarding the use of genetically modified crops? A) Eventually, pests will become resistant to the Bt gene, and pesticide use will increase in the near future. B) The amount of arable land will remain relatively constant, and the growing human population will have enough food if more crops can be harvested from the same amount of land. C) Farmers in more-developed countries will grow fewer genetically modified foods in the near future because they are not cost effective. D) Current agricultural practices are effective enough to feed the global population, but improvements in technology will help crops such as cotton and tobacco.

B)

IPM (Integrated Pest Management)

Biological control used to kill insects with other living organisms Ex. Lady bugs eat Aphids

Which of the following best describes the concept of the tragedy of the commons? A)Resources that are shared by individuals, such as the Ogallala Aquifer groundwater, are highly regulated by legislation, thereby depriving common people of their use. B) Communities enact recycling programs to reduce the amount of materials that need to be mined. The cost of the recycling program is absorbed by community taxes. C) The aim of large logging operations in tropical rain forests is economic gain, rather than sustainability. Therefore, the shared resources in the forest could become depleted. D) oil nutrients, such as nitrates, are used unequally depending on the type of vegetation. Therefore, farmers must add fertilizers to certain areas to grow crops.

C)

Which of the following statements best summarizes the author's predictions for how humans will meet the future nutritional needs of a growing population using current agricultural technology? A) The effects of global climate change will decrease as farmers employ advanced technological methods to agriculture. B) Less-developed countries must change from a meat-based protein diet to a more grain-based diet. This will allow the global population to continue to meet the agricultural demands of a growing population. C) Humans have maximized the crop yield with improving technology and the implementation of modern genetic techniques to further increase crop productivity and resilience in order to meet the demand. D) The only way to meet the agricultural demand of a growing world population is to convert more grassland and forests into working agricultural land. Genetically modified foods are no longer nutritious, and the nutrients in the forest and grassland soil will increase yield and nutrition.

C)

Identify a specific type of plant community or biome (other than a forest) that is naturally maintained by fire. Explain how the fire maintains the community or biome.

Chaparral: Mediterranean scrubland - Fire removes brush, reducing competition for resources. - Fires enhance cycling of nutrients back into the soil.

Purse Seining fishing

Circling a school of fish with a net

mountain top mining (surface)

Coal companies first raze an entire mountainside, ripping trees from the ground and clearing brush with huge tractors. This debris is then set ablaze as deep holes are dug for explosives. An explosive is poured into these holes and mountaintops are literally blown apart.

The hog-farming industry maintains production levels to satisfy the demand for pork. Which of the following methods of meat production would provide the most likely explanation for the information represented in the graph above? A) Free-range grazing B) Organic meat production C) Individual transferable quotas D) Concentrated animal feeding operations

D)

Various nations have adopted policies designed to combat overfishing. Which of the following approaches is commonly used to combat the problem of overfishing? A) Reducing the limits on the numbers of commercial fish species that can be caught B) Banning the use of sonar as a means for capturing fish in open ocean waters C) Promoting fishing in estuaries and breeding grounds rather than in the open ocean D) Enforcing minimum-size requirements for the capture of some commercial species

D)

Which of the following best exemplifies how an action within the fishing industry could lead to a tragedy of the commons? A) Fishing companies increasing the number of aquaculture facilities B) Fishers throwing back fish that are at peak reproductive age to help keep fish populations stable C) Fisheries limiting the amount of overall catch per fishing season D) Overfishing of threatened fish species leading to the eventual depletion of the resource

D)

Which of the following would decrease with the manufacture, application, and use of synthetic fertilizers rather than organic fertilizers? A) Groundwater pollution B) Cultural eutrophication C) Use of fossil fuels D) Recycling of organic matter

D)

ii) Describe the method you would use to test your hypothesis. iii) Identify the control iv) Identify the dependent variable

Four separate freshwater tanks will each contain 20 minnows. Tank 1 is the control and contains no pesticide. Tank 2 will have a .05% concentration of pesticide, tank 3 will have a .1% concentration of pesticide and thank 4 will have a .2% concentration of pesticide. After each day of exposure, the number of minnows dead will be counted and recorded. Exposure should last for 30 days. The dependent variable is the number of dead minnows for each tank each day

Design a laboratory experiment to determine whether or not a new pesticide (product X) is toxic to minnows, a type of small fish. For the experiment you design, be sure to do all of the following. i) State the hypothesis

Higher concentration of the new pesticide (product x) will result in more moralities in a given population of minnows

driftnetting

Huge nets are set out to drift through open water to capture schools of fish.

b) Describe experimental results that would lead you to reject your hypothesis

I would reject my hypothesis if the tank with the most pesticide had the least number of minnow deaths

ci) Describe IPM. As part of your description, include TWO specific pest-control approaches that are part of IPM.

IPM is used to reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides. Two approaches are: to spray crops with soap solutions and to use noise to repel pests.

Identify TWO characteristics of forests that develop when fires are suppressed, and explain why the practice of fire suppression does not reduce, but actually increases, the risk of intense and extensive forest fires.

Larger Trees develop (adds to the fuel load- intensity) and Fire-tolerant species that need fire to germinate seeds decrease in population (adds to spreading of the fire-extent)

The effects of the HFI are expected to extend beyond fire reduction. Excluding fire reduction, describe ONE positive and ONE negative effect likely to result from the implementation of the provisions of the HFI.

Positive Effects- Increased removal of medium and large trees/small tree brush removal will lead to economic growth in the lumber industry Negative Effects- The removal of medium and large trees/small tree brush removal will reduce available habitat for other organisms in the forest biome

d) Describe TWO agricultural practices, other than those involving pest control, that increase crop yields.

Use irrigation systems, apply fertilizers

longline fishing

a commercial fishing technique that uses a long line with baited hooks attached at intervals.

bottom trawling

a fishing technique in which the ocean floor is literally scraped by heavy nets that smash everything in their path.

hydroponics

growing without soil; less land and water used, fewer pesticides

c ii) Identify one environmental benefit of using IPM.

it reduces erosion

Placer mining (surface)

method of extracting mineral ore by hand using simple tools like picks, shovels, and pans

open pit mining (surface)

surface mining technique that extracts minerals from an open pit in the ground

subsurface mining

systems of tunnels and vertical shafts with elevators to take miners underground where they can retrieve the valuable resources. Subsurface mines produce large amounts of environmentally hazardous acid mine drainage

strip mining (surface)

type of surface mining where the overlying vegetation, rock, and soil is removed in order to reach the underlying coal seam, which usually lies a few feet beneath the surface