APES Unit 5 Test
For that ten-year period, calculate the rate of decline in the fish harvest in tons per year. 7,000 600,000 700,000 70,000 6,000
70,000
Primary sewage treatment is used to remove which of the following from the water? suspended soilds only both biodegradable and nonbiodegradable soilds disease-causing bacteria biodegradable solids only nonbiodegradable pollutants only
both biodegradable and non biodegradable solids
The goals of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan include all of the following EXCEPT creating 18 large reservoirs and underground storage areas building a series of massive dams to stop water from leaving the Everglades restoring the curving flow of the Kissimmee River buying 240 sq km of farmland and allowing it to become marsh removing 400 km of canals and levees south of Lake Okeechobee
building a series of massive damns to stop water from leaving the Everglades
Which of the following is the most successful solution to the problem of fish mortality caused by dams? Placing fish repellents on dam turbines Building fish ladders around the dam Dredging the sediments upstream of the dam Harvesting fish before they reach the dam Eliminating keystone species above the dams
building fish ladders around the dam
Although PCBs have been banned in the US since 1977, they are still causing damage in Puget Sound and the Great Lakes because they are still being produced in Canada today they are examples of heavy metals and are non-degradable fishermen are illegally dumping PCBs PCBs are persistent pollutants that don't degrade easily they are water soluble and therefore make their way into aquatic systems
PCBs are persistent pollutants that don't degrade easily
Which of the following is NOT a means of purifying water for drinking? centrifugation carbon nanotubes nanofilters exposing water in clear plastic bottle to intense sunlight protecting watersheds from pollution
centrifugation
Eutrophication results in the death of trout and other fish as a result of... asphyxiation from lack of oxygen toxic pH levels in the water toxic levels of heavy metals in the water toxic concentrations of salts in the water a lack of sufficient minerals in the water
asphyxiation from lack of oxygen
The dimly lit zone in which zooplankton and smaller fishes predominate, is the bathyal zone euphotic zone estuary zone abyssal zone benthic zone
bathyal zone
Oysters, clams and lobsters are part of which group of organisms? nekton decomposers plankton fish benthos
benthos
According to water resource experts, the main cause of water waste is ..... cheap prices long showers dishwashers old toilets leakage
cheap prices
The main goals of a dam and reservoir include all of the following EXCEPT ... providing recreational activities supplying water for cities and agriculture generating electricity cleaning the water controlling floods
cleaning the water
The ocean zone that makes up less than 10% of the world's ocean area, yet contans 90% of all marine species is the pelagic zone abyssal zone coastal zone benthic zone bathyal zone
coastal zone
When it appears that it is no longer profitable to continue fishing as a result of overfishing, the fish populations are said to be locally extinct ecologically extinct biologically extinct commercially extinct economically extinct
commercially extinct
Most photosynthesis in the oopen ocean occurs in the abyssal zone euphotic zone estuary zone bathyal zone benthic zone
euphotic zone
The natural nutrient enrichment of a shallow lake, estuary or slow-moving stream is called oligotrophy overturn upwelling red tide eutrophication
eutrophication
One method of desalinization uses high pressure to force saltwater through a membrane filter. This method is called ..... passive transport reverse osmosis active transport diffusion distillation
reverse osmosis
Some countries are increasing their use of a desalination process that uses high pressure to force saltwater through a membrane filter with pores small enough to remove salt. This process is known as distillation reverse osmosis waterlogging salinization drip filtration
reverse osmosis
The majority of the oil pollution in the ocean comes from environmental terrorism normal operation of offshore oil wells runoff from the land "blowout" ruptures of oil rigs tanker accidents
runoff from the land
Which of the following factors is NOT a primary determining factor for whether an organism is found on the surface of the ocean or in the middle of the water column? availability of light salinity temperature nutrient availability dissolved oxygen
salinity
To determine the presence and concentration of water pollutants, scientists are least likely to use... analysis of indicator species genetically engineered bacteria and yeasts chemical analysis of sediment chemical analysis of water samples satellite photographs
satellite photographs
Approximately how many times for acidic, in terms of H+ concentration, is precipitation in the northeastern United States as compared to precipitation in the South Pacific? 0.1 2 10 20 100
10
Identify the ten-year period in which the greatest rate of decline in the fish harvest took place. 1940-1950 1990-2000 1970-1980 1960-1970 1950-1960
1970-1980
A family of five recently replaced its 5-gallon-per-minute showerheads with water-saving 2-gallon-per-minute showerheads. Each member of the family averages 8 minutes in the shower per day. In a 30-day period, how many fewer gallons of water will the family use with the new showerheads? 360 800 60 2,400 3,600
3,600
Bottled water in the US costs 240 to 100,000 times more than tap water, yet ____ % of bottled water is contaminated by fungi and bacteria. 10 40 20 70 30
40
Air pollutants account for about ___% of the nitrogen in Chesapeake Bay 75% 40% 90% <1% 10%
40%
According to the EPA, one in ____ Americans drinks water supplied by a water treatment plant that has violated one or more safety standards during part of the year. 10 2 4 3 5
5
Despite their ecological value, the US has lost more than ___ % of its coastal and inland wetlands since 1900. 90% 75% 25% 10% 50%
50%
Which zone exhibits the greatest biodiversity? A B C D E
A
Which of the following is a direct economic advantage associated with aquaculture? Aquaculture produces large amounts of seafood for human purchase and consumption year-round. Aquaculture requires large bodies of water for its operations. Aquaculture breeds genetically modified fish to increase the amount of biodiversity in the population. Aquaculture reduces the number of fishing operations in an area.
Aquaculture produces large amounts of seafood for human purchase and consumption year-round.
In which zone is the greatest total mass of CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere? A B C D E
B
The graph above shows the effect of sewage on biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in a flowing stream. The smallest fish populations will most probably be found at point... A B C D E
C
The largest estuary in the United States is Chesapeake Bay San Francisco Bay, CA Mobile Bay, AL Gulf of Mexico Lake Ponchartrain, LA
Chesapeake Bay
Desalination is used to supply much of this region with fresh water. A B C D E
D
This area has the lowest amount of naturally available fresh water per capita. A B C D E
D
In which zone are species adapted to the lowest light and highest pressure?
E
The largest hydroelectric dam in the world is located on one of the world's longest rivers in this area A B C D E
E
One way that consumers can help prevent a decrease in the number of fish species that are experiencing a population decline is to... Purchase fish harvested through the use of purse-seine nets and long-lining methods so that only the largest fish are caught Help get laws passed that allow more fishing in areas that are not fished currently, therefore opening access to greater numbers of fish Eat fish that are caught using sustainable harvesting methods, therefore ensuring fish populations remains stable, and reducing the amount of bycatch harvested Invest in companies that fish near coral reefs, which would take the pressure off deep-sea species and eliminate the need for advances in technology
Eat fish that are caught using sustainable harvesting methods, therefore ensuring fish populations remains stable, and reducing the amount of bycatch harvested
The high sea surface temperature in 1998 was most likely due to global warming eutrophication El Nino Pacific Annual Oscillation salinization
El Nino
Which of the following is true about aquatic biomes? Marine biomes include rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes Freshwater and marine biomes are evenly distributed on Earth Freshwater biomes are a vital source of drinking water Freshwater biomes supply a greater portion of Earth's oxygen than marine biomes
Freshwater biomes are a vital source of drinking water
The use of nitrogen-based fertilizers in the Midwestern United States is a major contributing factor to which of the following? Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico Water shortages in communities near the Great Lakes Spread of the West Nile virus Soil erosion in Texas The increase in severe storms in the Southeastern United States
Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico
Which of the following countries has a significant whaling indistry and whale meat market? China Australia United States Japan Great Britain
Japan
Which of the following countries has a significant whaling industry and whale meat market? Great Britain United States China Japan Australia
Japan
Which of the following would best improve the validity of the experiment? Increasing the amounts of green algae in each of the tanks, with tank 5 having the greatest amount Adding different types of waste to each tank and then checking the results Eliminating tank 1, because DO stayed the same Observing the results of adding organic waste to tanks containing salt water Repeating the experiment several times and comparing the results
Repeating the experiment several times and comparing the results
The federal law that set maximum containment levels for water pollutants that cause adverse health effects in humans is the Clean Water Act National Environmental Policy Act Safe Drinking Water Act Endangered Species Act Marine Mammal Protection Act
Safe Drinking Water Act
Until 2005 the entire Postawko Creek Watershed in Fremont County consisted of a national forest interspersed with hay meadows and houses on lots with a minimum size of five acres. In 2005 Farmer Cobb opened a dairy farm in the watershed, and the citizens for Fremont County became concerned that the runoff from the dairy farm would negatively impact the water quality of the watershed. Scientists employed by the county collected water quality data at five sites in the watershed; some of the data are compiled in the table above. Based on these data, which site is most likely immediately downstream from the dairy farm? Site A Site B Site C Site D Site E
Site C
Which of the following correctly describes the disruption of an ecosystem service by an anthropogenic activity? Provisioning services are disrupted by increased combustion of fossil fuels, which leads to an increase in air pollution Regulating services are disrupted by flash flooding from a hurricane, which decreases available food resources Supporting services are disrupted by an earthquake that causes habitat destruction, which displaces plants and animals Cultural services are disrupted by a tornado that causes the loss of acres of forest, which reduces the amount of harvestable timber
Supporting services are disrupted by an earthquake that causes habitat destruction, which displaces plants and animals
Why did the DO after one week decrease as the amount of waste increased? The oxygen came out of solution into the air of the laboratory The CO2 increased due to algal respiratioin The algae could not consume the waste fast enough The turbidity of the water increased, and the algae population increased The algae multiplied and then died and decomposed
The algae multiplied and then died and decomposed
Hoover Dam is the largest dam in the United States, built on the Colorado River to supply hydroelectric power and flood control. Which of the following best describes a downstream environmental effect of Hoover Dam on the Colorado River watershed? The damming of the Colorado River led to a change in stream flow, preventing river water and sediments from reaching the delta area The drainage basin of the Colorado River includes 246,000 square miles and serves as a source of drinking water for over 40 million people The Lake Mead Recreation Area, formed by the reservoir behind Hoover Dam, is a popular tourist attraction for fishing, swimming, and boating The supply of inexpensive electricity led to population growth and industrial development in cities such as Phoenix and Los Angeles
The damming of the Colorado River led to a change in stream flow, preventing river water and sediments from reaching the delta area
Instead of using chlorine in the disinfecting stage of a municipal wastewater treatment plant, they could also use alcohol nitrates UV light chloroform ammonia
UV light
The Colorado River project is ...... extremely eutrophic an untapped natural resource a confined aquifer a large-scale water diversion project a government-subsidized water utility
a large-scale water diversion project
Which of the following is an example of reconciliation ecology? negotiating land disputes among competing parties restoring native coastal estuaries by planting native vegetation A restaurant owner cooperates in ecotourism with local conservation efforts passing laws regulating fishing rights purchasing development rights to coastal ecosystems
a restaurant owner cooperates in ecotourism with local conservation efforts
Which element below would be most helpful for reducing wave-action erosion to the coastline of an island in the ocean? a sand dune a sandy beach a salt marsh a coral reef an offshore pelagic zone
a sand dune
Which of the following is NOT a nonpoint source pollutant? Runoff of pesticides from cropland Fertilizer runoff from urban lawns A sewage treatment plant effluent pipe Animal waste from feedlots Sediment loading from erosion
a sewage treatment plant effluent pipe
The Colorade River provides all of the following except 12 million kilowatts of electricity annually whitewater reafting and other recreational opportunities none of these answers irrigation for all of the vegetables grown in California's Imperial Central Valley a sustainable water supply for an ever-increasing population
a sustainable water supply for an ever-increasing population
What is CITES? a treaty banning gill nets a treaty banning trade in endangered species software for producing bibliographies a treaty banning overfishing a treaty banning barrier island development
a treaty banning trade in endangered species
The deepest part of the ocean is the estuary zone abyssal zone euphotic zone benthic zone bathyal zone
abyssal zone
Which of the following regions of the ocean is LEAST likely to contain photosynthetic organisms? Euphotic zone Intertidal zone Pelagic zone Zone of coastal upwelling Abyssal zone
abyssal zone
In most developed countries, large fish kills and contamination of drinking water may be caused by all of the following except accidental release of predatory exotic species malfunctioning sewage treatment plants deliberate release of toxic industrial chemicals accidental release of toxic industrial chemicals pesticides and plant nutrients from agricultural sources
accidental release of predatory exotic species
In 1950 the pH of the pond water was 8.2, but by 2000 the pH had decreased to 5.2. An effective short-term remediation strategy for the pond would be to... add calcium carbonate to the water periodically stock the pond with brown trout build taller smokestacks downwind from the pond use tertiary wastewater treatment protocols prevent fertilizer runoff from entering the pond
add calcium carbonate to the water
All of the following are commonly used to deal with the side effects of eutrophication in lakes EXCEPT adding nitrates dredging out lakes to deepen them pumping oxygen into the lowest layers of water applying herbicides to kill nuisance plants introducing insects that eat certain nuisance plants
adding nitrates
Which of the following types of sewage treatment are properly matched? secondary---mechanical process advanced---physical and chemical processes secondary---chemical process primary---biolgoical process primary---chemical process
advanced--physical and chemical processes
Which of the following would be used in a seconedary sewage treatment process? bar-screen removal of solid waste aerobic bacteria used to biodegrade organic wastes use of chlorine or ozone to disinfect water specialized filters to remove nitrates or phosphates grit tank to remove large floating objects
aerobic bacteria used to biodegrade organic wastes
In a septic tank system, which of the following is NOT true? grease and oil rise to the top in the settling tank wastewater is pumped into a settling tank After leaving the absorption field, watewater is cleaned and can be used again for human consumption solids are decomposed by bacteria bacteria-treated waste is discharged into an absorption field
after leaving the absorption field, watewater is cleaned and can be used again for human consumption
Which of the following is by far the leading cause of water pollution? mining agricultural activities ocean-going ships factories sewage treatment plants
agricultural activities
Most of the wetlands that are lost are used for mining recreation forestry agriculture urban development
agriculture
Overuse of groundwater can lead to all of these answers aquifer depletion none of these answers subsidence saltwater intrusions
all of these answers
Sources of groundwater contamination include all of these answers none of these answers industrial and livestock waste storage lagoons abandoned hazardous waste dumps deep wells used to dispose of liquid waste hazards
all of these answers
Freshwater ecosystems are under major threat by human activities. Which of the following is a part of that threat? Invasive species, pollution, and climate change threaten ecosystems. 40% of the world's rivers have been dammed or engineered Aquatic species have been crowded out of one-half of their habitats. All of these are major threats Vast portions of freshwater wetlands have been destroyed.
all of these are major threats
All of the following are available to improve water efficiency except xeriscaping policies allowing the use of "gray water" condensing water vapor from indoor air using water meters to monitor and charge for municipal water use systems to purify and completely recycle wastewater from houses, apartments, and offices
condensing water vapor from indoor air
By 2013 at least 36 US states are likely to face water shortages for all of the following reasons EXCEPT ... population growth urban sprawl waste of water cooling temperatures drought
cooling temperatures
The greatest marine biodiversity is located in in the coastal region of the ocean coral reefs in the benthic zone of the ocean in the photic, or surface, region of the ocean the open ocean
coral reefs
Human input of which of the following, mostly from fertilizers, has doubled since 1860 and causes _____ of marine and freshwater systems? oxygenation leaching of heavy metals cultural eutrophication buildup of sediments increased acidification
cultural eutrophication
Which of the following is major cause of "dead zones", or areas of little or no oxygen, found in the Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf of Mexico? coral reef damage population growth and burning of fossil fuels coastal development overfishing cultural eutrophication from the release of excess nutrients
cultural eutrophication from the release of excess nutrients
Which of the following statements about desalination is true? Desalination is expensive desalination is the best approach to solving irrigation problems the common methods of desalination are osmosis and evaporation the greatest amount of desalination occurs in the US desalination is the best method of acquiring clear water for drinking
desalination is expensive
Dams provide downstream areas with nutrients facilitate the migration of fish prevent flooding destroy agricultural land and scenic areas are relatively inexpensive to build
destroy agricultural land and scenic areas
The main human activity that increases flooding is irrigation urbanization directing stream flow destroying vegetation building dams
destroying vegetation
Storm water runoff from this new development into nearby Samel Creek will likely lead to which of the following? A.Improved recreational opportunities for swimmers and boaters B.Destruction of fish habitats by high levels of suspended solids and sediments C.Biomagnification of mercury in birds of prey such as eagles and osprey D.Increased incidence of waterborne diseases such as malaria E.Contamination of drinking water supplies by volatile organic compounds such as ozone
destruction of fish habitats by high levels of suspended soilds and sediments
All of the following methods are likely to aid restoration of Chesapeake Bay's oyster population except developing disease-resistant oyster stocks trying to find a reef-building substitute to hasten reef construction developing new oyster stew recipes to enhance public appreciation of oysters seeding protected oyster beds with larger, older oysters
developing new oyster stew recipes to enhance public appreciation of oysters
Which of the following is NOT one of the solutions for water waste? Irrigate with treated urban waste water Discourage organic farming Line the canals that bring water to irrigation ditches Avoid growing water-thirsty crops in dry areas Irrigate at night
discourage organic farming
Method: Often called "ghost fishing" because these huge nets are left for days to float in the ocean by themselves, resulting in a large bycatch. trawler fishing purse-seine fishing long line fishing drift net fishing sonar
drift net fishing
Withdrawing too much water from an aquifer can cause all of the following EXCEPT ... freshwater contamination with saltwater sinkholes land subsidence having to dig deeper and deeper irrigation wells droughts
droughts
In 2007, at a World Trade Organization meeting, the United States proposed a ban on what financial activity in an attempt to reduce overfishing? fishing subsidies enforcement grants research grants transportation subsidies satellite support costs
fishing subsidies
Which of the following is defined as the area of ocean needed to sustain the consumption of an average person, a nation, or the world? fishprint ocean resource footprint seaprint ocean view resource demand
fishprint
Wide, slow-moving rivers containing lots of particulate matter (silt) would be typical of what aquatic life zone? source zone floodplain zone profundal zone benthic zone transition nzone
floodplain zone
Currently in the United States, groundwater is being withdrawn at __ times its replacement rate four times equal to ten times one half less than
four times
Whichof the following would LEAST likely reduce the nutrient loading into the Chesapeake Bay estuary? reintroducing native oyster beds government subsidies for cotton crops improving manure containment lagoons in feedlots replanting riparian zones and sea grass beds upgrading current sewage treatment plants
government subsidies for cotton crops
Which of the following in NOT a preventative method of reducing cultural eutrophication? soil conservation and land use measures banning the use of phosphate detergents harvesting shoreline weeds stopping the flow of runoff from agricultural fields advanced waste treatment
harvesting shoreline weeds
All of the following are ecologcial services provided by wetlands EXCEPT natural filters important sources of arable land sources of drinking water important reservoirs of biological diversity storm buffers during hurricanes and tropical storms
important sources of arable land
The release of a large amount of sewage and other organic wastes into a river would likely result in a sharp... increase in the biological oxygen demand decrease in coliform bacteria counts increase in the amount of dissolved oxygen increase in the population size of fish that require high levels of oxygen decrease in the temperature of river water
increase in the biological oxygen demand
Dams on the Columbia have done all of the following EXCEPT provide inexpensive electricity provide flood control increase salmon populations supply water for a major urban area provide water for irrigating agricultural land
increase salmon populations
Which of the following is NOT a cause of the loss of biodiversity in Lake Victoria in East Africa? algae blooms from nutrient runoff from farms increased poverty due to mechanized fishing deforestation leading to increased runoff into the lake loss of native fish that normally eat algae has increased the effects of algal bloom increases in the population of invasive Nile perch
increased poverty due to mechanized fishing
The most environmentally and economically sound way to focus on water resource management is developing desalination plants cloud seeding for rain and towing icebergs to arid regions increasing the supply of water increasing the efficiency of water usage controlling the mining of groundwater
increasing the efficiency of water usage
Some countries use market-based systems to help control access to fisheries. One such program is the... cap and trade system co-management system individual transfer rights system total allowable catch system community-based management system
individual transfer rights system
All of the following are part of the saltwater or marine aquatic life zones EXCEPT estuaries coral reefs inland wetlands coastal wetlands oceans
inland wetlands
Nitrates and phosphates are examples of disease causing agents organic plant nutrients sediments inorganic plant nutrients oxygen-demanding wastes
inorganic plant nutrients
One class of pollutants that can cause excessive growth of algae is disease causing agents radioactive substances sediments oxygen-demanding wastes inorganic plant nutrients
inorganic plant nutrients
Organisms in this area must be able to avoid being swept away, crushed by waves, or being left high and dry at low tides, and must survive daily or seasonal salinity and temperature changes. coral reefs coastal wetlands estuaries intertidal zone bathyal zone
intertidal zone
Which of the following is a major threat to the biodiversity and ecological function of the Great Lakes? saltwater intrusion ocean sea level rise invasive, nonnative species acidification tourism
invasive nonnative species
Throughout the world, the majority of water is used for ... transportation industrial uses cooling towers of power plants animals and humans irrigation
irrigation
The Ogallala Aquifer is a fairly small aquifer is being used eight times faster than it is being recharged has a fast recharge rate will be completely depleted by 2050 if current withdrawal rates continue is located in the Kazakhstan/Uzbekistan region
is being used eight times faster than it is being recharged
All of these are true of secondary treatment except... it removes most of the biodegradable pollutants in the water it does not kill many viruses it is mostly a chemical and physical process it is a biological and physical process it is the stage where pathogenic bacteria are killed
it is mostly a chemical and physical process
Which of the following is NOT a problem of desalinization? It requires a large input of energy to accomplish It reduces important ions in the water that are essential to plant growth It results in a large amount of concentrated brine that must be disposed of It has a high cost It reduces soil salinization on irrigated lands
it reduces soil desalinization on irrigated lands
Which of the following is true about the Ogallala Aquifer? It underlies the United States High Plains and is being depleted by overuse. It underlies Central Florida in the United States and is contaminated by pesticide and fertilizer runoff from farms. It underlies the Argentine Pampas and is underutilized as a source of water. It underlies the African Serengeti and supplies millions of people with fresh water. It underlies Eastern Quebec and is a limited source of fresh water.
it underlies the United States High Plains and is being depleted by overuse
All of the following species are a threat or potential threat to the Great Lakes EXCEPT zebra mussel Asian carp sea lamprey jellyfish quagga mussel
jellyfish
The loss of riparian land along a river would cause which of the following? I. Increased flooding II. Decreased turbidity III. Increased nonpoint source pollution I and III II only I only I, II and III III only
l and lll
A type of wastewater treatement that includes some form of physical cleaning is I. primary treatment II. secondary treatment III. tertiary treatment I only I, II and III II only III only I and III
l only
Defining characteristics of a wetland involve which of the following? I. Hydrology II. Soil type III. Species composition
l, ll, lll
Water could be used more efficiently if I. the price of use reflected its true cost II. laws governing access to and use of water resources were reformed III. water authorities were based on watershed boundaries I and II only II only I and III only I, II and III III only
l. ll, and lll
Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of the Three Gorges Dam project? Large cargo ships can travel far inland Has flooded many cultural and archaeological sites May release large amounts of methane gas May become a sewer as cities dump untreated sewage into it An earthquake could cause a flood, killing millions
large cargo ships can travel far inland
In lakes, the nutreint-rich shallow water near the shore is part of the limnetic zone benthic zone abyssal zone littoral zone profundal zone
littoral zone
In 1950 the pH of the pond water was 8.2, but by 2000 the pH had decreased to 5.2. Which of the following changes would also be expected in the pond over the same time period? I. Increased levels of dissolved oxygen II. Increased levels of heavy metals III. Increased number of fish species I only II only III only II and III I, II, and III
ll only
Which of the following is a non-point source of water pollution? logged forest active and inactive coal mines factories sewage treatment plant electric power plant
logged forest
Method: Can be 80 miles long with thousands of baited hooks; this often results in the bycatch of many ocean fish species trawler fishing purse-seine fishing long line fishing drift net fishing sonar
long line fishing
Open oceans produce the largest share of Earth's biomass because the net primary productivity (NPP) of the oceans is... low, but still higher than that of other ecosystems of the world high, and thus can support a high proportion of producers low, but the individual producers found there are huge in size high as a result of the high concentration of nutrients in the open ocean low, but the large expanse of the oceans supports enormous numbers of producers such as phytoplankton
low, but the large expanse of the oceans supports enormous numbers of producers such as phytoplankton
Experts rate groundwater pollution as a high risk ecological problem but a low-risk human health problem low-risk ecological problem but high-risk human health problem high-risk ecological and medium-risk human health problem high risk ecological and human health problem medium risk ecological and human health problem
low-risk ecological problem but high-risk human health problem
All of the following are part of the freshwater aquatic life zones EXCEPT rivers inland wetlands lakes mangrove forests streams
mangrove forests
Found along some 70% of gently sloping sandy and silty coastlines in tropical and sub-tropical regions, and consisting of some 69 species of trees are the seagrass beds barrier islands barrier beaches mangrove forests coral reefs
mangrove forests
Many scientists and policy makers are suggesting an ecosystems approach to sustain aquatic systems. The cornerstone of this would include the establishment of fully protected... marine reserves continental shelf areas wildlife reserves benthic zones high seas zones
marine reserves
A type of inland wetalnd that is dominated by grasses and reeds, with few trees, is Arctic tundra floodplains swamps marshes prairie potholes
marshes
The traditional approach to estimating fish populations is called the... maximum sustainable yield optimum sustainable yield potential sustainable yield commercially sustainable yield minimum sustainable yield
maximum sustainable yield
The US policy that allows for the destruction of existing wetlands as long as an equal area of the same type of wetland is created somewhere else is known as the Montreal Protocol mitigation banking CERCLA the Law of the Sea FIRPA
mitigation banking
Many environmentalists consider Egypt's Aswan High Dam on hte Nile River to be an ecological disaster. WHich of hte following is the best evidence to support this viewpoint? The Aswan High Dam supplies one-third of the electrical power used in Egypt Creation of the dam flooded important archaeological sites Some countries upstream from the dam have diverted Nile River water for their own projects Most of the nutrient-rich silt that the Nile annually deposited downstream is now deposited behind the dam. Sardine populations near the Nile Delta increased exponentially as a result of decreased annual rates of water flow
most of the nutrien-rich silt that the Nile annually deposited downstream is now deposited behind the dam
A shark would be considered a type of which of the following? zooplankton phytoplankton decomposer benthos nekton
nekton
Over half of the total mass of pollutants entering streams and lakes comes from non-point source from construction point source from industrial plants non-point source from roadside runoff non-point source from agriculture point source from sewage treatment plants
non-point source from agriculture
Which of the following is a point source of water pollution? cropland urban land parking lots livestock feedlots off-shore oil wells
off-shore oil wells
Which of the examples below is a tragedy of the commons? Offshore clam beds in public areas being depleted below replenishment levels by overfishing Individuals catching their legal limit of fish on a daily basis Shrimp boats accildentally catching turtles in their nets Treaties allowing for the limited taking of whales for research purposes A large storm smothering a large oyster bed with a new sand bar
offshore clam beds in public areas being depleted below replenishment levels by overfishing
Deep lakes with steep banks that have a small supply of plant nutrients are called hypereutrophic eutrophic mesotrophic oligotrophic culturally eutrophic
oligotrophic
Scientists commonly measure concentration of water pollutants in terms of ppm (parts per million) or ppb (parts per billion). One ppm is equivalent to one milligram (mg) of toxin per liter of water. Therefore, one ppb would be equivalent to one microgram per liter (ug/L) one nanogram per liter (ng/L) one millligram per liter (mg/L) one gram per liter (g/L) one kilogram per liter (kg/L)
one microgram per liter (ug/L)
Which area listed will have the lowest primary productivity? small streams estuaries ocean shorelines lake edges open ocean
open ocean
The modern approach to estimating fish populations, which takes into account interactions between species and has more room for error, is called the... commercially sustainable yield potential sustainable yield minimum sustainable yield maximum sustainable yield optimal sustainable yield
optimal sustainable yield
A body of water can be depleted of its oxygen by... organic wastes viruses and parasitic worms organic compounds such as oil, plastics, solvents and detergents sediments and suspended matter inorganic wastes
organic wastes
One reason for the decline in recent years of the global fish catch is bioluminescence invasive species ozone depletion overfishing aquaculture
overfishing
One reason for the decline in recent years of the global fish catch is bioluminescence overfishing ozone depletion invasive species aquaculture
overfishing
Which of the following would most likely limit primary production in freshwater lakes? carbon magnesium oxygen phosphorous calcium
phosphorous
In August of 2014, residents of several Ohio cities that use Lake Erie as a drinking water source were warned not to drink tap water because of the presence of toxins released by blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). Which of the following is the most likely cause of recent blooms of blue-green algae in Lake Erie? phosphorous contained in agricultural runoff chlorine from sewage treatment plants along Lake Erie's shoreline cooler than average summer temperatures carbon in wastewater from fracking operations increased recreational use of Lake Erie
phosphorous contained in agricultural runoff
If you find a new species of algae floating on the surface of a coastal zone, you would likely consider it a type of zooplankton ultraplankton phytoplankton nekton benthos
phytoplankton
The greatest amount of freshwater is found in which of the following? groundwater the atmosphere rivers and streams polar ice caps and glaciers lakes
polar ice caps and glaciers
Which of the following is a major cause of ocean warming and pH reduction leading to coral bleaching? wave action population growth and burning of fossil fuels overfishing cultural eutrophication from the release of excess nutrients coastal development
population growth and burning of fossil fuels
The relationship between water demand and policies that subsidize water-thirsty crops exemplifies a positive feedback loop competitive relationship lag-time delay negative feedback loop synergistic interaction
positive feedback loop
Repurcussions related to the diminishing of the Aral Sea include all of the following except loss of livelihood for fishermen potential for economic growth in manufacturing lack of drinking water for native populations human health issues from toxic lake bed sediments carried by winds change in microclimate of the area
potential for economic growth in manufacturing
One of the most important and effective ways to reduce flooding is to .... build floodwalls straighten and deepen streams build dams encourage people to build on floodplains preserve and restore wetlands
preserve and restore wetlands
The only way to protect groundwater is to prevent contamination use advanced sewage treatment cover all wells carefully treat all water from underground sources use monitoring wells
prevent contamination
Which of the following would NOT reduce cultural eutrophication? pumping oxygen into lakes removing shoreline vegetation dredging lake bottoms preventing drainage or outflow from the affected lake instituting land-use control to prevent nutrient runoff
preventing drainage or outflow from the affected lake
Although they make up only a small percentage of ocean floor, coral reefs provide all of the following benefits EXCEPT removing CO2 from atmosphere and water providing habitats for one-quarter of all marine species providing a significant amount of free oxygen providing one-fourth of the fish catches in developing countries protecting coastlines from erosion
providing a significant amount of free oxygen
Which of the following uses the smallest amount of water? public drinking water industry energy production irrigation transportation
public drinking water
Method: Enclosing a school of fish with a large net; used to capture yellowfin tuna. trawler fishing purse-seine fishing long line fishing drift net fishing sonar
purse-seine fishing
The low anchovy catch in 1998 was most likely the result of... a.reduced ocean upwelling along the coast b.unusually strong trade winds c.an increase in the number of hurricanes d.reduced surface runoff due to drought e.an increase in the population of anchovy predators
reduced ocean upwelling along the coast
The main purpose of sewage treatment is to... kill pathogenic bacteria none of the above kill pathogenic bacteria and remove odors kill pathogenic bacteria and remove plant nutrients remove biodegradable materials from the water, and kill pathogenic bacteria
remove biodegradable materials from the water, and kill pathogenic bacteria
The term subsidence refers to failure of the groundwater supply accumulation of silt and sediments behind a dam intrusion of saltwater into a freshwater aquifer loss of water due to evaporation sinking of ground where water has been withdrawn
sinking of ground where water has been withdrawn
Four of the following are major threats to marine ecosystems; one is not. Choose the one that is not. runoff of nonpoint source pollution sinking of ships to create artificial reefs overfishing habitat destruction from coastal development invasive species introduced by humans
sinking of ships to create artificial reefs
Biologist E.O. Wilson proposed a list of priorities for protecting most of the world's remaining ecosystems and species. Which one of the following is NOT one of those priorities? Find ways to increase the incomes of poeple living in or near biodiversity reserves Protect and restore the world's lake and river systems Cease all logging of the remaining old growth forests Identify and preserve the world's terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity hotspots Stop the melting of Arctic sea ice
stop the melting of Arctic Sea ice
Biologist E.O. Wilson proposed a list of priorities for protecting most of the world's remaining ecosystems and species. Which one of the following is NOT one of those priorities? Identify and preserve the world's terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity hotspots Protect and restore the world's lake and river systems Find ways to increase the incomes of people living in or near biodiversity reserves Cease all logging of the remaining old growth forests Stop the melting of Arctic sea ice
stop the melting of Arctic sea ice
Four of the following are ecological and economic services provided by inland wetlands; one is not. Choose the one that is not. stopping the recharge of groundwater aquifers filtering and degrading toxic wastes and pollutants reducing flooding and erosion caused by storms helping to replenish stream flow during dry periods helping ot maintain biodiversity by providing a variety of habitats
stopping the recharge of groundwater aquifers
Phytoplankton are most abundant in the upper few hundred feet of most bodies of water because... as primary producers, they must be accessible to many other organisms they feed on zooplankton, which are found only in top layers of water they can most easily hide from predators there they are benthic organisms sunlight does not penetrate to great depth in water
sunlight does not penetrate to great depth in water
Sustainable management of freshwater fisheries involves all of the following EXCEPT building and stocking reservoirs and farm ponds supporting the introduction of commercially important nonnative species supporting populations of commercial and sport fish species fertilizing nutrient-poor lakes and ponds preventing overfishing
supporting the introduction of commercially important nonnative species
The farming of fish such as salmon at aquaculture facilities poses a threat to marine ecosystems because... fewer wild fish will be harvested for human consumption invasive plant species common in aquaculture facilities can spread to nearby waters farm-raised salmon often pass on toxic chemicals like mercury to eagles and other fish-eating birds the farmed fish can escape and outcompete the native fish for food and territory
the farmed fish can escape and out compete the native fish for food and territory
Most water transfer projects illustrate the principle of genetic variability the climate-biome principle that energy is conserved the concept of ecological succession the principle that you can't do just one thing
the principle that you can't do just one thing
There are four major problems associated with the use of the Colorado River's water. Which one of the following is NOT one of those problems? The river does not have much of a flow, considering its size Water seldom makes it to the mouth of the river Mexico and the US have agreed to take more water than the river has The Colorado River basin includes some of the driest areas in the US The river gets most of its water from mountain snow melt
the river gets most of its water from mountain snow melt
This graph illustrates a concept known as biological extinction bycatch riparian destruction invasive species the tragedy of the commons
the tragedy of the commons
Four of the following are reasons that protecting marine biodiversity is difficult; one is not. Choose the one that is not. There is little understanding of what needs to be done. The human ecological footprint is expanding. People view the ocean as inexhaustible. Much of the damage is not visible to most people. Most of the global ocean lies outside the boundaries of any country
there is little understanding of what needs to be done
Which of the following will be the greatest impact of development on the local water supply? There will be decreased soil exposure, reducing bacteria loads in surface water There will be less recharge of groundwater There will be decreased erosion in local streams There will be less runoff to fill reservoirs There will be higher humidity in the suburb
there will be less recharge of groundwater
One very important advantage that anaerobic wastewater treatment has over aerobic systems is they produce less sludge the provide natural disinfection they use fewer by-products they are less expensive they are faster
they produce less sludge
Four of the following are key factors determining biodiversity in aquatic systems; one is not. Choose the one that is NOT. water temperature dissolved oxygen content thickness of ozone layer availability of food availability of light and nutrients for photosynthesis
thickness of ozone layer
The leatherback sea turtle survived the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs, but may become extinct because of human activities. Which of the following is the LEAST threat to these turtles? tourism becoming entangled in fishing nets and traps being hunted for leather, meat and eggs plastic bags bottom trawling fishing
tourism
Method: Dragging huge nets across the bottom of the ocean that are weighted down to harvest bottom fish and shellfish trawler fishing purse-seine fishing long line fishing drift net fishing sonar
trawler fishing
Which of the following has the most destructive effect on ocean-floor ecosystems? ship wrecks gill nets sport fishing trawler fishing deep ocean oil drilling
trawler fishing
Which of the following offers the greatest conservation of water? LEPA (low energy precision application) sprinkler systems center pivot sprinkler systems diagonal pivot systems gravity flow canal systems trickle or drip irrigation
trickle or drip irrigation
Which water quality test will best determine the disruption of photosynthesis caused by cloudy water conditions from sedimentation? turbidity pH dissolved oxygen salinity temperature
turbidity
Which type of sea life is responsible for as much as 70% of the primary productivity near the ocean's surface? zooplankton ultraplankton phytoplankton benthos nekton
ultraplankton
Coral reefs are being damaged or destroyed by all of the following EXCEPT increasing ocean acidity pollution underfishing warmer ocean temperatures coastal development
underfishing
The world's single largest cause of illness is ... mosquitos poor health unsafe water malaria typhoid
unsafe water
In certain open sea areas, winds, ocean currents and other factors cause water to come up from the depths to the surface, bringing nutrients from the ocean bottom. This process is called a(n) La Nina event downdraft upwelling El Nino event updraft
upwelling
The largest source of oil pollution found in oceans is from pipeline leaks near coastal areas urban and industrial runoff from the land the Alaskan pipeline offshore drilling rigs in the Gulf of Mexico oil tanker accidents transporting fuel between port cities
urban and industrial runoff from the land
One important step that homeowners in the new development can take to protect water quality in Samel Creek would be to... A.make certain that pet waste is disposed of directly into storm drains B.apply lawn fertilizers immediately before storm events C.use only persistent organic pesticides to control weed species in their lawns D.use rain barrels to reduce the flow of storm water into the creek E.channelize Samel Creek to improve water flow during storm events
use rain barrels to reduce the flow of storm water into the creek
All of the following are cleanup methods of controlling cultural eutrophication except treating algae growth with herbicides planting more vegetation in coastal/shoreline zones using advanced waste treatment pumping air through reservoirs to avoid oxygen depletion harvesting excess weeds
using advanced waste treatment
Which statement about the Aral Sea is false? the surface area of the Aral Sea has decreased by more than 50% Water has been diverted from the Aral Sea and its two tributaries primarily for manufacturing The salinity level of the Aral Sea has increased threefold All native fish species have disappeared from the Aral Sea The volume of the Aral Sea has dropped by over 75%
water has been diverted from the Aral Sea and its two tributaries primarily for manufacturing
Which of the following is the best example of gray water? Rainwater collected from roofs Water that is high in calcium, magnesium, and iron Water that has been used for bathing and washing clothes Runoff from parking lots Water that comes from toilets and garbage disposals
water that has been used for bathing and washing clothes
Which of the following would be characteristic of a eutrophic lake? well-supplied with nutrients for producers excessive nutrients nutrient-overloaded from human activities nutrient levels between the extremes of too much and too little small supply of plant nutrients
well supplied with nutrients for producers
China's Three Gorges Dam .... will have a very long productive life will increase usable habitat for endangered pandas will displace only a few people will be the world's largest hydroelectric power plant will not destroy many towns or villages
will be the world's largest hydroelectric power plant
Of all the following organisms, the ones least likely to be affected by ocean debris are aquatic birds sea turtles seals whales zooplankton
zooplanton