APES Unit 7 AP College Board review

Which of the following best describes the process shown in the diagram above? A). Less-dense, cool air rises up and mixes with the denser warm air above it, increasing the amount of thermal pollution in the atmosphere. B). Less-dense, warm air creates a temperature inversion between more-dense layers, trapping pollutants near the ground. C). Dense, warm air from the mountains on the right pushes into the less-dense, cool air mass, causing an inversion layer. D). Movement of air currents over urban areas decreases the amount of photochemical smog during summer months.

B). Less-dense, warm air creates a temperature inversion between more-dense layers, trapping pollutants near the ground.

Scientists have discovered that Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted from trees can contribute to photochemical smog formation. Data in the table above were collected in 2006 and 2014 in Berlin, Germany. Isoprene is a VOC released by some tree species. Impact factor refers to the percentage of ozone attributed to the isoprene. Which of the following best describes the relationship between variables in the data table? A). Impact factor causes a change in temperature maximum. B). Isoprene levels vary depending on traffic and urbanization. C). Ozone maximum is correlated to average and maximum temperature. D). Changes in average temperature are linked to changes in land use in Berlin.

C). Ozone maximum is correlated to average and maximum temperature.

An experiment to evaluate the efficiency of wet and dry scrubber networks that filter particulate gas at different flow rates was conducted under different flow rate conditions. The results are shown below. Which of the following best describes the efficiency of dry scrubbers at removing particles that are less than 2 micrometers in diameter? A). Dry scrubbers are less than 20% efficient at removing particles less than 1μm1μm and increase to over 50% efficiency at removing particles between 1 and 2μm. B). Dry scrubbers are between 50% and 90% efficient at removing particles less than 2μm, depending on the flow rate. C). Dry scrubbers are between 5% and 40% efficient at removing particles less than 2μm in size. D). Dry scrubbers are less than 10% efficient at removing particles less than 1μm in size.

D). Dry scrubbers are less than 10% efficient at removing particles less than 1μm in size.

Which of the following points on the graph best illustrates the location where pollutants are most likely to accumulate as a result of a thermal inversion? A). Point A B). Point B C). Point C D). Point D

D). Point D

In addition to a nearby mountain range, which of the following environmental conditions would be required for the process in the diagram to occur? A). A cool sea breeze and a high pressure system B). A warm mountain breeze and a low pressure system C). A cool sea breeze and a low pressure system D). A cool mountain breeze and a high pressure system

A). A cool sea breeze and a high pressure system

The graph shows the average distance traveled by individuals in a population in an urban area in the southwestern United States. Based on the data, which of the following months most likely experiences the highest levels of photochemical smog? A). July B). August C). November D). December

A). July

A researcher wants to determine if ponds and lakes downwind of a coal-burning power plant are affected by the plant's emissions. Which of the following would be the best parameter from the water in the ponds and lakes to measure in order to determine the effect of the plant's emissions on the aquatic ecosystems? A). pH B). Biological oxygen demand (BOD) C). Carbon dioxide D). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

A). pH

An experiment to evaluate the efficiency of wet and dry scrubber networks that filter particulate gas at different flow rates was conducted under different flow rate conditions. The results are shown below. Based on the data in the graph, which of the following methods would be most effective at removing the greatest amount of particulate matter from coal-burning power plant emissions? A). Dry scrubbers using a flow rate of 200Lmin are best suited to remove small particles. B). Dry scrubbers using a flow rate of 450Lmin are best suited to remove large particles. C). Wet scrubbers using a flow rate of 300Lmin are best suited to remove small particles. D). Wet scrubbers using a flow rate of 450Lmin are best suited to remove large particles.

D). Wet scrubbers using a flow rate of 450Lmin are best suited to remove large particles.

Which of the following best describes how a scientist could accurately study the effects of soil buffering on plant growth in a region that is affected by acid deposition downwind of a coal-burning power plant? A). Measure changes in plant height over a year in a two different groups of trees; one group is 5km from the power plant and one group is 10km from the power plant. B). Measure the changes in plant height over a year in two different groups of trees the same distance from the power plant; one group is in topsoil and one group is in topsoil with limestone added. C). Measure changes in plant biomass over a year in two different groups of trees the same distance from the power plant; one group is not manipulated and one group is watered daily to dilute the deposition's acidity. D). Measure changes in plant biomass over a year in two different groups of trees; one group is 5km from the power plant over limestone bedrock and one group is 10km from the power plant that has nitrogen and phosphorus added to the topsoil.

B). Measure the changes in plant height over a year in two different groups of trees the same distance from the power plant; one group is in topsoil and one group is in topsoil with limestone added.

Effects of Noise on Wildlife Sound, just like the availability of nesting materials or food sources, plays an important role in the ecosystem. Activities such as finding desirable habitat and mates, avoiding predators, protecting young, and establishing territories are all dependent on the acoustical environment. [Wildlife is] being forced to adapt to increasing noise levels. Research shows that males of at least one frog species are adapting to traffic noise by calling at a higher pitch. This could be problematic for the females, because they prefer lower-pitched calls, which indicate larger and more experienced males. In general, studies indicate that animals are stressed by noisy environments. The endangered Sonoran pronghorn avoids noisy areas frequented by military jets; female frogs exposed to traffic noise have more difficulty locating the male's signal; bats avoid hunting in areas with road noise. Combined with other stressors such as winter weather, disease, and food shortages, sound impacts can have important implications for the health and vitality of wildlife populations within a park. National parks are under increasing noise pressure. Noise levels in park transportation corridors today are many times the natural level. Sound levels during peak periods in a high air traffic corridor in the Yellowstone backcountry, for example, were elevated by up to 5 decibels. The result is as much as a 70% reduction in the size of an area in which predators can hear their prey. Increasingly, careful consideration of the impacts of human-generated noise on wildlife is a critical component of management for healthy ecosystems in our parks. What is one potential impact of increased noise pollution in national parks that is supported by the article? A). Predator-prey interactions will intensify in national parks because of stress caused by noise pollution. B). Prey populations are likely to increase in national parks because predators have a decreased ability to hear prey sounds. C). Prey populations are likely to experience biomagnification of noise pollution. D). Predator species will expand their range beyond park boundaries because of increased noise pollution.

B). Prey populations are likely to increase in national parks because predators have a decreased ability to hear prey sounds.

Which of the following is most responsible for the change in the emissions of volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) from 1970 to 2020 as shown in the graph? A). A decrease in the number of vehicles fitted with catalytic converters and an increase in the number of hybrid vehicles beginning in 1970. B). A decrease in the average driving distance in the United States from 1970 to 2020 that resulted from increased urbanization. C). An increase in air emission standards that began in 1970 that regulated corporate average fuel economy ( CAFE ) standards. D). An increase in VOC emissions from car exhausts that resulted from increased driving distances from 1970 to 2020.

C). An increase in air emission standards that began in 1970 that regulated corporate average fuel economy ( CAFE ) standards.

Scientists have discovered that Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted from trees can contribute to photochemical smog formation. Data in the table above were collected in 2006 and 2014 in Berlin, Germany. Isoprene is a VOC released by some tree species. Impact factor refers to the percentage of ozone attributed to the isoprene. Which of the following claims is best supported by the data shown in the table? A). Ozone levels are not a serious air quality concern in Berlin. B). Ozone levels in Berlin were consistently higher in 2014 than in 2006. C). Isoprene's contribution to ozone levels in Berlin was greatest in July of both years. D). Isoprene levels were negatively correlated with maximum temperature.

C). Isoprene's contribution to ozone levels in Berlin was greatest in July of both years.

Which of the following is the most likely reason for the trend shown in the graph of fluctuating indoor radon levels over the course of a year? A). Home windows are often closed during summer months, causing the levels of radon in the house to build up. B). Barometric pressure changes from summer storms can cause radon levels to increase. C). Radon levels tend to increase in the colder months because of the difference in temperature inside and outside the home, which creates a vacuum pulling radon into the home at a higher rate. D). Increased levels of radon are linked to burning biomass indoors, which increases in winter months when more biomass is burned for cooking and heating.

C). Radon levels tend to increase in the colder months because of the difference in temperature inside and outside the home, which creates a vacuum pulling radon into the home at a higher rate.

Scientists want to examine the effects of a coal-burning power plant on the pH of a lake that is downwind of the power plant. They take samples from a lake that is not downwind of the power plant to serve as a control. However, they did not realize that the lake they chose as a control group was a geothermal hot spring with acidic water. Which of the following best describes how their choice of control group could affect the results of their experiment? A). Using this control would not have an effect on the outcome because the high temperature of the hot spring reduces the acidity of the water in the lake. B). The coal-burning power plant would appear to have a much larger effect on the pH of the experimental group because the pH in the control lake would be elevated from the acidic water. C). The coal-burning power plant would not appear to have a large impact because the pH levels of the two lakes would be similar. D). The coal-burning power plant would affect both lakes because the Coriolis effect and weather patterns would circulate pollutants in the atmosphere.

C). The coal-burning power plant would not appear to have a large impact because the pH levels of the two lakes would be similar.

Scientists have been collecting atmospheric CO2 data for many years to monitor changes over time. Which of the following best describes why an island location, such as the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, is an ideal location to measure global CO2concentrations? A). The island is also a dormant volcano, so there will be only anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 measured at the site. B). The location is below the inversion layer, making it less prone to local effects from industry and transportation. C). The location is far from any continent, providing atmospheric air samples that are less likely to be affected by industry and transportation. D). The impact of primary producers in the surrounding Pacific Ocean is negligible, reducing the effect of photosynthesis and respiration on CO2 levels.

C). The location is far from any continent, providing atmospheric air samples that are less likely to be affected by industry and transportation.

Effects of Noise on Wildlife Sound, just like the availability of nesting materials or food sources, plays an important role in the ecosystem. Activities such as finding desirable habitat and mates, avoiding predators, protecting young, and establishing territories are all dependent on the acoustical environment. [Wildlife is] being forced to adapt to increasing noise levels. Research shows that males of at least one frog species are adapting to traffic noise by calling at a higher pitch. This could be problematic for the females, because they prefer lower-pitched calls, which indicate larger and more experienced males. In general, studies indicate that animals are stressed by noisy environments. The endangered Sonoran pronghorn avoids noisy areas frequented by military jets; female frogs exposed to traffic noise have more difficulty locating the male's signal; bats avoid hunting in areas with road noise. Combined with other stressors such as winter weather, disease, and food shortages, sound impacts can have important implications for the health and vitality of wildlife populations within a park. National parks are under increasing noise pressure. Noise levels in park transportation corridors today are many times the natural level. Sound levels during peak periods in a high air traffic corridor in the Yellowstone backcountry, for example, were elevated by up to 5 decibels. The result is as much as a 70% reduction in the size of an area in which predators can hear their prey. Increasingly, careful consideration of the impacts of human-generated noise on wildlife is a critical component of management for healthy ecosystems in our parks. Which of the following claims is best supported by the evidence provided by the article? A). Frog populations may increase in size as a result of the changes in male vocalizations. B). Female frogs are beginning to prefer male frogs with higher pitched calls. C). More experienced male frogs are no longer preferred by female frogs. D). Frog populations may decrease in size as a result of males changing the pitch of their calls.

D). Frog populations may decrease in size as a result of males changing the pitch of their calls.

Effects of Noise on Wildlife Sound, just like the availability of nesting materials or food sources, plays an important role in the ecosystem. Activities such as finding desirable habitat and mates, avoiding predators, protecting young, and establishing territories are all dependent on the acoustical environment. [Wildlife is] being forced to adapt to increasing noise levels. Research shows that males of at least one frog species are adapting to traffic noise by calling at a higher pitch. This could be problematic for the females, because they prefer lower-pitched calls, which indicate larger and more experienced males. In general, studies indicate that animals are stressed by noisy environments. The endangered Sonoran pronghorn avoids noisy areas frequented by military jets; female frogs exposed to traffic noise have more difficulty locating the male's signal; bats avoid hunting in areas with road noise. Combined with other stressors such as winter weather, disease, and food shortages, sound impacts can have important implications for the health and vitality of wildlife populations within a park. National parks are under increasing noise pressure. Noise levels in park transportation corridors today are many times the natural level. Sound levels during peak periods in a high air traffic corridor in the Yellowstone backcountry, for example, were elevated by up to 5 decibels. The result is as much as a 70% reduction in the size of an area in which predators can hear their prey. Increasingly, careful consideration of the impacts of human-generated noise on wildlife is a critical component of management for healthy ecosystems in our parks. Based on the author's claim in the article, which of the following statements best describes the effect of noise pollution on wildlife? A). Noise pollution is being managed in such a way as to not significantly interfere with wildlife in national parks. B). Noise in national parks has an overall positive effect on wildlife and has led to an increase in biodiversity. C). Stressors such as winter weather, disease, and food shortages are having a greater effect on wildlife than noise pollution. D). Noise pollution has a negative effect on wildlife activities such as mating, establishing territories, and predator-prey interactions.

D). Noise pollution has a negative effect on wildlife activities such as mating, establishing territories, and predator-prey interactions.

Air pollution from a power plant is being monitored for levels of nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone. The levels are measured daily at the same time. Which of the following best predicts the impact of a dark and cloudy day on the readings for the levels of air pollutants measured? A). There will be no change in the levels of nitrogen dioxide or ground-level ozone. B). There will be a decrease in the level of nitrogen dioxide and an increase in the level of ground-level ozone. C). There will be an increase in the levels of both nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone. D). There will be an increase in the level of nitrogen dioxide and a decrease in the level of ground-level ozone.

D). There will be an increase in the level of nitrogen dioxide and a decrease in the level of ground-level ozone.

An air pollution expert set up a monitoring program to determine the amount of particulate matter (PM) leaving a farmer's field after crops were harvested and the soil was bare. She set up high-volume air samplers 10 meters from each edge of the square field and collected samples weekly for two months. When she looked at her data, she was surprised by how much the PM levels varied, both from site to site on a given date and over time at each site. Which of the following parameters would have been best to measure to help explain the variation in her results? A). Percent of cloudy days over the two months B). Particle size of the soils in the field C). Depth of the organic matter in the soil D). Wind direction and speed

D). Wind direction and speed

Which of the following devices is correctly paired to the air pollutant it would be used to measure? A). Measuring Device: Gas sensor Pollutants Measured: CO2 B). Measuring Device: Electrostatic Pollutants Measured: CO C). Measuring Device: Sound pressure level sensor Pollutants Measured: Particulate Matter D). Measuring Device: Catalytic Converter Pollutants Measured: VOCs

A). Measuring Device: Gas Sensor Pollutant Measured: CO2

Scientists are testing the effect of different scrubber technologies on the removal of pollutants from coal power plants. The scrubbers use a slurry of limestone and water. Which of the following best describes the impact of modifying the slurry by increasing the amount of limestone? A). The amount of sulfur dioxide released will decrease. B). The amount of ground-level ozone released will decrease. C). The amount of water released will increase. D). The amount of carbon monoxide released will increase.

A). The amount of sulfur dioxide released will decrease.

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following insulation options is ineffective at insulating a home and greatly contributes to indoor air pollution? A). Blown cellulose B). Mineral fiber batt C). Expanded polystyrene D). Rigid foam

B). Mineral fiber batt

Atmospheric deposition is receiving increased attention in the scientific community, and has become the subject of a specific research area in the environmental sciences. Acid rain is detrimental to our ecosystems and can be measured in several ways. Which of the following methods would best identify changes from acid deposition in an area over time? A). Calculating the change in sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-burning power plants over time B). Mapping out coal-burning power plant locations over the past 50 years C). Measuring the pH of rainwater and surface water in affected areas D). Monitoring the long-term chemical and biological parameters of an ecosystem

D). Monitoring the long-term chemical and biological parameters of an ecosystem

Which of the following is most likely responsible for the indoor air pollutant shown in the graph? A). Cracks in the basement foundation B). Synthetic fiber in carpets and furniture C). Leaking water D). Pet hair

A). Cracks in the basement foundation