Apex Chemistry Final Semester

Where are electrons found in Bohr's atomic model?

The electrons circle the nucleus in specific orbits

Why don't solids change shape?

The forces in the solids hold the atoms tightly in place

What is the basic unit of energy?

The joule

What do the letters in the boxes of the periodic table represent?

The letters are a one or two-letter symbol assigned to each element

What was Thomson's model of the atom called?

The plum-pudding model

How might government make sure scientific research is done in an ethical way?

- By taking away research funds if certain ethical standards are not met

Which best describes why governmental funding for research is important?

- Governmental funding provides a way to control what kind of scientific research is done

Why should the scientific method be used to answer a question?

- It provides a way to test a hypothesis

In what way are chemicals a part of our daily lives?

Naturally occurring and man-made chemicals are in everything around us

What is a scientific question?

One that is answered through observation

What do physicists study?

Physicists study matter and energy and how they interact

Which phase of matter is the least common on Earth?

Plasma

The idea that light can act as packets led to what new field of science?

Quantum mechanics

How do "rules" help scientists understand the world?

Rules govern how the world behaves

How does bias in the data affect experimental results?

- Bias makes the results less reliable

Why are rules important to scientists?

- Rules make it possible to understand the world

Cicadas are a type of insect. The sound of cicada in the sound of summer in many parts of the country. Which of the following facts about cicada demonstrates a pattern observed by scientists?

- Some species of cicada emerge from the ground every 17 years

How does a scientist help the government?

- The scientist provides unbiased information to the government

Chlorine (Cl) has an atomic number of 17. It often form an ion by gaining 1 electron. What would its charge be?

-1

What kind of scientists would study how mistletoe harms trees?

-A biologist

What was alchemy?

-An attempt to turn cheap metals into gold and develop potions using superstitious practices

Who thought everything was made from fire, earth, air, and water?

-Aristotle

What was the result of the atomic theory?

-Chemists began to better understand the properties of matter

Why do experiments need to be repeatable?

-Experimental results are not reliable if they are not repeatable

What is the correct order for the first three steps of the scientific method?

-State the question, form a hypothesis, conduct an experiment

What is chemistry?

-The scientific study of matter

What is physics?

-The study of how matter and energy react

What is biology?

-The study of living things

Why are carcinogens a concern to people?

-They can cause cancer

What makes up matter?

-Tiny particles

Why should scientists perform experiments?

-To answer specific questions

What is the purpose of the scientific method?

-To provide a reliable answer to a specific question

Who was Copernicus?

A Polish astronomer

Which type of scientist would determine the different kinds of fat found in milk chocolate?

A chemist

At atom of Boron (B) has 5 protons and 6 neutrons. What is its mass number?

11

Na-23 has 12 neutrons. What is its atomic number?

11

What group is Pb (lead) in?

14

How many valence electrons does B (boron) have?

3

What period is Zn (zinc) in?

4

What charge does an ion have if it has more protons than electrons?

A net positive charge

What is an open system?

A system that allows energy and mass to move in and out of it

What is the periodic table (definition 2)?

A tool to organize the elements

Which of the following is a solid?: A. Ice B. Lightning C. Water D. Vapor

A. Ice

Chemistry and biology are so closely related that sometimes the fields overlap. Which of the following experiments might both chemists and biologists do? A. Study how cholesterol is broken down in the body B. Study what kinds of minerals are found in volcanoes C. Study how well different kinds of fuel work in engines D. Study how gravity effects the orbits of Pluto's moons

A. Study how cholesterol is broken down in the body

Which of the following is a characteristic property of the halogens? A. They are very reactive B. They are all gases. C. They are metals D. They are very stable

A. They are very reactive

Which of the following takes us space?: A. Matter B. Heat C. Gravity D. Sound

A. matter

How are elements arranged in the modern periodic table?

According to atomic number

How is alchemy different from modern chemistry?

Alchemy is not scientific, but chemistry is based on evidence

Which group is in the left-most column of the periodic table?

Alkali metals

What does the group number of A elements (in the A/B numbering system) tell about valence electrons?

All elements in the same A group will have the same number of valence electrons

What is the periodic table?

An arrangement of the known elements

What is an isotope?

Atoms of the same element that differ in number of neutrons

Which of the following might a biologist choose to study? -A. The pigment used in Claude Monet's painting B. The causes of honeybee deaths in beehives C. The effects of ultraviolet light on red paint D. Wind patterns on Mars

B. The causes of honeybee deaths in beehives

Which of the following is the best example of an open system? A. A vacuum bottle B. An anthill C. The moon D. A sealed box

B. an anthill

How are scientific questions answered?

By observing and measuring the physical world

Which of the following is an example of how chemicals can both hurt and help the environment? A. Chemicals are used in artists' paints, but they can also be used to clean artists' brushes B. Chemicals in a volcano's lava can harm plants, and some chemicals can be used to determine what is in the lava C. Chemicals can pollute water, but they can also be used to clean water D. Chemicals can be used to protect skin from the sun and also help the skin tan

C. Chemicals can pollute water, but they can also be used to clean water

What type of experiment follows ethical standards? A. Performing tests on animals when the information can be obtained in other ways B. Releasing contaminated waste into the water system C. Doing research on animals in which the animal experiences no fear or pain D. Performing tests on people who cannot protect themselves

C. Doing research on animals in which the animal experiences no fear or pain

Which of the following is a lanthanide? A. Americium (AM) B. Gold (Au) C. Europium (Eu) D. Barium (Ba)

C. Europium (Eu)

Which of the following is a scientific question about butterflies? A. Should butterflies be caught for insect collections? ,B. Should chemicals that harm butterflies be banned? ,C. How far do butterflies fly each winter? ,D. Which butterflies are the most beautiful?

C. How far do butterflies fly each winter?

Which of the following ideas did Dalton teach? A. That atoms contained smaller particles B. That mass and energy were related C. That matter was made of indivisible particles D. That matter was made up of mostly space

C. That matter was made of indivisible particles

Which two objects would experience the greatest gravitational force between them? A. Two objects positioned 10 miles apart B. Two objects positioned 1000 miles apart C. Two objects positioned 1 mile apart D. Two objects positioned 100 miles apart

C. Two objects placed 1 mile apart

Burning wood in a fireplace is what example of energy conversion?

Chemical potential energy converting to heat energy

Which of the following is using chemical and potential energy? A. An apple hanging on a tree B. A water wheel turning in a stream C. A petal falling from a flower D. A hiker eating an energy bar

D. A hiker eating an energy bar

Which of the following ideas about the atom changed when new evidence was discovered? -A. Elements are different kinds of atoms B. All mater is made up of atoms C. Atoms are made up of smaller particles D. Atoms cannot be divided

D. Atoms cannot be divided

What is true of chemicals? A. Chemicals are never dangerous B. Things containing chemicals always cost a lot of money C. Chemicals are rarely found on the earth D. Chemicals are in many substances in a home

D. Chemicals are in many substances in a home

Which of the following is an example of a phase change from solid to liquid? A. Water evaporating B. Water freezing C. Water condensing D. Ice melting

D. Ice melting

Which of the following is a testable hypothesis? -A. It's wrong to no brush your teeth before you have an important conversation with someone. B. Green toothpaste tastes better than red or blue toothpaste. C. Smart, careful, healthy people always brush their teeth D. If I brush my teeth, I will get fewer cavities than if I don't brush my teeth

D. If I brush my teeth, I will get fewer cavities than if I don't brush my teeth

Which of the following is a property of matter? A. It is everywhere B. It cannot be divided C. It is constantly changing D. It takes up space

D. It takes up space

Which of the following phases of matter gives off light?: A. Liquid B. Gas C. Solid D. Plasma

D. Plasma

Which of the following is true about a scientific hypothesis? - A. A hypothesis must follow a scientific method B. The hypothesis must form a scientific theory C. The hypothesis must predict the outcome of the experiment D. The hypothesis must be testable

D. The hypothesis must be testable

A farmer wants to know if a new pesticide will produce better tomatoes than his old pesticide. Which of the following is the best hypothesis to use to address his question? A. Using the new pesticide is better for the environment than using the old pesticide B. Using the new pesticide is less expensive than using the old pesticide C. Using the new pesticide makes the tomato plants grow taller than using the old pesticide. D. Using the new pesticide grows bigger tomatoes than using the old pesticide

D. Using the new pesticide grows bigger tomatoes than using the old pesticide

Which of the following is an alkali metal? A. boron (B) B. calcium (Ca) C. krypton (Kr) D. lithium (L)

D. lithium (L)

What are "representative elements"?

Elements in the tall columns of the periodic table

What s the capacity to do work known as?

Energy

What is chemical potential energy?

Energy stored by atoms

What experiment did Robert Millikan do?

He used voltage adjustments to make charged oil drops float

What happens when a solid becomes a liquid?

It changes shape, but not volume

What did Dalton's atomic theory contribute to science?

It formed the basis upon which the rest of chemistry was built

Why do scientists use the scientific method?

It helps them avoid mistakes and produce reliable information

What is the most important reason to consider ethics when conducting experiments?

It is important that people are not harmed for the sake of science

Why should a hypothesis be testable?

It must be testable in order to be found true or false

Why was Copernicus's discovery called the Copernican Revolution?

It represented a change in scientific thought

What factors does the gravitational potential energy of an object depend on?

Mass and height of the object

What has mass?

Matter

What is the law of conservation of matter?

Matter cannot be created or destroyed

What is the relationship between chemicals and cancer?

Some chemicals cause cancer, whereas others have been designed to fight it

What did Rutherford observe that surprised him?

Some of the alpha particles shot at the gold foil bounced back

What is bias in an experiment?

Something that pushes the experimental results one way or another

How do mass and speed of an object affect kinetic energy?

Speed has a greater effect than mass on kinetic energy

What is the first step of the scientific method?

State the question

What does the law of conservation of energy imply?

That energy can only be converted from different forms

What did Robert Boyle teach in the 1600's?

That matter was made up of atoms

What did Rutherford discover that Thomson did not understand?

That most of an atom's mass was packed in a central nucleus

What does the number above the symbol represent on the periodic table?

The atomic number

What is the mass number most similar to?

The average mass of all isotopes of the element

Why do Group 12 elements have different properties than Group 13 elements?

They have a different number of valence electrons

How are the elements within a row different?

They have different numbers of valence electrons

How did Thomson's experiment change Dalton's atomic model?

Thomson discovered that the atom contained smaller particles called electrons

What is the job of a scientist?

To ask and answer specific questions

Which group has different numbers of valence electrons?

Transition metals