APHG Final

According to Wittelsey's Model, where are commercial plantations predominantly found?

(Found in LEDCs but usually owned by MNCs) Predominant in SE Brazil

Horticulture

growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

burial methods

hindus cremating corpses to christians, mulsims, and jews placing corpse in a grave in a cemetery

gravity model

holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in the location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service

polygamy

indigenius religions and a muslim practice- multiple wives per male adherent

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

investment in developing countries businesses by multinational conglomerates like Berkshire and Hathaway

zoning ordinance

laws that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community

smart growth

legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland

linear clustered rural settlement

long-lot farms along the St.Lawrence River in New France during the 1600s

Diffusion of social media

movement of facebook, twitter, and vine from the united states at a global scale

Balkanization

process by which a state breaks down through conflcts between nationalities-yugoslavia

urban renewal

programs by U.S. government from 1950s - 1980s to clear blighted areas of cities by buying land from private citizens and businesses then relocating them so new infrastructure and development can be accomplished

Ethnocentrism

promoting one ethnic heritage as superior to others-NAZI concept of Aryan race

Building materials

protestant churches made from wood, brick, and stone; Muslim mosques with four minarets and stone

Milkshed

proximity of dairy farms to markets due to perishability

Terrace farming

pyramid technique used in Southeast Asia and Japan to maximize use of arable lands

Transhumance

seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

cosmonogy

set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe

social area analysis

statistical study used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic backgrounds, and life style within an urban area

Physical Geography

study of where natural forces occur-- climates, landforms, and types of vegetation

Human Geography

study of why human activities are located where they are

According to Wittelsey's Model, where is extensive subsistence farming predominantly found?

sub-Saharan Africa, Central America, Northern South America, E Turkey, Iraq, Iran

Terroir

sum effect of the local environment including, soil, climate, and topography

Genocide

the mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existance-the Nazi Holocaust or Rwanda in 1994

friction of distance

the phenomenon that occurs when distance plays a role in obstructing interaction between two locations

Acculturation

the process of adjustment to the dominant culture

Assimilation

the process of giving up cultural traditions and adopting the social customs of the dominant culture

Microfinance

the provision of small loans and financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries

Blockbusting

the secret agreement by real estate agents to segregate neighborhoods-de facto segregation

Voluntary Segregation

the settling of Chinese immigrants in an ethnic neighborhood-Chinatown in San Francisco, California

British Received Pronunciation (BRP)

the standard form of English taught in schools in the UK

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

the total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country within a 1 year time period

Gross National Income (GNI)

the total value of goods and services within a country produced in a country in a year, including exports and imports

Crop rotation

use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil

official language

used by the government to conduct public and legislative business

Ethnic Cleansing

when a racial or ethnic group of people attempt to make a homogeneous territory by expelling another racial or ethnic group- Tutsis and Hutus in Rwanda or Serbs in Yugoslavia

A fundamental difference between folk culture and popular culture is that folk culture A. often sets a minority group apart from a region's general population B. is adaptive to change over time C. tends to diffuse rapidly across geographic space D. loses some of its distinctive characteristics as it crosses national boundaries E. represents univeral values

A

A permanent move to a new location is A. migration B. mobility C. net migration D. voluntary migration E. intraregional migration

A

A religion that is spatially widespread and philosophically inclusive of all potential adherents is described as a(n) ______ religion A. universalizing B. folk C. ethnic D. tribal E. animistic

A

A stimulus strategy is introduced by governments to A) counter negative conditions of economic downturns B) ensure TNC stock prices don't collapse C) provide education funds in developed countries D) provide health benefits to all citizens E) promote research and development

A

A syrian family migrated from Syria through Turkey to Greece without immigration documents. Although Greece does not grant the family refugee status and they face the risk of deportation, theirs is a case of international and _____ migration. A. forced B. human rights C. voluntary D. economic E. transitional

A

A taboo against pork is a characteristic of A. Judaism and Islam B. Judaism and Buddhism C. Christianity and Buddhism D. Christianity and Hinduism E. Shintoism and Hinduism

A

According to the Anatolian hearth model, seed agriculture probably reached Europe from A) Southwest Asia B) northern China C) Ethiopia D) Northwest India

A

According to the Galactic Edge model and the Urban Realms model, _________ is the focus of the model. A) urban sprawl B) Smart Growth C) greenbelts D) urban morphology E) urban renewal

A

All of the following experienced sharp, sustained economic growth in the early 1990s EXCEPT A) Vietnam B) South Korea C) Taiwan D) Singapore E) Hong Kong

A

An example of ____ is the migration of doctors and engineers to the United States after they have received years of government-financed schooling and training in Colombia A. brain drain B. chain drain C. chain migration D. net migration E. cohort migration

A

An example of an important physical site characteristic is A. natural harbour B. grid system pattern C. major central park D. major airport E. public sports facility

A

An increasing number of states have adopted a federal form of government primarily to A) grant different ethnicities or nationalities more effective representation. B) encourage the breakup of the superpower alliances. C) govern compact states more effectively. D) deploy scarce resources efficiently. E) accommodate rightwing political parties and their demands for more representation in national elections.

A

Because the motor vehicle assembly industry is typically described as a bulk-gaining industry as well as a just-in-time delivery system, the most important factor when selecting a location for a new Toyota or Honda assembly plant in the United States might be A) minimizing the cost of shipping finished vehicles to its customers B) minimizing the cost of shipping inputs and outputs in relation to customers C) maximizing delivery time to customers D) the location of railroads E) the location of waterways

A

Containerization was developed to facilitate cheap, long-distance transport by _________ before transferring modes of transportation at break-of-bulk points. A) ship B) train C) truck D) airplane E) pipeline

A

Corn (maize) was first domesticated in A) Central Mexico B) Canadian prairie C) Northern Argentina D) Central Australia

A

Cultural ecology studies the A) interactions between human societies and the physical environment B) interactions between places over space C) relationship between media and diffusion D) relationship between language and land use E) relationship between politics and policy

A

Despite the risks to the environment, the U.S. Gulf Coast has become an important industrial area because of A) access to oil and natural gas fields B) just-in-time inventory management C) proximity to markets in Southwest Asia D) access to oil imports from Mexico and Venezuela E) Bubba Gump shrimp trawling and seafood processing

A

Empowerment refers to A) the ability of women to achieve economic and political power B) a constitutional guarantee that women have the right to choose C) a woman being given permission to serve in the military D) a constitutional guarantee of equal pay for equal work E) disenfranchised women

A

Ethnicity is important because A. it is a source of diversity in a globalizing world B. it has the same meaning as race C. ethnicity is not part of culture D. it has the same meaning as nationality E. people of different ethnicities never speak different languages

A

European imperial powers created _________ boundaries on much of Africa ignoring cultural and tribal differences across space. (A) Superimposed (B) Subsequent (C) Colonial (D) Antecedent (E) Territorial

A

Grain raised in the United States is used today primarily as A) livestock feed B) a source of fuel C) human food D) an export to foreign countries

A

Human Development Index (HDI) is function of A) standard of living, life expectancy, and literacy B) standard of living, environmental health, and democracy C) education, health, and democracy D) fair trade, sustainability, and education E) low debt, education, and health

A

Hydroelectric power is the second most popular source of electricity after A) coal B) wind turbines C) biomass D) solar E) nuclear power

A

In ________ religions, community, common history, and social relations are inextricably intertwined with spiritual beliefs. A. ethnic B. universal C. monotheistic D. evangelical E. local

A

In contrast to popular culture, folk cultures are more likely to vary A. from place to place at a given time B. from time to time at a given place C. both from place to place and from time to time D. neither from place to place nor from time to time

A

In the United States and Canada, which areal unit best approximates a city neighborhood in size? A) a census tract B) a county C) a municipality D) a congressional district E) a metropolitan area

A

In the geopolitical sphere, a balance of power is A) a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing sides, as if they were two equally matched camps. B) always bipolar but reinforced by satellite states. C) a condition of unequal strength between opposing sides, as if they were two powerful allies, supported by a range of satellite states. D) exemplified by a League of Nations or, in the post-World War II era, the United Nations. E) the type of power shared by the members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

A

In which part of the world will one find an unevenly distributed population of over 66 percent Hindu? A. South Asia B. Southeast Asia C. Central Asia D. Southwest Asia E. East Asia

A

Jerusalem's geography represents a particularly difficult religious conflict to resolve because A. sacred sites to Jews and Muslims are literally built on top of one another B. the population of Jerusalem is majority Christian but surrounded by majority Jewish and Muslim populations on either side C. the sacred sites for universalizing religions do not overlap with the sacred sites of ethnic religions D. there is almost always a clear distinction between the uses of sacred spaces by both ethnic and universalizing religions E. Islam and Christianity are not good examples of universalizing religions

A

Local Native American and African religions that teach a belief in a natural world full of spiritual beings and supernatural powers are often referred to as A. animists B. shamanistic C. missionary D. denominational E. local religions

A

Makeshift neighborhood, constructed of scrap materials found in all of the world's large peripheral cities A) squatter settlements B) edge cities C) metropolitan statistical areas D) network cities E) gateway cities

A

Maquiladoras of northern Mexico are A) manufacturing outsourcing plants B) illegal migrant labor camps C) border squatter settlements D) organic agricultural cooperatives E) commercial produce farms

A

NATO membership expanded immediately after the dissolution of the USSR to include A)former Warsaw Pact countries B)the remaining colonies under British and U.S. control. C)Cuba to avoid another missile crisis. D)Switzerland, Austria, and Serbia E)Ireland, Sweden, and Finland

A

Nomadic pastoralism is an extensive agricultural system practiced A) in the dry regions of Africa and Asia B) in the tropical regions of Africa and Asia C) in the hinterlands of Australia D) by Native American buffalo hunters

A

Outsourced industrial production in less developed countries often relies on female labor because A) men are engaged mainly in agriculture B) wage rates from women are much lower than for men C) women are more skilled at operating machinery than men are D) social taboos prevent women from working in the service sector E) women are not protected by international labor laws

A

Pastoral nomadism is practiced in what type of climates? A) arid and semiarid regions of Asia and Africa B) tropical wet and dry regions of Asia and Africa C) highland and Mediterranean regions of California D) humid continental short and long summer regions of Canada

A

Romance branch languages have achieved worldwide importance because A. colonial and imperial activity distributed these languages to far reaching territories B. they are more frequently taught in middle schools today C. they closely approximate English in grammar and vocabulary D. they are the languages of governments E. they alternate being the global lingua franca

A

Significant situation factors does NOT include which of the following? A) capital B) bulk-reducing C) bulk-gaining D) transportation costs E) labor costs

A

Some features of U.S. material culture such as gas stations, supermarkets, and motels A. promote a uniform landscape but not sustainability B. reflect the preservation of folk culture in all 50 states C. provide diversity on the U.S. landscape D. promote diffusion of folk culture in all 50 states E. show high regional variation

A

Subsistence agriculture is always characterized by A) production only for family members B) extensive use of the land C) double-cropping of specific grains D) production only for trafe E) irrigation and inorganic fertilization

A

The 38th parallel between the Koreas is a good example of both a ____________ and a _______________ (A) line of demarcation....superimposed bo undary (B) geometric boundary......relic boundary (C) antecedent boundary....demarcation line (D) relic boundary .....cultural boundary (E) antecedent boundary.....geometric boundary

A

The Canadian Parti Quebecois A. promotes french-language cultural values and advocates sovereignty B. promotes French as a vigorous language C. promotes French as a standard language D. promotes French-language cultural values and unification with France E. promotes a stronger literary tradition of french

A

The European Union has A) has as its main objective to promote development within member states through economic and political cooperation. B) consolidates all economic planning in London, England. C) distributes large urban populations to undeveloped rural areas in order to distribute development and wealth. D) negotiates restrictive immigration policies and reduces mobility within member states. E) established English as the national language of all member states.

A

The Nomadic Warrior Theory and the Sedentary Farmer Theory have been developed to explain the common ancestry of A. the non-romance branches of indo-european languages B. romance languages C. sino-tibetan languages D. afro-asiatic languages E. austronesian languages

A

The UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees) identified 3 groups forced to migrate for political reasons. Who are they? A. refugees, IDPs, asylum seekers B. refugees, political prisoners, those displaced by earthquakes and tsunamis C. asylum seekers, guest workers, IDP's D. IDPs, refugees, indigeneous persons E. refugees, political exiles, indigenous persons

A

The distribution of alcoholic beverages and snack food choices at a regional scale displays which characteristic of popular culture? A. choice based on preferences for what is produced, grown or imported locally B. the lack of a correlation to level of income C. barriers owing to the physical environment D. rapid diffusion E. uniform distribution across the landscape

A

The geographic study of the distribution of languages provides a good example of A. the interplay between popular culture and folk culture B. the diffusion of folk culture in different areas of the world C. the role and spread of religion across much of the world D. the diffusion of free markets across much of the world E. political conflicts that arise due to ethnic tensions

A

The large number of individual languages documented in Africa has resulted primarily from A. thousands of years of isolation between cultural groups B. repeated invasions by outsiders C. introduction of many different languages by the colonial powers D. frequent migration by the different tribal groups E. colonial administration of native lands

A

The main difference between languages in the same family, branch, or group is how A. recently in time the languages were once the same B. how closely the speakers of each language live to one another C. they correspond to the diffusion of free markets across much of the world D. similar the cultures of the speakers of each language are E. they all emerged at the same point in history, according to the bible

A

The maquiladoras of northern Mexico are A) manufacturing outsourcing plants B) High-Tec Corridor C) footloose industries D) illegal migrant-labor camps E) commercial produce farms

A

The most significant impact that Great Britain's enclosure movement made on the rural landscape was to A) produce more of a dispersed rural settlement pattern B) reinforce the traditional clustered rural settlement pattern C) discourage urbanization D) increase the rural population E) improve the transportation

A

The principal benefit of the self-sufficiency approach is to promote A) balanced growth of all economic sectors B) global competitiveness for local industries C) the maintenance of a large bureaucracy D) unequal distribution of resources E) international trade

A

The spatial clustering of high tech industry in Silicon Valley and the Research Triangle was a result of A) skilled labor and venture capital B) tax holidays and climate amenities C) skilled labor and climate amenities D) venture capital and tax holidays E) the Pacific Rim economy and brain drain

A

The use of a horse and buggy by the Amish in the United States is an example of one element of A. folk culture B. habit C. popular culture D. taboo E. technological innovation

A

The world's three major monotheistic religions originated in which of the following regions? A. southwest asia B. east asia C. africa D. eastern europe E. wetsern europe

A

This country is recognized as one of the most ethnically homogeneous in the world. A) Japan B) China C) India D) Bangladesh E) Taiwan

A

Today, house types in the United States are distinguished by all but which of the following? A. they can still be divided into three distinct regions B. they display few regional distinctions C. they are usually mass-produced D. alternative styles have diffused throughout the country

A

Using the map on the right, observe that the IHDI of Latin American countries is A) inferior to that of Canada and most Western European coutries B) greater than the United States but less than Canada C) inferior to that of Canada but superior to most Western European countries D) greater than that of Canada and twice as great as that of the United States E) inferior to Western European countries and far superior to Canda

A

What aspect of the design of Brasilia, Canberra, and Washington, DC, was different from the design of the most urban centers? A) they were designed as show places to reflect the power and wealth of their respective countries B) their design was based largely on transportation systems to allow for efficient movement of raw materials and finished products C) they were planned around a major river to allow ease of movement of foodstuffs from the hinterland of the city D) they were positioned near the center of their respective countries to help protect them from attack E) they were designed to utilize the hydro-power potential of the nearby rivers to attract manufacturing firms

A

What country has created Special Economic Zones (SEZs) similar to Mexico's Exporting Economic Zones (EEZs) to attract investment? A) China B) Vietnam C) South Korea D) Japan E) Taiwan

A

What one eats is revealing of one's A. social, religious, and ethnic memberships B. economic standing C. occupation D. social, educational level, and religious memberships E. socioeconomic status and age group

A

What type of map illustrates migration streams? A. flow-line B. azimuthal C. choropleth D. isoline E. proportional symbol

A

When geographer study the sites where religions originated as well as the processes by which those religions diffused to other locations, they are focusing on the A. spatial connections in religion B. geo-religious linkages of culture C. role of history in the social sciences D. lack of spatial connections in religion E. loss of historical processes in the formations of religions

A

Which of the five means of transportation would petroleum companies use in the Nunavut region and remote areas of the Northwest Territory Canada use to move output to be refined and sold on markets? A) Pipeline B) Overland trucks C) Airplanes D) Inland waterways E) Rail transport

A

Which of the following is NOT a conurbation in the United States? A) Toronto - Montreal - St. Lawrence Corridor B) Char-lanta C) Bowash D) South Florida E) Great Lakes

A

Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of state? A) A common language B) An organized economy and circulation system C) Political sovereignty D) A permanent resident population E) Defined boundaries

A

Which of the following is not one of the five themes of geography? A. scale B. region C. place D. human/environment interaction E. movement

A

Which of the following religions is the best example of a polytheistic religion? A. Hinduism B. Judaism C. Atheism D. Christianity E. Islam

A

Which of the following traits fits the definition of an Islamic city? A) twisted streets, a mosque, and a bazaar B) twisted streets, a cathedral, and densely organized buildings C) squatter areas within the central business districts D) three separate, defined central business districts E) global cities without population problems due to religious values

A

Which of the following was NOT one of the five original urban hearth regions? A) France B) Mesopotamia C) Mexico D) North China E) The Indus Valley

A

Which pair of concepts or entities from South Africa and the United States is the best match? A. apartheid- jim crow laws B. homelands- blockbusting C. south african nationalist party- us tea party D. nelson mandela- white flight E. apartheid-us libertarian party

A

Which statement most accurately describes the motivations of the historic European and current Latin American immigrants to the United States? A. both were and are motivated primarily economic factors B. migrants from europe were fleeing religious persecution while migrants from latin america are motivated by economic factors C. both were and are motivated by a desire to join family members in the United States D. migrants from europe mostly spoke english while migrants from latin america most speak spanish E. both were and are motivated by famine in their home countries

A

Why are most South American population centers located near the coast? A) the colonial economies were export oriented B) the wars of independence damaged many inland cities C) few American population centers were located on the coast D) the climate is generally warmer on the coast and cooler in the highlands E) the neocolonial economies are import oriented

A

Cultural Hearths

Areas where innovations in culture, government, and agriculture began as in Egypt, India, and China

A ___________ is a group of people with a common political identity, and a ________ is a country with recognized boundaries. (A) territory....federalism (B) nationality.....state (C) nation....territory (D) territory....state (E) state....nation

B

A clustering of doctor's offices and pharmacies near hospitals is BEST explained by the benefits of A) decentralization B) agglomeration C) deglomeration D) footloose industry E) backwash effect

B

A feature of the physical environment commonly used to separate states includes all but which of the following? A) deserts B) geometry C) mountains D) lakes E) rivers

B

A person is trying to move from Miami to San Diego but decides to top and stay in Dallas. This is an example of what? A. intervening obstacle B. intervening oppurtunity C. voluntary migration D. environmental pull factor E. distance decay

B

A(n) ________ is a state that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination and self-government. A) multi-linguistic state like Nigeria B) multinational state like Russia and the United States C) anocracy like Russia D) city-state like Babylon in ancient times E) federal state like Germany

B

According to its United Nations membership, this is the smallest European microstate yet one of the richest regions in the world? (A) Andorra (B) Monaco (C) Singapore (D) Malaysia (E) Vatican City

B

Agriculture practiced in California differs from forms practiced in other Mediterranean agriculture regions because in California A) grapes are grown for wine production B) farms use more irrigation C) farms are smaller D) farms rely on local labor E) wheat is grown in winter

B

Both universalizing and ethnic religions A. appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place B. can diffuse to different populations around the world C. attempt to be global and appeal to all people D. can be expressed as Christianity and Islam E. arose from changes in the physical environment

B

Democracies and autocracies differ in three essential ways; they are A) longevity of regime, citizen participation, and adoption of free market economies. B) selection of leaders, citizen participation, and checks and balances. C) longevity of regime, selection of leaders, and checks and balances. D) selection of leaders, adoption of free market economies, checks and balances. E) longevity of regime, checks and balances, membership in the United Nations.

B

Diffusion of internet service is following the earlier pattern of television, except that A. the United States' share of the world use is expanding B. diffusion is much faster C. diffusion is much slower D. the expansion of service is faster in Africa than Asia E. the initial use was in less developed countries

B

During the 1900s, the steel industry in the United States and since 1990 in China. A) declined in recent years owing to a surge in production in Japan. B) grew due to proximity to primary inputs such as iron ore and coal C) declined due to demand for foreign cars D) increased as a result of trade agreements E) declined due to restrictions on coal production

B

During the Industrial Revolution, the distribution of industry in Europe was __________ in England and diffused from __________ to _________. A) clustered, north to south B) dispersed, west to east C) concentrated, west to east D) randomly distributed, south to north E) concentrated, east to west

B

Economic activities that involve the extraction of natural resources, such as lumbering, fishing, mining, and agriculture, are called A) subsistence activities B) primary economic activities C) secondary economic activities D) quinary economic activities E) tertiary economic activities

B

In the United States, which is likely to cause virtually all population growth in the next couple of decades A. natural increase rate B. net in-migration C. crude birth rate D. declining death rate E. net out-migration

B

Match each concept of ethnicity and political geography to its description. 1. Ethnic Cleansing A) the systematic killing of ethnic group(s) by another ethnic group---Rwanda 2. Genocide B) an independent state with boundaries and a government---United States 3. Devolution C) an ethnicity which has a region chosen but not yet united----Basques 4. Sovereignty D) the movement of power from a national to a regional government---Scotland 5. Stateless Nation E) a systematic plan using terror and violence to force an ethnic group to move (A) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4, E-5 (B) A-2, B-4, C-5, D-3, E-1 (C) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-5, E-4 (D) A-4, B-5, C-1, D-2, E-3 (E) A-5, B-2, C-4, D-1, E-2

B

Migration to the United States increased from Europe after 1800 in part because of A. deteriorating public health, medicine, and food supply B. expanded economic oppurtunites during the Industrial Revolution C. higher natural increase rates D. rapid increase in the crude death rate E. drop in the total fertility rate

B

Ranching is a good example of which type of agricultural system? A) Intensive subsistence cultivation B) Extensive commercial cultivation C) Labor-intensive agriculture D) Capital-intensive agriculture

B

Shifting cultivation is most commonly found in which climate region? A) dry B) humid low-latitude C) warm mid-latitude D) cold mid-latitude

B

The "Four Economic Tigers" of East and Southeast Asia include A) China, Indonesia, Japan, and Taiwan B) Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan C) Japan, Philippines, South Korea, and Vietnam D) Hong Kong, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam E) China, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand

B

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) A) compares the level of development of women in a country to the average development level of women in the world B) compares the levels of indicators for females to those of males within a country C) is composed of the same measures as the HDI but is applies only to women instead of the entire population D) combines economic and political indicators of empowerment E) cannot be used as an indicator of development in the United States

B

The Koppen system for classifying climate zones uses A) six main categories B) categories are identified A through E C) A and B climate zones are in low latitudes only D) H climate zone is based on temperature only

B

The clearing of tropical rain forest for agriculture frequently results in A) long-term productive farmland B) a shift to animal raising C) an increase in the size of the ozone hole D) better-managed commercial forests

B

The four largest language families in the world are A. indo-iranian, sino-tibetan, afro-asiatic, and balto-slavic B. sino-tibetan, niger-congo, afro-asiatic, and indo-european C. afro-asiatic, austronesian, altaic, and sino-tibetan D. balto-slavic, dravidian, japanese, and sino-tibetan E. Altaic, sino-tibetan, indo-european, and nilo saharan

B

The nineteenth century emigration of a largenumber of Swedes from a particular region of Sweden to Isanti County, Minnesota, as a result of communication from friends and family who preceded them is an example of A. brain drain B. chain migration C. net migration D. internal migration E. counterurbanization

B

The saltbox-type house pictured above originated in which of the following culture areas? A. the great lakes region B. new england and the canadian maritimes C. the canadian prairie D. the united states southwest E. the united states southeast

B

The technology described in the previous question (GPS) allows the determination of which of the following? A. the amount of detail that can be shown on a topographic map B. absolute location on the surface of the earth C. the number of layers that can be accommodated in a geographic information system D. distances from radio transmission towers and subsidiary satellite dishes E. the weather forecast for any area

B

The township and range land survey system in the United States contributed to which of the following? A) a dispersed rural settlement pattern B) a clustered rural settlement pattern C) a rural long-lot pattern D) an urban agglomeration pattern E) an urban daily system pattern

B

The world's four largest religions in terms of total number of adherents include all but which of the following? A. Christianity B. Sikhism C. Hinduism D. Judaism E. Islam

B

The world's largest universalizing religion is A. Buddhism B. Christianity C. Hinduism D. Islam E. Shintoism

B

Using the above map, observe that Latinos/ Hispanics are clustered in what areas of the United States? A. northeast, cities B. west, southwest C. southwest, southeast D. cities E. pacific northwest, plains states

B

Using the map to the left, in France A. most of the people are protestant B. most of the people are catholic C. about half of the people are catholic and half are protestant D. about 1/4th of the people are animists E. the vast majority of the people are nonreligious

B

Using the map to the left, observe that in Germany A. Catholics are the majority in the north, while Protestants are the majority in the west and southeast B. Catholics are the majority in the west and southeast, while Protestants are the majority in the North C. the majority are nonreligious in the center and north, while catholics are the majority in the south D. protestants account for the majority in every region of the country E. catholics are the majority throughout the country

B

Using the map to the right, an analysis of refugee movement suggests that A. most of the world's refugees end up in the United States or the United Kingdom B. neighboring countries tend to absorb most refugees from war-torn areas C. there are seldom more than 100,000 refugees at any one time D. neighboring countries almost never accept refugees from war-torn areas E. the united states generally accepts fewer refugees than any other country

B

Von Thunen emphasized which of the following factors in his model of agricultural land use? A) labor cost B) transportation cost C) fertilizer cost D) machinery costs E) seasonal fluctuation in prices of farm products

B

We can deduce from the examples of popular music, fashionable clothing, and electronic applications around us that the rapid diffusion of popular culture A. discourages people in different places to adopt different customs B. depends on modern communication and transportation networks C. is an example of relocation diffusion D. conserves natural resources E. always occurs at the expense of folk culture

B

What is the main difference between population clusters in Asia and Europe? A. in Asia, most people live in urban area B. in Europe, most people live in urban areas C. in Asia, most people make their living in the secondary sector of the economy D. in Europe, most people make their living in the primary sector of the economy E. in Asia, the tertiary sector of the economy is stagnant

B

What is the most important mechanism for the diffusion of prefessional sports? A. the internet B. the TV C. relocation diffusion D. social media E. hierarchical diffusion

B

When the baby boomers have reached retirement age, what will the population pyramid for the US look like? A. an anvil B. relatively rectangular C. carrot-shaped D. pear-shaped E. none of these

B

Which if the following is a true statement about classic models of city structure? A) the concentric zone model does not have a transitional area B) the sector model is highly influenced by transportation patterns C) the central business district has the most dominant position in the multiple nuclei model D) the multiple nuclei model and the sector model are similar in that they both have only one core E) the interaction between the central city and the suburbs is greatest in the urban realm model

B

Which is NOT a characteristic of a hierarchical religion? A. it has a well-defined hierarchical structure B. it encourages each congregation to be self-sufficient C. it organizes territory into local administrative units D. it fosters interaction among different congregations E. regional administration is located in large cities

B

Which is NOT an example of bulk-gaining industry? A) fabricated metal B) aluminium cans C) coca-cola D) house furniture E) motor vehicles

B

Which is a current intraregional migration trend in the United States? A. rural to urban B. urban to suburban C. metropolitan to nonmetropolitan D. rural to megalopolis E. all of the above

B

Which of the following arguments help explain why seventy five percent of those employed in Export Processing Zones, such as maquiladoras, are women? I. Women have better educational qualifications than men II. Women are paid less than men III. Many employers consider women to be more dexterous than men IV. Many employers consider women more likely to organize unions than men A) I and II only B) II and III only C) II and IV only D) I, II, and III only E) I, II, III, and IV

B

Which of the following best describes Alfred Weber's analysis of location decisions? A) It is applicable only in postindustrial economies with predictable spatial patterns B) It seeks to minimize costs among multiple inputs of production C) It seeks to evaluate the impact of a single factor of production on location D) It depends on the availability of a single node, link, and input of production E) It is applicable only in industrial economics with predictable spatial patterns

B

Which of the following best describes the situation of Manhattan? A. a regional transportation hub for the northeastern united states B. a midway point along an urban corridor stretching from boston to washington, DC C. an island bordered by the hudson and east river D. an important center for international trade and commerce E. an urban center located two hours northeast of philadelphia by train

B

Which of the following countries can you assume has the greatest demograpic momentum based on its crude birth rate and crude death rate? A. Mozambique: 41 birth rate and 20 death rate B. Tanzania: 42 birth rate and 17 death rate C. Ethiopia: 39 birth rate and 15 death rate D. Zimbabwe: 30 birth rate and 23 death rate E. Reunion: 19 birth rate and 5 death rate

B

Which of the following democracies represents a unitary state in which power is concentrated in the hands of the central government? A) India B) France C) South Africa D) Russia E) the United States

B

Which of the following describes a primate city? A) it is economically and politically interconnected to other world cities B) it is disproportionately large in relation to the next largest cities in that country C) it is surrounded by walls like a fortress D) it is linked by colonial administrators to an imperial power E) it is primarily concerned with its role as a religious center

B

Which of the following in unique among Latin American countries in that its capital represents the concept of a forward capital? A) Argentina B) Brazil C) Chile D) Mexico E) Peru

B

Which of the following is not a characteristic of popular cultures? A. large society B. isolated settlement C. heterogeneous D. globalization E. hierarchical diffusion

B

Which of the following is not a primate city? A) Mexico City, Mexico B) New York, U.S. C) London, England D) Seoul, South Korea E) Buenos Aires, Argentina

B

Which of the following is not one of the four traditions of geography according to W.D. Pattison's definition? A. area-analysis tradition B. field studies tradition C. culture-environment relations D. earth-science tradition E. locational tradition

B

Which of the following is the MOST ACCURATE description of Weber's least cost theory? A) Like the Malthus model, industry is experiencing exponential growth B) Like Von Thunen's model, transportation costs are the most important variable C) Labor, transportation costs, and footloose industries are the four main factors D) Land costs, deglomeration, and perishable products are the four main factors E) Based on Core-Periphery model, only core countries focus on proximity to markets

B

Which of the following modes of transportation is characterized by low terminal costs, high line costs, and high route flexibility? A) truck B) railroad C) pipeline D) airplane E) shipping

B

Which of the following refers to the size and functional complexity of cities? A) Multiplier Effect B) Urban hierarchy C) Basic industries D) Threshold ratio E) The Sector model

B

Which of the following supranational organization has fostered the economic growth of nations in developing regions of Asia, Africa, and South America by forming a cartel controlling the production and pricing of oil. (A) European Union (EU) (B) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (C) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (D) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (E) United Nations (UN)

B

Which popular culture node is incorrectly matched with its description? A. Nashville, Tennessee- country music B. Seattle, Washington- rap music C. Hollywood, California- film industry D. New York City, New York- hip hop E. London, England- print media

B

Which statement would best fit a European city? A) European cities have large areas of squatter settlements B) European cities have their skyscrapers located in suburbs C) European cities have few forms of public transportation D) European cities have heavy pollution problems E) European cities have the poor living closest to their central business district

B

Why did Israel build a "separation fence" around the West Bank? (A) to take and maintain control of the holy city of Jerusalem. (B) to encircle the new Palestinian homeland created under a United Nations plan. (C) to provide a buffer zone between the West Bank and Israel proper. (D) to prevent a future invasion by its Muslim neighbors. (E) to deter Palestinian terrorist attacks on Israeli settlements in the region.

B

With respect to the relationship between culture, religion, and the physical environment, A. few religions derive meaningful events from the physical environment B. religious ideas may be responsible for some of the changes people make in the physical environment C. religion is no longer an important source of identification for a distinct cultural group D. all religions appeal primarily to people living in their land of origin E. religious ideas nearly all arise from changes in the physical environment

B

Women played a crucial role in the domestication of plants because they A) were interested in varying the diets of their families B) were engaged in collecting plant resources C) were agile climbers on the hillsides of the Fertile Crescent D) knew how to achieve control over their environments

B

_________ forces work to pull countries apart, while ____________ forces work to bind them together. (A) Centripetal....centrifugal (B) Centrifugal....centripetal (C) Communist....democratic (D)Capitalist....socialist (E) Anocracy...democracy

B

Some regions produce more cheese than milk because A) they are specialized B) of a cultural preference for cheese consumption C) they are outside major milksheds D) the output is not sold directly to consumers

B (france)

A megacity is defined as a metropolitan area with a population greater than A) 1 million B) 5 million C) 10 million D) 25 million E) 50 million

C

A sharp boundary between North and South America is represented by A. branches of Spiritism and Indigenous religions B. branches of Lutherism and Baptist C. Protestantism and Catholicism D. Catholicism and Agnosticism E. Unaffiliated and Spiritism

C

According to Christaller's central place model, which of the following would most likely have the smallest range? A) a university B) an international airport C) a grocery store D) a professional football stadium E) a symphony orchestra hall

C

According to the Central Place Theory, the range and the threshold are defined as the A) without a range, there are not enough customers to support the business B) without threshold, the distance is too far for people to go to partake in the goods and services offered C) the range determines the maximum distance that people are willing to travel to buy or enjoy something, while the threshold is the minimum number of customers needed for the business to survive D) the greater the range, the higher the cost of the item E) the greater the threshold, the less the cost of the item

C

According to the international trade approach to development, a country should identify all but which of its following assets? A) abundant agricultural products B) high quality manufactured goods C) imports that it should limit D) international consumer preferences E) abundant mineral resources

C

According to the sector model of North American city structure, members of the low-income groups tend to live in which of the following places? A) the inner city only B) peripheral temporary settlements C) linear residential areas radiating from the center city outward D) evenly dispersed throughout the urban area E) the suburbs and rural areas only

C

All of the following are examples of forced migration EXCEPT A. the trail of tears in the early 19th century B. the atlantic slave trade C. the California Gold Rush in the mid-nineteenth century D. the Irish Potato Famine from 1846 to 1856 E. the Japanese internment camps from World War II

C

An adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods is a A) tax exemption B) subsidy C) purchasing power parity D) per capita index E) global pricing indicator

C

An example of a rural clustered colonial settlement in the 13 American colonies was a ________________. A) Masai tribal village B) Gwendorf village C) Puritan New England Town D) Pennsylvania planned village E) Southern Colonial city

C

An urban center that is disproportionately larger than the second largest city in a country and that dominates the country's social, political, and economic activities can be best classified as A) a megalopolis B) a conurbation C) a primate city D) an edge city E) an imperial city

C

Core-periphery models are generally based on the idea that A) all world regions are equally developed B) levels of social and economic development are fairly uniform between core areas and peripheral areas C) sharp spatial contrasts in social and economic development exist between economic heartlands and outlying subordinate areas D) the growth and prosperity of core countries has not been achieved at the expense of peripheral countries E) the economic and social heart of a territory should be at its geographic center

C

Development is best defined as A) the process of improving the conditions of people by diffusing the American way of life B) the process of improving the conditions of people by becoming a federal state C) the process of improving the conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology D) the process of improving the conditions of people by shifting the economic ideology from an entirely capitalist mode to a blended economy E) the process of improving the conditions of people by improving diplomatic ties

C

During the latter half of the twentieth century, distinctive intraregional migration of African Americans was represented by A. urban to rural B. urban to urban C. inner city to outer city and inner suburban neighborhoods D. forced migration E. rural to urban

C

Elongated states may suffer from poor internal communication and difficulty defending borders. Which of the following is NOT an elongated state? A) Malawi B) Gambia C) Botswana D) Chile E) Italy

C

English has achieved unprecedented acceptance globally due to A. the refusal to use English in colonial and imperial expansion B. the diffusion of command economies across much of the world C. its role as the common language of a global economy and culture D. its rise of folk culture and the decline of popular culture E. the diffusion of religion to industrialized nations

C

Historically, the growth of North American suburbs was most constrained by A) high land values B) zoning ordinances C) limited transportation D) housing shortages E) cultural preferences

C

If the IHDI is less than the HDI, this indicates A) there are lower levels of inequality in that country than there are in the world B) the levels of inequality are equal to the global average C) there are higher levels of inequality in that country than there are in the world D) there is no comparison between the two indices as they measure different things E) the HDI is really a function of the IHDI so this condition is impossible

C

In addition to the United States, all countries listed are permanent members of the UN Security Council except one, which is not a permanent member. A)China B)France C)Germany D)Russia E)United Kingdom

C

In contrast to Fordist production, Post-Fordist production is more likely to A) assign each worker one task B) place more importance on site factors C) introduce more flexible work rules D) include repetitive tasks E) require larger inventories of parts and components

C

In political geography, the term state is synonymous with A)city state B)frontier C)country D)province E)microstate

C

Most Asian and Mexican migration to the United States is through the process of A. expansion diffusion B. brain drain C. chain migration D. undocumented immigration E. global circulation

C

One of the primary effects of modern communication on social customs has been to A. preserve folk cultures, by increasing awareness of their uniqueness. B. stimulate the diffusion of folk cultures around the world C. increase the similarity of social customs in different locations D. have little effect on the diffusion on the diffusion of social customs E. slow the rate of change

C

Place the following religious leaders in correct order from first to last. I. Jesus of Nazareth II. Siddhartha Gautama III. Mohammed IV. Joseph Smith A. I, II, III, IV B. I, III, IV, II C. II, I, III, IV D. III, IV, II, I E. IV, I, II, II

C

Producers of automobiles select locations primarily because of access to __________ near Auto Alley of I-75 and I-65. A) government subsidies B) labor C) markets D) raw materials E) old Fordist factories

C

Quaternary economic activities are those that A) extract natural resources from the environment B) transform raw materials into finished products C) involve the collection, processing, and manipulation of information D) involve the exchange of goods and the provision of services E) involve the production of fresh produce for urban markets

C

Shifting cultivation is a form of agriculture criticized for all but which of the following reasons? A) It destroys natural resources such as forests B) It causes soil erosion and depletion of nutrients C) It upsets the ecology through the use of fertilizers D) It consumes a lot of land to feed a small number of people

C

Situation costs are critical to a firm that wishes to A) avoid skilled laborers B) minimize production costs inside the plant C) minimize transport costs D) identify unique characteristics of a particular industry E) utilize a new technology

C

Southeast Asian cities like Singapore have developed economically by what primary means? A) Western transportation systems B) Self-sufficiency development C) Western investment and trade D) Japanese investment and trade only E) Western style dress and empowering women

C

Squatter settlements exist in cities of less developed countries because A) city government's set aside vacant areas for new migrants B) people want to live near the center of the city, where jobs are located C) affordable housing is not available elsewhere for new migrants to the city D) new migrants prefer to live in squatter settlements with other recent migrants E) new migrants need to be isolated from other city residents until they adjust to urban life

C

Sub-Saharan Africa's fragile states' status may be attributed to all but which of the following? A) high population growth and poor health B) extreme poverty C) alignment with the Soviet Union during the Cold War D) ethnic tensions and ethnic cleansing E) problematic shapes

C

Terrorist activities A) are restricted to foreigners instigating violence in another country. B) are only associated with al-Qaeda. C) hold every citizen responsible and view them as culpable for the actions they oppose and therefore view citizens as legitimate targets. D) ended with the death of Osama bin Laden. E) have been reduced in frequency due to drone attacks.

C

The Chernobyl incident in 1986 in the Soviet Union and the 2011 incident in Japan after an earthquake involved A) a nuclear explosion high in the atmosphere B) a nuclear missile that misfired and exploded C) a nuclear power accident D) a massive leak and fire at an oil exploration platform E) an explosion and fire at a natural gas field

C

The Sustainable Development Goals replaced what global effort? A) structural adjustment programs B) stimulus programs C) UN Millennium Goals D) Fair Trade movements E) World Bank lending practices

C

The United Nations in New York City and the European Union in Brussels, Belgium, are examples of _________________ service supranational organizations and are located in a(n)______________________. A) consumer, megacity B) business, megalopolis C) public, world city D) consumer, entrepot

C

The body of customary beliefs, social focus and material traits that constitute a groups's distinct traditions would best describe a specific population's A. folklore B. political agenda C. culture D. education system E. religious organization

C

The modern game of soccer (football) spread to many parts of the world because of British colonization. This is an example of ____ diffusion. A. expansion B. hierarchical C. relocation D. stimulus E. maldaptive diffusion

C

The most populous ethnic group in the United States is A. african americans B. asian americans C. lations/hispanics D. american inidans and alaska natives E. austral-asians

C

The movement of persons from the Rustbelt to the Sun Belt is an example of which type of migration? A. intercontinental B. international C. interregional D. interurban E. intercoastal

C

The principle purpose of holidays in universalizing religions is to A. recognize seasonal change B. pray for good fortune with the harvest C. commemorate events in the founder's life D. commemorate the construction of the primary religious site E. recognize new converts on a specific date

C

The second wave of immigrants to the United States during the nineteenth century came from A. asia and latin america B. italy, russia, and poland C. england, ireland, and germany D. sweden, norway, and slovakia E. africa and oceania

C

The term "cultural diffusion" refers to the A. modification of the Earth's surface by human actions B. integration of behavioral traits within a group C. spread of an idea or innovation from its source D. relationship between human cultures and their physical environment E. assimilation of a minority culture into the host society

C

The world's largest state is A) China. B) Canada. C) Russia. D) Alaska. E) India.

C

This is a sovereign state that comprises an urban area and the surrounding countryside. A) rural-state B) nation-state C) city-state D) primate-state E) homogeneous state

C

To finance development, less developed countries wanting to develop using either economic model must A) borrow from MDC banks B) build new infrastructure projects C) identify unique economic assets D) promote self-sufficiency

C

Today, the greatest number of urban dwellers is found in A) North America B) South America C) Asia D) Europe E) Africa

C

What is the world's fastest growing religion? A. Christianity B. Hinduism C. Islam D. Buddhism E. Judaism

C

What reason best explains why the rate of natural increase is greater in less developed countries than in more developed countries A. in less developed countries, people have fewer children due to having an industrial society B. in more developed countries, people have more children due to having an agricultural society C. in less developed countries, people have more children due to having an agricultural society D. in more developed countries people have fewer children because children are economic assets E. in less developed countries, peeople have fewer children due to having a bad service economy

C

What was a distinctive feature of the world's superpowers between the 1940s and 1980s compared to other eras? (A) The United States and the Soviet Union were superpowers for the first time. (B) The two superpowers were never involved in wars. (C) The number of superpowers was much lower than in the past. (D) The superpowers had satellites. (E) The British were an equal in military power to both the United States and the Soviet Union.

C

When languages are depicted as leaves on trees, the trunks of the trees represent A. dialects B. language groups C. language families D. possible prehistoric superfamilies E. language sects

C

When people who speak a given language migrate to a different location and become isolated from other members of their tribe A. their language usually shows very little change even over a long period of time B. they immediately develop a literary tradition C. become isolated usually resulting in the differentiation of one language into two D. they lose their linguistic abilities E. they form a pidgin language

C

Which factor of production is geographically fixed? A) labor B) capital C) land D) business acumen E) communications

C

Which is NOT one of the four largest countries in which 40 percent of the world's Muslim population lives? A. Indonesia B. Pakistan C. Saudi Arabia D. India E. Bangladesh

C

Which is NOT true about the Law of the Sea? A) It identifies territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles as under state control. B) It identifies international waters as having no single state control. C) It identifies internal shoreline waters as international to ensure free trade. D) It identifies the exclusive economic zone as a zone of state exploitation of resources such as fish and oil. E) It identifies a contiguous zone in which a state may enforce pollution controls and levy taxes for its use.

C

Which is not a way to compare states using political geography? (A) size (B) shape (C) organic theory (D) political organization (E) type of state

C

Which is the most accurate with regard to food preferences and taboos? A. food preferences are stronger than taboos as seen by the high consumption of beef on the Deccan Platueau B. food preferences and taboos have little influence on the diet in Arabia and southeast asia C. some foods are avoided for religious or cultural reasons even at the expense of a balanced diet D. food preferences and taboos show little variability between cultures E. low hog consumption in China demonstrates an avoidance of pork by the chinese

C

Which of the following does NOT act as a centrifugal force for a state? A. uneven development B. ethnic nationalism C. linguistic homogeneity D. a fragmented territorial base E. a strong tradition of local governence

C

Which of the following industries will most likely locate closest to its raw material? A) soft-drink bottling B) brewing C) nickel smelting D) baking E) automobile assembly

C

Which of the following is NOT one of the six official languages of the United Nations? A. English B. Russian C. Swahili D. Spanish E. Mandarin Chinese

C

Which of the following is NOT true about white flight? A. it contributed to the spatial expansion of black ghettos B. it was encouraged by unscrupulous real estate and banking practices C. it began in the 1970's when the economy contracted D. it contributed to blockbusting E. it was precipitated by a racially motivated push factor

C

Which of the following is a distinctive aspect of population policy emphasized for the first time in the international community in the 1900's? A. one-child policy B. economic development C. women's empowerment D. green revolution E. cultural homgeneity

C

Which of the following is likely the LEAST or WEAKEST centripetal force in the United States? A. abc, nbc, cbs, and other network television B. the US flag flying in different ethnic neighborhoods C. internet content available from around the world D. the star spangled banner being sung at baseball games E. lessons about civic responsibility in the public school system

C

Which of the following is true of hunting and gathering as an activity? A) It has led to the depletion of natural resources B) It is prevalent where resources are rich and climate conditions are not extreme C) It is pursued by less than one percent of the contemporary human population D) It is limited to tropical areas E) It does not have gender-based division of labor

C

Which path of relocation diffusion is INCORRECTLY matched to its description? A. Christian missionaries from Southwest Asia to Africa and Europe B. Buddhist missionaries from northern India to both East Asia and Southeast Asia C. Protestant missionaries from southern parts of western Europe to colonies of imperial powers D. Jewish adherents moving to Europe in Middle Ages and to North America after 1650 E. Hindu adherents from South Asia to Western Hemisphere since World War II

C

According to Wittelsey's Model, where is commercial grain farming predominantly found?

Central USA, western USA, southern Oceania, parts of Kazakhstan

A country at the end of the demographic transition usually has which of he following? A. high birth rate and low death rates B. a high infant mortality rate C. a high crude birth rate D. low birth and death rates E. high population density

D

According to Colin Renfrew's research, Indo-European languages diffused across Europe A. entirely by sea B. by way of the Kurgan homeland C. with the conquests of warriors on horseback D. with the diffusion of agriculture E. following the traders on the silk road

D

According to the Anatolian Hearth Theory, Indo-European languages diffused across Europe A. entirely by sea B. by way of the Kurgan homeland C. by warriors on horseback D. with the diffusion of agriculture E. with the distribution of conquest

D

According to the Von Thunen model, market-oriented gardens and milk producers were located in the first ring for all but which of the following reasons? A) delivery cost B) perishability C) proximity to market D) quality of soil

D

According to the rank-size rule, if the largest city in a country has a population of 900,000, then the third largest will have a population of A) 3,000 B) 9,000 C) 45,000 D) 300,000 E) 900,000

D

Commercial agriculture is distinguished from subsistence agriculture by all but which of the following? A) low percentage of farmers in the labor force B) farm size C) heavy use of machinery D) output consumed on the farm

D

Cultural landscape is closest in meaning to which of the following? A) cultural ecology B) nonmaterial culture C) environmental determinism D) built environment

D

Economic activities that involve the extraction of natural resources like agriculture A) subsistence activities B) organic activities C) secondary economic activities D) primary economic activities E) tertiary economic activities

D

Economic and political cooperation in the European Union takes the form of all but which of the following? A)Subsidies are provided to economically depressed areas. B)Transfer of finished products between countries is simplified. C)With few exceptions, citizens may live in one country but work in another without political difficulty D)Every member country must adopt the Euro currency. E)A European Parliament is elected by member states.

D

Fair trade is NOT a set of business practices that A) raises incomes of small scale farmers B) distribute profit and risk more equitably across the production chain C) elevate entrepreneurial skills D) are managed by individual governments E) promote safe and sustainable agriculture and working conditions

D

French influence on land division in the United States and Canada resulted in A) nucleated villages and fragmented farms B) the metes and bound system C) a rectilinear subdivision of public land D) a long-lot system E) the township and range survey system

D

Geographic scale A. the ratio between distance on a map and distance on Earth's surface B. a conceptual hierarchy of spaces C. a notion of place based on an individual's perception of space D. the level of aggregation at which geographers investigate a particular process E. the many ways that people define regions

D

Gerrymandering A) is only done by Democrats to ensure control of the House. B) is only done by Republicans to ensure Congress is ineffective. C) is a Republican process to ensure control by the wealthy elite. D) is the redrawing of legislative boundaries by both parties. E) is the redrawing of legislative boundaries to ensure federal funds are distributed to those who need them the most.

D

If a geographer performs a study on people's perceptions of the Deep South using interviews as the primary data source, the geographer's method is A. quantitative B. systematic C. anthropogenic D. qualitative E. idiographic

D

Immediately after World War II, new political boundaries resulted in A. ethnic cleansing in the Balkans B. policies of acculturation and multiculturalism C. increased tolerance of differences in ethnicity and religion D. force migration of millions of Europeans to new territories on the contient E. economic opportunities that were more evenly distributed between urban and rural areas

D

In Rostow's stages of development model, high mass consumption is characterized by A) high unemployment B) higher number of tertiary jobs C) gender empowerment D) high per capita incomes E) sustainability

D

In contrast to the international trade approach, the self-sufficiency approach to development A) attempts to identify appropriate developmental stages B) attempts to result in uneven resource development and market correction indicies C) suffers from market stagnation D) attempts to spread investment through all sectors of the economy E) begins when an elite group initiates innovative activities

D

In recent decades, all of the following have played a major role in the rapid growth on the Sun Belt cities of the United States EXCEPT A. immigration levels from Latin America B. high levels of per capita federal spending in the south and west C. cheap land and labor D. climatic change leading to colder northern winters E. the increasing demand for retiremnt and resort centers

D

In what ways does popular culture threaten environmental sustainability? A. through recycling plans B. because of decreased demand for animal products C. through outside programs D. because of increased demand for golfing E. because people are becoming vegans

D

Of the following, which is the best example of a footloose industry? A) wine making B) steel C) furniture D) computer chip E) tuna canning

D

Regionalization and cultural landscapes would best explain the characteristics of the study of A. popular culture B. adaptive strategies C. non material culture D. material culture E. folk culture

D

Regionalization is to geography as A. composition is to music B. description is to literature C. exploration is to geology D. periodization is to history E. characterization is to drama

D

Rostow's modernization model is concerned with what of the following concepts? A) dependency B) structuralism C) core-periphery relations D) economic development E) neocolonialism

D

Southwest Asia and Western Europe are major destinations for Muslim migrants because A. individual government policies seek to add to their workforce B. of well-established guest worker programs C. of educational opportunities in these countries D. economic opportunities are better than in country of origin E. political participation is greater than in country of origin

D

Swaziland makes ________ into a perforated state. A) Madagascar B) Mozambique C) South Sudan D) South Africa E) Zimbabwe

D

The Dust Bowl in the Great Plains or the 100-year floodplain is the best example of which factor below? A. political pull factor B. economic pull factor C. environmental pull factor D. environmental push factor E. economic pull factor

D

The Gravity Model illustrates spatial distribution of a service EXCEPT for A) customer call centers B) shopping patterns C) e-mails D) automotive superstore E) international trade

D

The Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan language families are spoken by approximately ______ percent. A. 25 B. 50 C. 33 D. 66 E. 90

D

The Kurds A. are living in a new country created for them between Iraq, Iran, and Turkey B. are a group which long ago migrated from Anatolia to the Balkans C. have no wish to become a nationality, only to remain an ethnicity D. have a large population but are divided among enough countries that they are a minority in every one E. are not targeted as potential rebels by the Turkish government

D

The Mall including the Capitol building and the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C. and the orderly street plan and expansive parks of Chicago, Illinois, are a good example of a(n) ________________. A) medieval landscape B) symbolic landscape C) military landscape D) postmodern landscape

D

The U.S. geographic center of population has moved steadily to the ___ and ___ from 1790 to the present A. east and west B. north and south C. south and west D. west and south E. west and north

D

The US Census is confusing because A. it creates a pathway to citizenship B. it does not include a category for African American C. respondents may check only one box D. it uses both racial and ethnic terms in the same question E. each form is different

D

The United States and the USSR were the only two remaining superpowers after WWII. B) The United States reinforced its political alliances and ideology through military assertion in Panama and Grenada. C) Both the United States and the USSR established a military presence via bases and troop presence in countries who were allies. D) The Cuban Missile Crisis was negotiated and settled peacefully at the United Nations. E) Countries in the Soviet Bloc were described as satellites.

D

The best example of a literary tradition is A. the diffusion of television and radio broadcasts B. the religious rituals and traditions of ancient european civilizations C. the classification system used by ethnologue D. the historical documents and religious texts of the ancient egyptians E. the variety of dialects in a language used in obscure examples of spoken poetry

D

The biggest problem in promoting development through the international trade alternative is A) increased demand for many goods B) increased price of petroleum C) regional cooperation D) unequal distribution of resources E) consumer demand expanding faster than manufacturing can

D

The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves is known as A)centripetal determination B)nationalism C)universal suffrage D)self determination E)sovereignty

D

The contemporary distribution of languages around the globe is largely a result of A. social media B. the internet C. rosetta stone sales D. migration E. high school requirements to learn a second language

D

The cottage industry system involved manufacturing A) of hand-made luxury goods B) in small factories C) of steam engines and other cottage-sized machines D) in the home E) cheeses and pastries

D

The diffusion of social media has threatened A. popular culture and folk culture relatively equally B. the folk customs of only a few isolated communities C. the spread of the international banking system D. folk culture more than popular culture E. folk culture, but only in the largest cities on each continent

D

The language spoken by soldiers stationed throughout the Roman Empire was known as ____ and later developed into ____ languages after the fall of Rome in 476 AD. A. a dialect of latin; vulgar latin B. a romance language; indo-european C. a standard language-- a romance language D. vulgar latin; a romance language E. a vigorous language; revived language

D

The most widely spoken language in the world today is A. french B. english C. spanish D. mandarin E. japanese

D

The number of functions in a central place is dependent on all of the following EXCEPT the A) population of the central place B) population of the market place C) total number of central places in the urban system D) distance to a place of similar function E) size of the market place

D

The pull factor that was a significant factor for African Americans to move south or north in the early to mid-twentieth century was A. inexpensive housing B. equality under the law C. education opportunities D. factory jobs with higher wages E. inexpensive agriculture land

D

The tensions between ethnicity and nationality are demonstrated by A. the question of whether Ireland is British B. the US Census using both ethnic and racial terms in the same question C. the conflict for control of Kashmir D. the question of whether the Quebecois are also Canadian E. any country where multiple languages are spoken

D

The two most important languages in South America and most widely spoken Romance languages are A. dutch and english B english and spanish C. french and spanish D. portuguese amd spanish E. creole and portuguese

D

This European country was divided post-World War II into a Democratic Republic and a Federal Republic. A) the United Kingdom B) Czechoslovakia C) Yugoslavia D) Germany E) Poland

D

Today, most of the United States and Canadian (or MDCs) population lives in which of the following? A) farming areas B) rural non-farming areas C) central cities D) metropolitan areas E) small towns

D

What would be the most profitable location for an ethanol manufacturing plant that converts corn into alcohol for use as an additive for gasoline? A) Near a large university to facilitate recruitment of highly trained chemists B) Near a break-of-bulk point for ease of transportation C) Near a navigable river to reduce transportation costs to distant markets D) Near a prime corn-producing area to minimize transportation costs of raw materials E) Near a large metropolitan area to serve a major market

D

Which U.S. state was judged by the Washington Post to have the most gerrymandering? A) North Dakota B) South Dakota C) West Virginia D) North Carolina E) South Carolina

D

Which country has created special economic zones (SEZs) to attract investment? A) Japan B) Vietnam C) South Korea D) China E) Thailand

D

Which description is incorrectly matched to the terms below? A) First Agricultural Revolution = use of seed agriculture and use of animals in farming process B) Second Agricultural Revolution = geographers disagree when it began but agree the Industrial Revolution was its most influential period C) Third Agricultural Revolution = globalization of industrialized agriculture and new technologies increasing food supply D) Green Revolution = a phase of letter B above using new higher yielding strains of wheat, corn, and rice

D

Which generation is not part of Buddhist teachings? A. the four noble truths B. buddhists monks separate from society to meditate C. no missionaries sent out to proselytize D. all buddhists can serve as monks E. following the eight fold path

D

Which indicator has shown a widening gap since 1980? A) HDI B) life expectancy C) mean years of education D) per capita GNI E) All four progress indicators have shown a narrowing gap

D

Which is NOT a terroir factor in the spatial distribution of wine producing regions as in the Bordeaux of France or the Napa Valley of California? A. a site near a lake or river B. grown in coarse, sandy and well-drained soil C. temperate climates with rainy winters D. spring is the preferred season of rain E. planted on hillsides to maximize exposure to sunlight

D

Which of the following is NOT one of Ravenstein's migration laws? A. most migration is rural to urban B. migrants traveling long distances will likely settle in a big city C. people in rural areas are more migratory than city dwellers D. most international migrants are young women E. most migration is step migration

D

Which of the following is NOT true about contemporary factories? A) they tend to cluster in industrial parks B) they tend to be located proximate to suburban highway junctions C) they are best functioning as a single-story building D) they require proximity to rail lines E) they tend to locate on rural or suburban land because of lower taxes

D

Which of the following is NOT true about the world's energy supply? A) 33 percent of the world's natural gas is produced in Southwest Asia and Russia B) Approximately 50 percent of the world's coal reserves are found in China C) Russia and Saudi Arabia provide at least 25 percent of the world's petroleum D) The United States produced 50 percent of the world's petroleum output E) 33 percent of the world's natural gas comes from the United States and other developed countries

D

Which of the following is NOT true concerning recycling? A) Aluminium scrap is readily accepted for recycling B) Glass can be used without loss of quality C) Plastics are symbolized with rankings for safety in recycling D) Newspaper recycling has declined as paper pulp prices have declined E) Mixed color glass is not profitable for recycling

D

Which of the following is NOT true? A. palestinians live in the 1967 captured territories of the West Bank, Gaza, and east jerusalem B. palestinians are divided politically into two recognized political parties, Fatah and Hamas C. some palestinians are israeli citizens of arab descent D. the palestinian authority is a neutral body engaged in arbitrating differences over the settlements in the West Bank E. the united states, europe, and israel regard Hamas as a terrorist group

D

Which of the following is a landlocked country? (A) Peru (B) Germany (C) Burma (D) Afghanistan (E) Colombia

D

Which of the following is a subsistence crop? A) cocoa B) cotton C) rubber D) corn E) timber

D

Which of the following is the best example of a footloose industry? A) wine making B) steel C) furniture D) call centers E) tuna canning

D

Which of the following most closely describes the leading trend in retailing in the United States during the 1950s, 1970s, and 1990s? *A)* 1950s = "Big Box" superstore 1970s = Downtown business district 1990s = shopping malls *B)* 1950s = "Big Box" superstore 1970s = Shopping malls 1990s = Downtown business districts *C)* 1950s = Shopping malls 1970s = Downtown business district 1990s = "Big box" superstores *D)* 1950s = Downtown business district 1970s = Shopping malls 1990s = "Big box" superstores *E)* 1950s = "Downtown business district 1970s = "Big box" superstores 1990s = shopping malls

D

Which of the following was a centrifugal force in the India/Pakistan relationship in the late 1940's? A. commonality of language B. commonality of religion C. differences in political border interpreation D. differences in religion E. commonality of climate

D

Which of these industries is most dependent on low-cost, labor intensive labor? A) automotive B) electronics C) steel D) textiles and apparel E) mining

D

Which statement incorrectly identifies methods used by some governments to block electronic technology? A. regulate the applications available-- People's republic of China with QQ and QZone B. built their infrastructure to support only certain systems C. only allow certain cell phones, tablets, and ipads D. only allow apple products using google chrome E. block social media sites like facebook, twitter, and instagram

D

With the end of the Cold War, (A) Russia has become a nation-state. (B) military alliances have become more important in Europe. (C) nationalities have been discouraged from expressing their cultural identities. (D) economic competition among regions has become more important than military competition.

D

the choice of clothing in Western countries is strongly influenced A. by occupation but not level of income B. by level of income but not occupation C. by knowledge of fashion elsewhere, as well as the level of folk culture D. by occupation, income, and knowledge of fashion elsewhere E. by fashion only

D

All of the following are traits common to Christian regions of the world except A. fasting at easter B. role of Jesus C. ten commandments D. monotheism E. daily ritual prayers

E

All of the following were crucial to the emergence of the first cities EXCEPT? A) an agricultural surplus B) a stratified social system C) labor specialization D) a system for food storage and distribution E) separation of the ruling system and the religious system

E

Although many factory laborers in MDCs are paid $_________ per hour, factory laborers in LDCs may be paid less than $________ per hour. A) 45; 2 B) 75; 15 C) 35; 10 D) 100; 20 E) 35; 2

E

An examination of the distribution of ethnicities in the United States reveals A. ethnicities are not often clustered in urban areas B. different ethnicities cluster in each US region C. ethnic neighborhoods contain a heterogeneous mix of ethnicities, even in cities that were once known for their patterns of segregation D. segregation and exclusion are a thing of the past for nearly all US ethnic groups E. ethnic groups tend to cluster in urban areas and in different US regions

E

As a crime against humanity, ethnic cleansing is defined by the United Nations as involving all but which of the following? A. murder B. arbitrary arrest and detention C. rape and sexual assaults D. forcible removal and deportation E. trials

E

Austerity programs set up by the European Union (EU) A) target cuts in private industry payroll B) introduce furlough days in private firms C) introduce new taxes on water and electricity D) target the dissolution of unions E) target cuts in government spending in welfare benefits

E

Dramatic increases in global grain production since 1950 have been made possible by A) substantial increases in the amount of land under cultivation B) global warming C) an increase in the urban workforce D) an increase in the agricultural workforce E) an increase in the use of energy and technology

E

During what 20-year period has the United States seen the greatest immigration in the terms of raw numbers? A. 1850-1870 B. 1900-1920 C. 1920-1940 D. 1960-1980 E. 1980-2000

E

In the new global economy, an increasing proportion of influential financial decisions are being made in A) the informal sector B) regional centers and small town where fax machines are used C) the field, close to the sources of agricultural production D) national capitals because of the increasing importance of the nation state E) major corporate centers such as New York, London, and Tokyo

E

India's 22 so-called scheduled languages are representative of India and its partition into three nations are examples of ____ forces and ______ forces A. vulgar latin, centripetal B. dialect, languages C. centrifugal, centripetal D. government, anti-government E. centripetal, centrifugal

E

Jeans provide a good example of material culture that is adopted by a number of different societies. They are also an example of A. hierarchical diffusion B. local diversity C. folk culture D. stimulus culture E. maladaptive diffusion

E

Most of the conflict in Africa is widespread because of A. colonial boundaries clearly demarcating the various ethnic and national populations B. numerous ethnic groups living in perceptual peace and understanding C. rapid economic development for the poor at the expense of the rich D. gradual economic development favoring the poor over the rich E. colonial boundaries in the midst of numerous ethnic and national groups

E

Over the past 60 years, the number of sovereign state memberships in the United Nations A) has remained approximately the same. B) has increased by 30 countries. C) has decreased by 30 countries. D) has increased by more than 50 countries. E) has increased by more than 100 countries.

E

Per capita GDP is a poor indicator of which of the following? A) the approximate level of material well being in a country B) the number of countries below the poverty level C) the potential for providing all citizens with a comfortable life D) the spatial distribution of global wealth E) the distribution of wealth within a country

E

Religion is a good example of the tension between globalization and local diversity because A. migrants leave their religion behind when they migrate to a new area B. religion always represents the most traditional worldviews of a population C. many people follow more than one religion D. all religions are in competition to convert as many people as possible E. religion represents core cultural values and beliefs that may conflict with others

E

Shopping malls, planned communities, and in many cases a popular landscape are representative of what geographic factor? A) tenements B) office parks C) industrial parks D) positive situation factors E) suburbs

E

State support for terrorism is seen to include all but one of the following. A) providing sanctuary for wanted terrorists B) assisting in planning terrorist attacks C) supplying arms and material for terrorist attacks D) supplying both money and intelligence to terrorist groups E) establishing a political party representing terrorist grievances

E

Sunni and Shi'ite represent branches of Islam based on A. ethnicity B. socioeconomic status C. profession D. religious calendars E. disputes over religious leadership

E

The Fertile Crescent (A) followed the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. (B) extended from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea. (C) is another name for Mesopotamia. (D) is the focus of W.D. Pattison's sustainability studies. (E) all of the above

E

The Germans established the ________ known as the Caprivi Strip in present-day Namibia to access resources in central Africa, including the Zambezi River. A) causeway B) disruption zone C) railroad D) protraction E) proruption

E

The Green Revolution technology has resulted in which of the following in modern agriculture? A) The end of famine in the world B) The construction of new irrigation systems and a reduction in the use of fertilizers C) An increase in the circulation of investment capital to help the poorest farmers D) The loss of prime agricultural land and smaller yield from grain crops E) the development of high-yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas

E

The UN, when established after World War II, replaced an earlier global cooperation effort. What was it? A) NATO B) Warsaw Pact C) Alliance for Peace D) Organization of American States E) League of Nations

E

The Wheat Belt in the United States corresponds with what region? A) Pacific Northwest B) Southeast C) Midwest D) Desert Southwest E) Great Plains

E

The boundary between the United States and Canada is best described by which of the following? A) geometric only B) linguistic and religious C) water and linguistic D) mountain and water E) water and geometric

E

The most prominent type of intraregional migration in the world is A. north to south B. region to region C. urban to rural D. city to city E. rural to urban

E

These two countries are committed to unifying the nation but face disagreement as to which will be the dominant political and economic ideology. A) North and South Vietnam B) Moldova and Romania C) Lesotho and the Republic of South Africa D) Morocco and Sahrawi Republic E) North and South Korea

E

Transnational migrants often send money to their home country to non-migrant family members. What is the term used to describe their international financial transaction? A. reparations B. quotas C. foreign aid D. foreign direct investment E. remittances

E

Using the above maps, observe that changes in U.S. manufacturing from 1950 to 2015 indicate that A) the percentage of manufacturing jobs increased in California B) the percentage of manufacturing jobs decreased only in the Midwest and Northeast C) the number of manufacturing jobs increased only in "right-to-work" states D) the number of manufacturing jobs increased markedly in Ohio, Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania E) the number of manufacturing jobs decreased markedly in Ohio, Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania

E

What two location factors influence more industries to remain in the northeastern United States and central Europe? A) global communications and fluid capital B) cheap labor and high consumer demand C) availability of raw materials and cheap energy D) fluid capital and advantageous tariffs E) skilled labor and rapid delivery to market

E

When an individual self-describes as "unaffiliated" this means all but which of the following? A. affirm neither a belief nor a lack of belief in a higher power B. belief in a higher power but have no membership in a formal religious institution C. express no religious interest or preference D. do not regularly participate in organized religious activity E. espouse atheism or agnosticism

E

When languages are depicted as leaves on trees, the roots of the trees below the surface represent A. dialects B. language groups C. language sects D. language families E. possible prehistoric superfamilies

E

Which city is INCORRECTLY paired with its description? A) Medieval European cities were walled with a cathedral in or near the center of the settlement B) Ancient trading centers like Ur, Athens, or Rome was a city-state and its hinterland C) Ancient trading center of Rome were connected together by a strong infrastructure and security by the Roman army D) Gateway cities like Miami, Florida in the U.S. and Brussels, Belgium, are entry points for immigrants E) Megalopolis are metropolitan settlements that is only one city and only its suburbs

E

Which if the following regions had the smallest percentage of people living in urban areas at the end of the twentieth century? A) Australia B) South America C) North America D) Europe E) South Asia

E

Which of the following activities is most likely to be found in the outermost zone of Von Thunen's model of agricultural land use? A) mixed farming B) subsistence farming C) specialty farming D) dairying and market gardening E) extensive grain or livestock raising

E

Which of the following correctly sequences the continuum from language family to dialect A. afro-asiatic, semitic, arabic, berber B. indo-european, balto-slavic, russian, ukrainian C. sino-tibetan, sinitic, mandarin, chinese D. indo-european, indo-iranian, hindi, bangali E. indo-european, germanic, west germanic, midland-northern

E

Which of the following does NOT represent one of the United States' 4 main eras of immigration? A. involuntary migration from sub-saharan africa in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries B. voluntary migration from the british isles due to religious ersecution in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries C. Ellis island became a major immigration processing center inthe late nineteenth and twentieth centuries D. early twentieth century immigrants from southern and eastern europe coincided with the diffusion of the industrial revolution through continental europe E. the leading sources of twenty-first century asian immigration are the result of climate change in places such as bangladesh, oceania, or the maldives

E

Which of the following is NOT true as to why American and British English is different? A. North American English was isolated in its evolution from British English B. North American English borrowed terminology from the indigenous population C. Noah Webster's agenda was to develop a uniquely American dialect of English as part of the American identity D. Noah Webster's agenda was to develop a language that held less cultural dependence on the British E. Noah Webster's agenda sought to preserve the pronunciation of "proper" english

E

Which of the following is NOT true? A. a family has migrated from the south side of Chicago to a town beyond the suburban ring because they like the schools and housing prices there. this is an example of counterurbanization B. the three major kinds of push factors are political, economic, and environmental C. the most common environmental threat to people comes from too much or too little water D. most migration occurs because of a combination of push and pull factors E. countries with slow population growth but strong economies commonly experience out-migration

E

Which of the following is NOT true? A) The United Nations allows all member states to discuss conflicts rather than engage in warfare to solve problems. B) The United Nations provides an international team of peacekeeping troops to missions around the world. C) The United Nations plays a role in addressing global economic problems. D) The United Nations provides humanitarian aid and assistance. E) The United Nations experienced no substantial growth in membership since the 1960s when the colonial powers vacated African nations.

E

With respect to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Canada, and Mexico, which of the following statements is not true? A) It resulted in increased trade among member nations B) It eventually may include other Latin American countries C) It led to a net trade deficit for the United States and Canada with Mexico D) It facilitated the movement of tertiary-sector industries from the United States to Mexico E) It outlines an eventual supranational governing body for North America

E

According to Wittelsey's Model, where is intensive commercial farming predominantly found?

East USA including all of the Midwest, pockets in eastern South America, from Europe all the way across to Japan (skinny-ish oval shape)

Name a unitary state

France

Holy site for hindus

Ganges River

metropolitan statistical area

In the U.S., a central city of at least 50,000 population + the countries and adjacent to the city and hinterlands connected to the central city

According to Wittelsey's Model, where is land unsuitable for agriculture predominantly found?

NW USA, W Canada, Greenland, in pockets throughout the Sahara desert

According to Wittelsey's Model, where is nomadic herding predominantly found?

Northern Africa, SW Asia, Central Asia

According to Wittelsey's Model, where is nomadic hunting predominantly found?

Northern Canada, NE Asia and Russia

Holy site for Buddhists

Pagoda

According to Wittelsey's Model, where is intensive subsistence farming predominantly found?

S and SE Asia

Where are the Baptists clustered?

South

Holy site for Jews

Synagogue

(T/F) Intensive subsistence agriculture involves large amounts of efforts used to produce the maximum feasible yield from a given piece of land.

T

(T/F) Ranching is practiced in the dry lands of both more developed and less developed countries.

True

Social Darwinism

WASP concept of "survival of the fittest" or one race is superior to another--imperialism

Core-Periphery Model

Wallerstein's model with most developed regions are in the Northern Hemisphere and most developing countries are in Southern Hemisphere

Where are the Mormons clustered?

West

According to Wittelsey's Model, where is commercial pastoralism predominantly found?

Western USA, large parts of Oceania, S South America, the "stans"

Gender Development Index (GDI)

a United nations measurement measuring gender gap in the level of achievement of income, literacy, and life expectancy

non-basic business

a business that sells its service to consumers in the same settlement

basic business

a business that sells its services or products to customers primarily outside the settlement

primate city

a city at least twice as large as the next closest city --- London, England or Mexico City, Mexico

language branch

a collection of languages related through a common ancestor a few thousand years ago confirmed through archaeological events

language family

a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history

language groups

a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary

caste

a distinct hereditary order into which a hindu was assigned according to religious law- no social mobility

denomination

a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body - baptists

underclass

a group in society prevented from material benefits due to a variety of social and economic chacracteristics

Nationality

a group of people tied to a place through a legal status and tradition- british or german

pilgrimage

a journey to a sacred religious site and is incorporated into the rituals of some universalizing and ethnic religions

Lingua franca

a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native language

pidgin language

a language that has no native speakers --- Swahili in eastern Africa and Gullah in the Southern United States

branch

a large and fundamental division within a religion-roman catholic, protestant, mormons, and eastern orthodox

fundamentalism

a literal interpretation and a strict and intense adherence to basic principles of a religion, a sect, a denomiation, or a religion

Human Development Index (HDI)

a measurement of economic development used by the United Nations to compare MEDCs to LEDCs - 1 is highest score and one fatcor used is standard of living

Dialect

a regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

Custom

a repetitive act of a group, performed to the extent it becomes characteristic of the group

Habit

a repetitive act that a particular individual performs almost every day

Taboos

a restriction on behavior imposed by social customs

greenbelts

a ring of land maintained as a park, agriculture, or other open space *to limit urban sprawl* in both Great Britain and Canada

public service

a service provided by the government to citizens to provide protection and security

business service

a service that provides the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services

sect

a small group that has broken away from an established denomination-armenian church

Irredentism

a state expanding their boundaries to include people of the same nationality into their country-NAZIs taking over Austria

Language

a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning

census tract

an area delineated by U.S. government for which statistics are published for neighborhoods

urbanization

an increase in the percentage of and the number of people living in urban settlements

According to Wittelsey's Model, where is Mediterranean farming predominantly found?

around all parts of the Mediterranean sea, California, southern Chile, South Africa, SW and SE Australia

council government

city government style used in many US metropolitan areas and smaller towns/ cities

Agribusiness

commercial farming using integration of different stages in the food processing industry

Sustainability

concept of using the earth's resources in such a way to provide for people's needs in the present and for future generations

Uniform landscapes

distribution of popular culture by a business to create "product recognition" - McDonals's or Starbucks

Cultural Imperialism

dominance of MEDC popular culture over LEDC folk culture after the end of World War II due to technology shrinking space-time compression

dispersed rural settlement

farmers living on individual farms isolated from nearest neighbors

(T/F) Crops grown in the mixed crop and livestock region are used primarily to feed animals.

True

White flight

a movement from inner cities to the suburbs by a racial group

Literary tradition

both a spoken and written language

Truck farming

commercial gardening and fruit farming

Double cropping

harvesting twice a year from the same field

public housing

housing owned by the US government; it is rented to residents for 30% of the families incomes

enclosure movement

in England between 1750 and 1850 of land consolidation into large farms owned by individual landowners

cartographic scale

1/24,000, 1:24,000; or 1 inch equals 24,000 inches on Earth's surface

In Antarctica, geometric boundaries do little to organize a vast (A) frontier. (B) borderland. (C) wasteland. (D) tundra. (E) territory.

A

Most Latin American cities focused on a A) central plaza B) government housing project C) zone of heavy industry D) skyscraper office buildings E) squatter settlement

A

President Barack Obama and pro-golfer Tiger Woods are good examples of the A. complexity of ethnic identity in the United States B. confusion over ethnicity and race in Kenya C. natural and biological basis for classifying humans D. complexity of Asian American identity in the United States E. principle of the distribution of persons of color

A

The Industrial Revolution began in _______ during the ________. A) Great Britain, 1700s B) Japan, 1800s C) Russia, 1900s D) the US, 1800s E) Fertile Crescent, 1900s

A

Urbanization can be analyzed by looking at the increase in the _____________ of people living in cities. A) number and percentage B) number and homogeneity C) percentage and density D) density and heterogeneity E) size and density

A

Which of the following is a correct statement about the major cities of the world? A) Most are located on rivers or seacoasts B) Most are found in areas that are not very suitable for agriculture C) Most primate cities are located in the United States and Western Europe D) They are concentrated between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn E) The world's fastest-growing cities are found in areas with the highest standards of living

A

Which of the following is a correct statement about the major cities of the world? A) most are located on rivers and seacoasts B) most are found in areas that are not very suitable for agriculture C) most primate cities are located in the US and western Europe D) they are concentrated between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn E) the world's fastest growing cities are found in areas with the highest standard of living

A

Which of the following is an example of a stateless nation or a nationality that wants to become a nation-state? (A) Kurdistan (B) Iceland (C) Poland (D) Denmark (E) Japan

A

Which of the following is not a characteristic of folk cultures? A. large society B. isolated settlement C. homogeneous D. local diversity E. relocation diffusion

A

Which shape most easily fosters the establishment of effective internal communications for a smaller state? A) compact B) elongated C) fragmented D) Prorupted E) prolonged

A

Which type of map would have the largest cartographic scale? A. city map B. continent map C. country map D. regional map E. world map

A

FDI is defined as the investment of ________ in the economy of another country. A) a foreign government B) a foreign company C) a non-government organization D) the World Bank E) the International Monetary Fund

B

Hebrew is an example of both a(n)______ language and today a(n) ______ language. A. isolated, extinct B. extinct, revived C. revived, institutionalized D. Altaic, developing E. revived, lingua franca

B

In contrast to folk culture, popular culture is more likely to vary A. from place to place at a given time B. from time to time at a given place C. both from place to place and from time to time, in equal measure D. neither from place to place nor from time to time E. only in more developed countries

B

The four most frequently spoken branches of Indo-European include all but A. balto-slavic B. indo-iranian C. romance D. germanic

B

Communist control of Eastern Europe caused many people to emigrate to the west. The Berlin Wall was built because A. Communist Eastern governments wanted to delimit their territory B. Western Europe didn't want any more people C. Communist Eastern governments feared losing their most able workers D. West Berlin wanted to keep their territory safe from Communist encroachment E. Wetsern Europe switched to Communism in the 1950's

C

How does "ethnicity" differ from "race"? A. there is no difference in common usage B. ethnicity implies a religious affiliation, race does not C. ethnicity is place-based groups, race is based on physiological features D. race is something to which we choose to belong; ethnicity is assigned E. ethnicity is osmething to which we choose to belong; race is assigned

C

Other than corn, the most important crop in the U.S. mixed crop and livestock region is A) wheat B) grain C) soybeans D) fruits and vegetables

C

The first widespread use of the nation-state concept came in A) Mesopotamia. B) the Roman Empire. C) Western Europe. D) the United States. E) Southeast Asia.

C

Which of the following originated in South Asia and subsequently spread throughout much of southeast and east asia? A. hinduism B. christianity C. buddhism D. sikhism E. confucianism

C

Which of the following regions is characterized as a zone of conflict between Muslim and Hindu ethnic groups today? A. kurdistan B. chechnya C. kashmir D. east timor E. the west bank

C

Which of the following toponyms best belongs in a formal culture region defined by common traits of Catholicism and Spanish language? A. Dar Es Salaam B. Saint Paul C. San Jose D. Quebec E. Montreal

C

The multiple-nuclei model of city structure tends to be most applicable to A) Small cities B) Traditional cities C) Latin American cities D) Newer, faster growing cities E) Cities with homogeneous land use

D

Which of following is a term used in the study of place names? A. isonyms B. phenonyms C. acronyms D. toponyms E. loconyms

D

Which of the following includes the world's earliest centers of plant domestication? A) British Isles, Scandinavia, United States B) Northeast Asia, Eastern Europe, South Africa C) Australia, New Zealand, China D) Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica, Middle East E) Russia, China, Latin America

D

Which of the following pairs of agricultural types occupies the largest percentage of the world's total land area? A) Plantation agriculture and specialized horticulture B) Cattle ranching and Mediterranean agriculture C) Wheat farming and dairying D) Intensive rice cultivation and subsistence farming E) Shifting cultivation and nomadic herding

D

Free-trade zones such as the countries of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are established to increase the ease and volume of international trade by A) increasing diplomatic relations between member states B) opening borders to migrant guest workers from member states C) establishing a common monetary unit among member states D) offering large economic development loans to poorer member states E) eliminating tariffs on goods that cross borders between member states

E

Given recent trends in communications, in the next five years the number of television programs viewed over the Internet might be expected to A. remain about the same B. decrease slowly as the number of broadcast television stations increases C. decrease slowly as cable and satellite television services offer more channels D. decrease dramatically E. increase dramatically

E

In Wallerstein's world systems model, the core nations of the world are A) situated in the present-day Middle East B) located in the former Soviet republics C) located in the prosperous southern continents D) located in the heartland, not the Rimland E) located mainly in Europe and North America

E

In a spatial context, multinational corporations (conglomerates) tend to A) have headquarters in MEDCs and dispersed production centers B) be situated in many countries C) move production centers to LEDCs D) situate themselves to minimize costs and maximize profits E) all of the above

E

In the United States, the largest concentration of Amish are found in A. New York, Rhode Island, and West Virginia B. Minnesota, MIchigan, and Illinois C. Tennessee, Arkansas, and Kentucky D. Utah, Arizona, and Nevada E. Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana

E

In the new global economy, an increasing proportion of influential financial decisions are being made in A) the informal sector B) regional centers and small towns where fax machines are used C) the field, close to the sources of agricultural production D) national capitals because of the increasing importance of the nation state E) major corporate centers such as New York, London, and Tokyo

E

Which of the following is an example of a cultural landscape? A. coastal wetland B. cloud forest C. stand of mangrove trees D. eroded shoreline E. adobe ruins

E

Which of the following is the name for refusing to give loans to people living in its specific areas of the city? A) blockbusting B) white flight C) segregation D) ghettoization E) redlining

E

Which of the following is useful for describing a settlement node whose primary function is to provide support for the population in it hinterland? A) Von Thunen's model of land use B) Concentric zone model C) Core-periphery model D) Rostow's model of economic development E) Christaller's central place theory

E

Which of these penalties was NOT imposed by the Taliban in Afghanistan? A. Men were beaten for shaving their beards B. homosexuals were buried alive C. prostitutes were hanged in public, and men were stoned for committing adultery D. thieves' hands were cut off, and women with nail polish had their fingers cut off E. families with more than two children were exiled

E

Tobler's First Law of Geography

Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things

(T/F) Most mixed crop and livestock farms in the United States are owned by large corporations rather than individual families.

False

Holy site for hindus (Other than the Ganges River)

Hindu temple

Holy site for muslims

Kaaba

Name a federal state

Mexico

Where are the Lutherans clustered?

Midwest

All of the following are examples of the spatial analysis tradition in geography except the A. number of space shuttles constructed B. volume of telephone calls between Corey Union and Old Main C. trans-Atlantic slave trade D. distance associated with shopping trips to area malls E. volume of air traffic between London and Hong Kong

A

Cultural ecology studies the A. interactions between human societies and the physical environment B. interactions between places over spaces C. relationship between media and diffusion D. relationship between language and land use E. relationship between politics and policy

A

Diffusion of AIDS is an example of which type of diffusion? A. contagious B. hierarchical C. stimulus D. relocation E. osmosis

A

Looking at an issue such as the distribution of cancer from a local to a national perspective would be an example of using A. scale of analysis B. differentiated analysis C. map scale D. continuous synthesis E. regional analysis

A

One would expect to find a population with a relatively young age structure in A. less developed countries B. highly developed countries C. countries with a low death rate D. countries with a low fertility rate E. countries with a high stadard of living

A

Physiological population density is viewed as a superior measure of population density for which of the following reasons? A. it is more reflective of population pressure on arable land B. it yields the average population density C. its more reflective of the world's largest population concentrations D. it measures the average by dividing total land area by total number of people E. it best reflects the percentage of a country's population that is urbanized

A

The "why of where" refers to A. the idea that the explanation of a spatial pattern is crucial B. the depiction of a region's physical features C. a definition of geography that is simply locational D. geography's emphasis on landscape features E. spatial patterns on the landscape

A

The concept of "place" in human geography can best be defined as A. a location on the earth's surface with a distinctive or unique characteristic B. a point formed by the intersection of two or more transportation lines C. a point where a natural resource is located D. a sub-unit of a region composed of villages and small towns E. a location where people live and work

A

The term that describes the concept that population will continue to grow even after fertility rates decline is known as A. deomgraphic momentum B. demographic transition C. the total fertility rate D. the population pyramid E. the homeostatic plateau

A

Which of the following characteristics is shared by Switzerland, Canada, and New Zealand? A. low population growth rates B. primate urban systems C. high infant mortality rates D. membership in the european union (EU) E. more than ten percent of the population in sheep farming

A

Which of the following is not one of the five too's of ecumene? A. urban B. cold C. hot D. wet E. high

A

Which of the following regions is considered to be in the five primary areas of population density in the world? A. south asia, including india, pakistan, and bangladesh B. eastern south america, including argentina and uruguay C. sub-saharan africa D. northern europe, including finland E. central asia, including western china and mongolia

A

Why are most Latin American population centers located at or near the coast? A. the colonial economies were export oriented B. the wars of independence damaged many inland cities C. Few Amerindian population centers were located on the coast D. latin american armed forces have extensive plans for defense of coastal sites E. the climate is generally warmer on the coast and cooler in the highlands

A

Cartography is the art and science of A. demographics B. mapmaking C. spatial orientation D. cognitive imagery E. making visualizations

B

Latitude and longitude may be used to determine which of the following characteristics of a place? A. its site features B. its absolute location C. its relative location D. its situation E. its elevation

B

Newspaper delivery areas and television station transmission areas are an example of which type of region? A. formal B. functional C. statistical D. graphical E. vernacular

B

The migration transition model predicts that international migration reaches a peak at ____ of the demographic transition. A. stage 1 B. stage 2 C. stage 3 D. stage 4 E. stage 5

B

Thematic maps that employ a range of color tones to illustrate how particular values vary across predefined areas, such as counties, provinces, or states, are referred to as A. dot maps B. choropleth maps C. proportional symbol maps D. isoline maps E. cartograms

B

To map the surface of the Earth, geographers use different projections because A. no projection can show the entire earth on a single map B. no projection is ideal for the purpose of every map C. the appearance of the Earth's surface changes with the seasons D. some parts of the Earth haven't been surveyed accurately E. they don't anymore, all maps are now produced using the same projection

B

Which of the following characteristics applies to more-developed countries? A. early stages of epidemiological transiton B. long life expectancies C. high total fertility rates D. rapid population growth E. early stages of the demographic transition

B

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding space-time compression? A. Places seem to all look the same B. places seem to be getting closer together C. places are increasingly concentrated on maintaining their histories D. places are making a greater effort to converge activities to save time E. places are getting closer together in space but not in time

B

Which past geographer is incorrectly matched to his description? A. Ptolemy used landmasses and grid system B. Aristotle made the first globe and used stick maps C. Magellan was the first explorer to circumnavigate the globe D. Columbus recorded accurate information for maps and studies of people in the new world E. Erastothenes coined the term "geography" and Earth's was a round

B

"twenty-four specific objects transmit complex radio codes, including time signals traveling at the speed of light. You can contact at least 4 of the 24 objects at any time of day or night" The statement above refers to which of the following? A. GIS stations B. NTMs for chart use C. GPS satellites D. GNIS entries E. TIR scanning systems

C

A business executive calls from New York (which is located at 75* W) at 6 P.M. on Tuesday to Sydeny, Australia (which is located at 150* E). What time is it in Syney? A. 9 A.M. Tuesday B. 9 P.M. Tuesday C. 9 A.M. Wednesday D. 9 P.M. Wednesday E. 6 P.M. Tuesday

C

A formal region defines an area in which A. a core (node) dominates its surrounding hinterland B. a transportation network links different types of land use C. there is uniformity in one or more physical or human characteristics D. there are significant georaphic variations in ohysical and human characteristics E. a unified government system has been established

C

Assuming a world population of 5,700,000,000 and an annual growth rate of 1.6 percent, how many people will be added to the world's population next year? A. 912,000 B. 9,120,000 C. 91,200,000 D. 912, 000,000 E. 9,120,000,000

C

Cultural landscapes concept of Carl Sauer can be defined as A. the types of art, music, dance, and theater B. the ways that people in differing cultures perceive the environment C. the forms superimposed on the physical environment by the activities of humans D. the diversity of distinctive cultures within a particular geographic area E. a particular area within a geographic region dedicated to cultural activities

C

Geographers examine migration patterns because A. they are developing policies to stop people movement B. they believe migration impedes society's natural transition to stage 5 of the demographic transition model C. they are seeking to explain the patterns of cultural diffusion inclusind linguistics, ethnicity, and religion D. they are seeking to explain tectonic activity E. geographers are rearely involved in studies such as this

C

Thomas Malthus predicted that A. technology will offset population growth B. the distribution of resources would be a continuing problem C. population would outpace food production D. the environemnt would allow less food to be grown in the future E. the green revolution would improve agricultural technology to support increasing population

C

An example of "sense of place" in Mauldin, SC is A. the clock tower B. the fruit stand C. downtown Mauldin on highway 417 the younts center the sphinx station on butler road

B

According to Wittelsey's Model, where are irrigation farming techniques predominantly found?

Arizona and NW Mexico, S Peru

1:100,000 is an example of which type of cartographic map scale for a projection? A. Fractional B. Ratio C. "1 inch equals 100,000 inches on a map" D. Small scale E. Large scale

B

A country has net in-migration if immigration numbers A. equal emigration numbers B. exceed emigration numbers C. correlate with phase 4 of the population pyramid D. are less than net migration numbers E. correlate with stage 3 of the epidemiological transition

B

Accessibility and connectivity are two interrelated ways to describe A. absolute location B. spatial interactions C. geographical sites D. spatial concentrations

B

According to the theory of environmental determinism, which of the following areas would have the most productive settlements A. tropical regions B. temperate regions C. mountainous regions D. arctic regions E. Arid regions

B

What is the difference between GPS and GIS? A. GPS uses GIS data B. GIS uses GPS data to determine location C. GIS is the layering of data, whereas GPS is the gathering of data D. GPS is the layering of data, whereas GIS is the gathering of data E. GPS correlates with GIS, but GIS does not correlate with GPS

C

Which of the following BEST describes the site of Mexico City? A. the most important financial and political center in Mexico B. an urban area located approximately two hours from Houston, Texas, by airplane C. a highland valley and dry lakebed located on a high plateau in southern central Mexico D. the federal district of Mexico E. an important node in a global system of flows of goods, information, and people

C

Wilbur Zelinsky's model of migration predicted A. women are more likely to migrate than men B. long migration distance are more likely than short C. migration characteristicss vary with demographic transition D. intraregional migration is more important that interregionsal migration in terms of political and economic resources E. migrants move most frequently for economic reasons

C

According to the gravity model, technological improvements in transportation and communications should A. not affect the probability of interaction between two places B. increase the population of the two places C. decreases the amount of interaction between two places D. decrease the friction of distance E. decrease the population in the two places

D

All of the following are correct statements about time zones EXCEPT A. the people's republic of china only has one time zone B. standard time zones were established in the united states in 1883 to accommodate internal railroad travel C. international time zones were established in 1884 to facilitate international communication D. time zones were established to facilitate the planting and harvesting of crops E. most times zones are area about 15 degrees wide

D

Every map projection has some degree of distortion because A. the earth is not a perfect sphere B. parallels and meridians never cross at right angles on a globe C. the grid system is two-dimensional, while the real world is three-dimensional D. a curved surface cannot be represented on a flat surface without distortion E. latitude lines are shorter than meridian lines

D

The fact that there is more interaction and movement between the hearth Washington, D.C., and Baltimore than there is between the hearth Washington D.C., and Philadelphia is a function of A. spatial interaction B. gravity model C. cultural ecology D. distance decay E. space-time compression

D

The population explosion began in which century? A. 17th century B. 18th century C. 19th century D. 20th century E. 21st century

D

What is most responsible for hierarchical diffusion, as opposed to contagious diffusion? A. distance decay effect B. special network links between major routes C. some people need multiple contacts before they adopt the innovation D. proximity of the innovation to the major modes of diffusion E. relevance of particular innovations to only specific locations

D

Which of the following is most characteristic of societies currently in the last stage of demographic transition? A. hyperinflation B. unemployment C. youth dependency D. aging population E. overpopulation

D

Which population pyramid best represents both a college town and a retiremnt town? A. trinagular, rectangular B. rectangular, anvil C. anvil, high rate of young adults D. high rate of young adults, carrot-shaped E. triangular, carrot-shaped

D

A fad is started by a television personality of wearing shorts with a shirt and tie. The trend spreads throughout the United States. This is an example of what type of diffusion? A. expansion B. contagious C. stimulus D. relocation E. hierarchical

E

According to the figure to the right, which of the following choices best describes the changes in interaction as distance increases? A. it remains unchanged B. it increases first and then decreases C. it increases D. it changes randomly E. it decreases

E

Carrying capacity is a function of A. technology B. natural resources C. resource allocation D. limiting factors E. A, B, & C

E

During the last quarter of the twentieth century, the birth rate has fallen most significantly in which of the following? A. the united states B. india C. iran D. china E. france

E

During the process of mapmaking, in which of the three-dimensional surface of the earth is projected onto a flat, two-dimensional surface, all of the following attributes become distorted EXCEPT A. shape B. area C. distance D. direction E. relative location

E

In the new global economy, as increasing proportion of influential financial decisions are being made in A. the informal sector B. regional centers and small towns where fax machines are used C. the field, close to the sources of agricultural production D. national capitals because of the increasing importance of the nation-state E. major corporate centers such as New York, London, and Tokyo

E

In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the demographic transition in Europe was best charctaerized by A. a shift in the composition of national populations toward greater ethnic balance B. a net population decline resulting from an excess of deaths over births C. migration between European countries D. large-scale population movements following periods of war or widespread civil unrest E. urbanization and falling birth rates

E

On a Mercator projection map, where will you find the landmasses most exaggerated in relative size? A. near the large landmasses B. actually, land masses aren't exaggerated on a Mercator map C. near the prime meridian D. near the equator E. near the poles

E

The concept of the South means many things to many people, and many people draw the South using different boundaries. This is an example of a(n) A. formal region B. functional region C. industrial region D. agricultural region E. perceptual region

E

The dependency ratio is most useful for indicating the A. reliance of a country on imported fossil fuel B. degree of gender equality within a country C. relationship between the total fertility rate and the infant mortality rate D. percentage of foreogn ownership within the secondary sector of a country's economy E. relationship between the potential labor force and the remainder of a country's population

E

What geographical approach suggests that humans possess the ability to dominate their environment rather than that they are defined by the environment? A. animistic approach B. temperate approach C. environmental determinist approach D. socioecology approach E. possibilist approach

E

Which of the following is a correct statement about the demographic transition model? A. it is applicable only to eighteenth-century Europe B. it predicts the growth of population in RUssia reasonably well C. it divides the demographic changes of a country into two stages of slow growth and high growth D. it supports the idea that technology can remove or extend the limits of food production E. it is characterized by relatively low growth in Stage 4

E

Which of the following is the best definition of remote sensing? A. gathering information about ocean depth from radar B. gathering information about the earth's surface from GPS systems C. gathering information about the earth's surface from microwaves in space D. gathering information about the earth from geographical information systems (GIS) E. gathering information about the earth from great distance over broad areas

E

Which of the following map scales would be most useful for studying the details of geographic features in the landscape of a farming community? A. 1:3,000,000 B. 1:1,000,000 C. 1:750,000 D. 1:125,000 E. 1:10,000

E

Quantitative Data

mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and associations

Qualitative Data

more humanistic approach to geography collected through interviews, empirical observations, or the interpretation of texts and old maps

Geographic scale

the method a geographer uses to study phenomena either local, regional, national, global

Systematic Geography

the study of earth's integrated systems as a whole instead of focusing on particular phenomena in a single place