APHG Unit 5 Study Guide
Swidden agriculture
(aka slash and burn agriculture) a form of cultivation in which forested or bushy plots are cleared of vegetation, burned, then planted to crops, only to be abandoned a few years later when soil fertility declines
Advantages of animal domestication
- use of beasts as burden - source of food (meat and milk) -fertilizers -easy access/no required hunting
Areas of domestication
-Fertile Crescent (Middle East) -Central Asia
Effects of barbed wire
-Keeps animals/people out -Keeps farm animals contained in a confined area -Indicates an owned, private area
Mediterranean agricultural products
Avocados, artichokes, olives, figs, and citrus fruits.
Where Mediterranean agricultural products are grown globally
California, Israel and parts of France, Spain and Italy
Animals and regions
Certain livestock, shown in the Von Thunen model vary in population because of the location, and certain regions domesticate certain livestock
Various synonyms for Truck Farming
Commercial Farming? Fruit Farming?
Agribusiness
Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
Truck farming
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.
Boserup's thesis
Contradicts Malthusianism. States that, as a population increases, the necessity to produce more will be met using technology. Population growth forces an increase in technology in the farming industry.
Overgrazing
Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover
Why was there no wine in North Africa and Middle East?
Drinking alcohol in such regions is considered a taboo/illegal, and in some regions, people will receive public lashing (religion)
GMO crops and seed control
Genetically modified crops/seeds to become larger in size or quality so farmers can essentially receive gain more product=more money
Carl Sauer
Geographer who defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental non-graphical analysis. This landscape results from interaction between the physical environment. Sauer argued that virtually no land escaped alteration by human activities.
Dime and distance from market relationship
Money and distance (Von Thunen model evaluates location theory)
Luxury crops
Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco. Caribbean: sugar exports Former colonies of Britain: cotton Latin America: coffee India, China, Sri Lanka, Japan: tea Southeast Asia : rubber
Wheat states in the USA
Oklahoma, Montana, Idaho, Colorado, Minnesota, Texas, and Oregon
Shifting cultivation
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
Pastoral Nomadism
A traditional subsistence agricultural system in which practitioners depend on the seasonal movements of livestock within marginal natural environments.
Irrigation
A way of supplying water to an area of land
Commercial agriculture
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
Von Thunen Model
An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.
Livestock ranching
An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West.
Why dairy farming is close to market?
Perishable food , first ring on van thunen model
Agricultural hearths
Places where agriculture first developed and originated.
Plantation agriculture
Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives
Green Revolution(third agriculture revolution)
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
Primary economic activity
economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-- such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture
Monoculture
farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year
Intensive land use
farming that typically utilizes small farms and has large input per acre (on the Von Thunen model, this would be the inner rings) example: Chinese rice paddies
Fair trade agriculture
global network focused on building equitable trading relationships betwen consumers and the world's most economically disadvantaged artisans and farmers
Intensive Commercial Farming
involves efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield
Metes and bounds system
natural features were used to demarcate irregular parcels of land(eastern seaboard)
Negatives and positives of Green Revolution
positives: more food,resistant food, rice,wheat and corn negatives: possibly of it being unsafe due to the chemicals, many small farmers cant afford new genetically engineered seeds, limited impact on Africa
Township and range system
property lines in grid pattern, one square mile sections that display uniformity
Importance of growing tea and coffee locations
shade-grown coffee is less sustainable than growing coffee in full sun plantations, but shade can act as buffers to the coffee micro-climate.
Most produced global grains
staple grains (corn, wheat, rice, maize)
Paddy rice farming
the cultivation of rice on a paddy, or small flooded field enclosed by mud dikes, practiced in the humid areas of the Far East.
Modern definition of agriculture
the deliberate domestication of plants and animals
Subsistence agriculture
the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family
Define horticulture
the science, technology and art of culturing, utilizing and improving fruit, vegetable, flowering and ornamental plants
Domestication of animals
the taming of animals and plants for human use, such as work or as food
Hunting and gathering
the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food
Ridge tillage
tillage system involving scalping and planting on ridges built during cultivation of the previous year's crop, usually involves spring-planted row crops grown with a combination of herbicides and at least one cultivation
Cattle Feedlots or CAFO's (confined animal feeding operations)
used in intensive animal farming, prior to slaughter (supplemented with grain, soy and other ingredients in order to increase the energy density of the diet)
Large scale global wheat producers
USA and Mexico
Dairy regions in the world
USA, Canada, Europe, Russian Belt, New Zealand, Australia, South America, Africa, etc.
Long lot system
a land dived into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers,roads or canals(french america)
Importance of grapes and olives in Med. Region
central to the Roman diet in that they were versatile and commonly used components of Roman food preparation, cooking and medicine
Plant domestication
deliberately planted and tended by humans that is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors as a result of selective breeding.
. Grazing
domestic livestock are used to convert grass and other forage into meat, milk and other products
Compare Koppen Climate Regions and Whittlessey Ag Regions
Koppen climate region : distrubtion of cimatic regions
Double cropping
Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
Grains and livestock
If a farmer runs out of food and grows grain, the livestock can be fed grain instead of it being sold to the open market
Areas of extensive subsistence Agriculture
India, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Mexico and Peru
Areas of subsistence agriculture
India, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Mexico and Peru
suitcase farm or carpetbagger farming
Individuals who live in urban areas a great distance from their land and drive to the country to care for their crops and livestock. This practice lends itself well to the growth of wheat. Allows families to continue their long relationships with the ancestral farm, but still enjoy the benefits of waged incomes in urban environments.
Agricultural diffusion
Spread of agricultural techniques from one civilization to another(globalized agriculture)
Specialty farming in Northeast USA
Starchy products- potatoes and corn Fruit category- primarily blueberries and cranberries
Areas of commercial agriculture
Temperate grasslands of North America, Europe and Asia
Von Thunen and the USA
The Von Thunen model has a big impact on the agriculture/production of certain crops based on the country's location
Milkshed
The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.
Enclosure Movement
The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.
Aquaculture
The production and harvesting of fish and shell fish in sectioned off coves and land-based ponds
Transhumance
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
Market Gardening
The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.
Connection between the Second Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution
The surplus of food led extra time to work on new developments
Intertillage
Tillage between rows of crops of plants
Largest producer of maize in world
USA