APK2100 Chapter 9 Joints

What is bursitis?

inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction ex: popeye elbow

what kinds of cartilage can be used for cartilaginous joints?

hyaline and fibrocartilage

What are synarthroses?

immovable joints

what kind of joints are the sutures in the skull?

synarthrosis

what is the most common structural classification of joints?

synovial

What is the femorotibial joint?

the knee joint, largest and most complex, modified hinge joint, very stable and strong, shared joint space with the femoropatellar joint movement: main is flexion/extension, also some medial/lateral rotation

what is a synovial cavity?

the physical space between two structures

how are synovial joints categorized?

the shape of the articulating bone

what is a capsular ligament reinforcement?

thickened band in the joint capsule itself ex: glenohumeral ligaments

what is eversion?

turning the sole of the foot laterally (outward)

what is inversion?

turning the sole of the foot medially (inward)

what are synovial joints?

when bones are held together by ligaments (dense collagen fibers)

what is a saddle joint?

when there are 2 articular surfaces that are moth concave and convex, think 2 c's holding each other movement: biaxial movement, adduction/abduction and flexion/extension location: carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs

what is a plane joint?

when there are two flat articular surface bones that are joined movement: gliding location: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints btwn vertebral articular surface

what is functional redundancy?

when there is overlapping supply of nerves and vessels so that there's always an adequate supply

What is the sternoclavicular joint?

where the medial end of the clavicle articulates with the sternum this joint is extremely stable because there are 4 ligaments at the joint, it's easier to break this clavicle than dislocate this joint this is the only articulation that connects axial skeleton to upper limbs

what are fibrous joints?

Bones held together by collagenic fibers

what is the femorocoxal joint?

hip joint, ligaments include iliofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament

where can rotation occur in the body?

at pivot points

what is plantar flexion?

bending the foot and toes downward

What are cartilaginous joints?

bones connected by cartilage

What is a syndesmosis joint?

bones connected by ligaments, length of collagen fibers determines amount of movement, no synovial cavity

What are symphyses cartilaginous joints?

bones that are united by fibrocartilage ex: pubic symphysis and fibrocartilagenous intervertebral discs

What are synchondroses cartilaginous joints?

bones that are united by hyaline cartilage ex: sternum and epiphyseal plate

what is the articular disc that is found in joints?

- functions: shock absorption and enhances the fit of a joint - only found in some joints - made of fibrocartilage - joints aren't as secure without it

what are the 3 structural classifications of joints?

1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial

what are the three movement classifications of synovial joints?

1. gliding movements 2. angular movements 3. rotating movements

what are the 2 criteria of classification for joints?

1. presence/absence of synovial cavity 2. type of CT joining the bones together

what are the 3 functional classifications of joints?

1. syntharoses 2. anphiarthroses 3. diarthroses

what are tendon sheaths?

Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction, they prevent irritation

what is protraction?

Moving a body part forward, away from the middle of the body ex: pushing out jaw so you have an underbite

what is dorsiflexion?

This is the lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin Ex: Standing on your heels

what is the bursa?

a flattened fibrous sac lined by a synovial membrane, reduces friction between body parts that rub against each other

what is a pivot joint?

an axle and a sleeve (bone and ligament) movement: uniaxial movement, rotation location: proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint

fibrous layer of the synovial capsule

continuous with the periosteum, dense irregular CT proper, strengthens the joint

synovial membrane of the synovial capsule

covers any bony surface inside the joint capsule that isn't covered by hyaline cartilage, loose CT, secretes synovial fluid

what kind of functional class do synovial joints fall under?

diarthrotic

what movements does the sternoclavicular joint allow for?

elevation, depression retraction, protraction posterior rotation

what is hyperextension?

extension beyond the natural extension, doesn't necessarily mean damage is being done

what is the synovium?

fluid found in joints, same consistency as raw egg whites, reduces friction between bones and nourishes joint cartilage

what is an intracapsular ligament reinforcement?

found inside the joint capsule ex: ACL and PCL

what is a extracapsular ligament reinforcement?

found outside the joint capsule ex: medial and lateral collateral ligaments

What are diarthroses?

freely movable joints

how does the synovium nourish joint cartilages?

it sucks nutrients into the gel which is necessary because cartilage is avascular

what is a hinge joint?

joint with a cylinder and a trough movement: uniaxial movement, flexion and movement location: elbow joints, interphalangeal joints

what is a condoloid?

knuckle

what is elevation?

lifting a body part superiorly ex: closing mouth/lifting jaw

what is depression?

lowering a body part ex: opening mouth/lowering jaw

what is abduction?

movement away from the midline ex: separating fingers from each other

what is adduction?

movement toward the midline ex: pressing fingers close to each other

what is retraction?

moving a body part backward and closer to the midline ex: pulling jaw in toward your spine

What is circumduction?

moving a joint so an appendage goes in a cone shape movement ex: moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder

how does blood supply to synovial joints work?

nearby vessels send branches to ligaments and the synovial membrane

are all joints bone-bone?

no

what is a condular joint?

oval articular surfaces fit into each other movement: biaxial movement, flexion/extension and adduction/abduction location: metacarpophalangeal joints, wrist joints

What is a gomphosis joint?

peg-in-socket fibrous joint, it's a kind of synarthrotic joint ex: tooth in jaw

what are the types of synovial joints?

planar hinge pivot condyloid saddle ball and socket

What is the glenohumeral joint?

shoulder joint, less stable than other joints bc it has a floppy joint capsule there are 3 weak glenohumeral ligaments and a coracohumeral ligament that makes up this joint

Define articulation

site where two or more bones meet, another name for joint

what is the synovial capsule?

sleeve-like capsule that encloses the synovial cavity

What are amphiarthroses?

slightly movable joints

what is a ball and socket joint?

spherical head like a ball and a cup socket movement: multiaxial; flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and rotation location: shoulder joints and hip joints